细菌纤维素纳米支架材料生物酶解的初步研究

对细菌纤维素的纤维素酶解进行了单因素实验研究,探讨了酶用量、酶解时间及酶解温度等工艺条件对细菌纤维素酶解程度的影响.结果表明:在0.6%～1.6%的酶用量范围内,细菌纤维素的降解程度随酶用量的增加而提高;在0.4%～1.2%的酶用量范围内,细菌纤维素的降解程度随酶解时间的延长而提高,但是在后期增加的程度有所降低;在1～7 d的酶解时间内,细菌纤维素的降解程度随酶解时间的延长而不断提高;在45～55℃的酶解温度范围内,细菌纤维素的降解程度随温度升高呈先升后降的趋势,较适温度为50℃.     

用于纤维素连续酶解的混合轴研究及其混合模拟

纤维素的酶解过程是纤维素制备酒精工艺的一个重要过程,纤维素酶解的成本是整个纤维素酒精制造成本的重要组成部分之一,研究并改进纤维素酶解过程的工艺及设备是一个值得研究的课题。笔者拟开发一种连续式酶解混合反应器用于纤维素制备酒精的酶解过程,使纤维素的酶解过程实现连续化操作。与现有酶解生物反应器相比,以期能以较低的纤维素酶解生产成本达到更高的酶解转化率以及在产能上能得到显著提高。研究设计了几种反应器管内搅拌轴的形式,用Polyflow模拟得到一些数据并对其做初步分析。     

玉米芯氨水预处理及酶解工艺研究

为有效提高木质纤维素酶解转化率,文中以玉米芯为研究对象,在常压中温下采用氨水浸泡工艺处理原料,考察了预处理条件对木质素脱除率和纤维素、半纤维素酶解转化率的影响规律。确定了最适预处理条件:氨水质量分数为15%、固液质量体积比为1∶6 g/mL、反应温度为60℃和预处理时间为12 h。该条件下纤维素、半纤维素回收率和木质素脱除率分别为94.5%,86.7%和48.1%;在每g葡聚糖加入30 FPU纤维素酶和60 CBUβ-葡萄糖苷酶条件下,酶解24 h后纤维素和半纤维素酶解转化率分别可达83.0%和81.6%。     

碱性过氧化氢预处理对稻草秸秆酶解的影响

木质纤维素生物转化的关键是预处理和酶解,为了提高木质纤维素的生物转化效率,在温和条件下对稻草秸秆进行弱碱性过氧化氢处理。研究了稻草秸秆处理固液比、过氧化氢和纤维素酶添加量对酶解糖化的影响,结果表明:稻草秸秆固液比为800 g/L,过氧化氢添加量为0.125 g/g,酶解时纤维素酶浓度25 FPU/g底物为较好,红外分析表明稻草秸秆处理后,秸秆纤维素的结晶度和木质素含量都有所下降,促进了生物转化后续过程中的酶解糖化。     

蔗渣酶法水解在非缓冲溶剂体系中的反应机理探讨

通过测定蔗渣酶法水解在水系介质中的反应过程的pH随各种反应条件的变化,探讨了酶解液的各种特性,并测定了甘蔗渣、纤维素及纤维素酶相互作用的红外图谱。通过分析认为,纤维素在酶水解过程中,纤维素和纤维素酶相互作用形成了中间产物,使纤维素酶的立体构象发生变化而放出H^ ,使酶解液的pH发生变化,并形成了一种微弱的缓冲体系,致使甘蔗渣酶解反应在采用普通纯水代替缓冲液时,酶解反应的还原糖得率不变。     

木素对纤维素酶解的影响及纤维素酶解

用氧-碱-蒽醌蒸煮麦草所得纤维素为原料,研究了木素对纤维素酶解的影响及纤维素的酶解,结果表明:对不同木素含量的纤维素,其木素含量越低,纤维素的酶解率就越高。对同一木素含量的纤维素,酶解同时也脱除木素,当T=40～45℃、pH=4.4、底物与酶量之比为1∶0.02时,时间30h,转速为100r/min,可获得较理想的酶解率和木素脱除率。IR结构分析可知,酶解后纤维素的1-4-β-苷键断裂,生成还原糖。     

影响纤维素酶解的因素和纤维素酶被吸附性能的研究

本文以预处理的木质纤维素的结晶纤维素为材料,研究纤维素的吸附过程及影响酶 主要是而探讨纤维素酶解机制。     

半纤维素酶添加对碱处理甘蔗渣结构及酶解的影响

半纤维素作为木质纤维素的重要组分之一,通过氢键与纤维素的微纤丝结合,严重阻碍了纤维素表面与纤维素酶的接触,降低了酶解的效率。该试验以碱处理甘蔗渣作为底物,通过添加不同量的半纤维素酶去除不同比例的半纤维素。通过成分分析、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等手段分析添加半纤维素酶前后残渣的结构和酶解特性变化,发现随着半纤维素酶添加量的增大,残渣中木质素所占的比例逐渐增大,结晶指数逐渐增大,电镜表面沟壑逐渐加深,纤维束之间结构变得疏松。以半纤维素酶处理过的甘蔗渣作为底物,按照5FPU/g底物加入纤维素酶水解72h,与不添加半纤维素酶对照组相比,添加1600U/g半纤维素酶处理的试验组木聚糖的转化率提高了74.24%,葡聚糖转化率提高了35.30%。通过半纤维素酶添加可以有效促进纤维素酶解过程的进行,节约反应时间提高酶解转化率。     

竹浆分批加酶工艺对长时间纤维素酶解性能的影响

优化纤维素酶水解工艺对于纤维素的高效利用具有重要意义。实验在保证纤维素酶相同的添加量时,采用多种方式分批添加纤维素酶水解竹浆,在长时间(7 d)的酶解过程中测定每天还原性糖产量,最后对长时间酶解过程中的影响因素进行了探究。实验结果表明:采用(0.35 mL+0.15 mL+0.1mL)添加工艺提高了酶解效率,酶解7d后糖产量提高了4.36%;纤维素酶随着培育时间的进行活性不断减小,培育1 d后的酶活性仅为原酶活性的53.87%;酶解糖产量随葡萄糖浓度的增加而降低,当葡萄糖浓度为30 mg/mL时,糖产量较无葡萄糖实验组降低了30.7%。酶解过程中酶活的丧失以及底物的抑制可能是影响纤维素酶长时间水解过程中的重要因素。     

碱-氧-蒽醌蒸煮法制取麦草浆纤维素的酶解

用碱-氧-蒽醌蒸煮麦草所得纤维素为原料,研究了纤维素酶解的影响因素.结果表明:预处理后的麦草纤维素,其木质素含量较低,而酶解率和木质素脱除率均较高,在45～50℃、pH为4.4、底物与酶量之比为1:0.02、反应时间为30h、转速为100r/min时,可获得较理想的酶解率和木质素脱除率,二者分别可达74.5%和19.2%.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。