基于Web行为轨迹的应用层DDoS攻击防御模型

为了有效防御应用层分布式拒绝服务攻击（DDoS）,定义了一种搭建在Web应用服务器上的基于Web行为轨迹的防御模型。把用户的访问行为抽象为Web行为轨迹,根据攻击请求的生成方式与用户访问Web页面的行为特征,定义了四种异常因素,分别为访问依赖异常、行为速率异常、轨迹重复异常、轨迹偏离异常。采用行为轨迹化简算法简化行为轨迹的计算,然后计算用户正常访问网站时和攻击访问时产生的异常因素的偏离值,来检测针对Web网站的分布式拒绝服务攻击,在检测出某用户产生攻击请求时,防御模型禁止该用户访问来防御DDoS。实验采用真实数据当作训练集,在模拟不同种类攻击请求下,防御模型短时间识别出攻击并且采取防御机制抵制。实验结果表明,Web行为轨迹的防御模型能够有效防御针对Web网站的分布式拒绝服务攻击。     

基于时间序列分析的应用层DDoS攻击检测

根据正常用户和攻击者在访问行为上的差异,提出一种基于IP请求熵(SRE)时间序列分析的应用层分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击检测方法。该方法通过拟合SRE时间序列的自适应自回归(AAR)模型,获得描述当前用户访问行为特征的多维参数向量,并使用支持向量机(SVM)对参数向量进行分类来识别攻击。仿真实验表明,该方法能够准确区分正常流量和DDoS攻击流量,适用于大流量背景下攻击流量没有引起整个网络流量显著变化的DDoS攻击的检测。     

基于BP神经网络的应用层DDoS检测方法

CC（Challenge Collapsar）攻击通过模拟用户正常访问页面的行为，利用代理服务器或僵尸主机向服务器发送大量http请求，造成服务器资源耗尽，实现应用层DDoS。目前，对于CC攻击的检测已经取得了一些进展，但由于CC攻击模拟用户正常访问页面，与正常网页访问特征较为相似，导致攻击识别较为困难，且误报率较高。根据CC攻击的特点，结合包速率、URL信息熵、URL条件熵三种有效特征，提出一种基于误差逆向传播（Back Propagation，BP）神经网络的CC攻击检测算法。在真实网络环境中的实验结果证明，该模型对中、小型网站能准确地识别正常流量与CC攻击流量，对大型网站也有较为准确的检测结果。     

基于非对称资源消耗的应用层攻击方法

通过网络爬虫技术分析目标Web网站页面信息,提取其中消耗Web服务器资源较大网页的URL特征,并据此生成攻击URL集;利用正常用户访问行为训练得到访问行为模型参数,根据参数模拟用户访问,并实现攻击总强度弱、但单次攻击请求即能引起目标服务器较大资源消耗的攻击。实验结果显示了该方法的可行性。     

应用层洪泛攻击的异常检测

从近年的发展趋势看, 分布式拒绝服务攻击已经从原来的低层逐渐向应用层发展, 它比传统的攻击更加有效且更具隐蔽性. 为检测利用合法应用层HTTP请求发动的洪泛攻击, 本文把应用层洪泛攻击视为一种异常的用户访问行为, 从用户浏览行为的角度实现攻击检测. 基于实际网络流的试验表明,该模型可以有效测量Web用户的访问行为正常度并实现应用层的DDoS洪泛攻击检测.     

基于会话异常度模型的应用层分布式拒绝服务攻击过滤

大量的网络攻击手段和可利用的网络资源大大增加了抵御分布式拒绝服务(Distributed Denial-of-Service,DDoS)攻击的难度.应用层DDoS建立在正常的网络层行为之上,当前网络层安全设备无法有效抵御攻击.文章提出了一种应用层DDoS攻击过滤模型.基于攻击请求的生成方式,文中将应用层DDoS攻击分为5类,分析了应用层DDoS攻击与正常访问行为的不同,提出了访问行为异常属性和session异常度模型.利用此模型,可以有效区分正常访问session和应用层DDoS攻击session.将First-Come First-Serve (FCFS)、Low Suspicion First (LSF)和Round Robin 3种转发策略与session异常度模型结合,采用真实网络日志,模拟分析合法请求返回时延随时间的变化关系.结果表明,转发速率为合法请求最大速率就可获得较好的转发性能,此外,FCFS和Round Robin比LSF具有更低的合法请求返回时延.     

防御DDoS攻击的智能过滤模型

拒绝服务攻击(DoS)和分布式拒绝服务攻击(DDoS)已经成为网络最大的安全威胁之一,如何防御DDoS攻击已经引起了人们的广泛关注,然而关于在DDoS攻击发生时减轻攻击危害的这方面工作却很少。阐述了一种基于IP返回追踪的数据包智能过滤模型,能够在DDoS攻击正在发生时尽可能响应合法用户的请求,提高合法通信的吞吐量。     

基于可信度的应用层DDoS攻击防御方法

针对应用层DDoS(application layer DDoS,App-DDoS)攻击行为的特点,提出了一种基于可信度的App-DDoS攻击防御方法.该方法从服务请求的速率和负载两个方面,统计分析正常用户的数据分布规律,并以此作为确定会话可信度的依据.调度策略再根据会话可信度实现对攻击的防御.最后,通过模拟攻击实验验证了防御方法的有效性.实验结果证明了该方法能够快速有效地实现对App-DDoS攻击的防御.     

云环境下基于SOAP的Web服务应用层DoS攻击检测系统

针对云计算环境中的Web服务应用层容易遭受攻击的问题,提出一种用于Web服务应用层的基于SOAP的检测XML和HTTP层分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击的防御系统。首先,从属于特定简单对象访问协议(SOAP)正常操作中提取数据集的特征值,构建相应的高斯请求模型;然后,对Web服务的网络服务描述语言(WSDL)中的一些属性进行设置,实现对攻击的初步过滤;再后,对服务请求的HTTP头部和XML内容进行检查,并与模型数据比较,进一步实现攻击检测。实验结果表明,该系统能够有效的预防多种DDoS攻击,且消耗较少的响应时间。     

基于URL动态映射的HTTP DDOS防御模型

应用层分布式拒绝服务攻击(APP-DDoS)越来越普遍,也更加难以防御。针对常见且攻击效果明显的HTTP服务DDoS攻击,提出一种基于URL动态映射的防御模型。通过对客户端请求的资源地址进行动态映射,隐藏资源的真实物理地址,保证只有在映射地址有效时,用户才能获得Web服务器的真正资源响应。实验验证,该模型通过URL动态映射技术使攻击者在发起攻击时无法准确定位攻击资源,从而确保了正常用户对应用层资源的有效访问,提高了应用层HTTP服务的抗攻击性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。