Mapping between BIM and 3D GIS in different levels of detail using schema mediation and instance comparison

The Building Information Modeling (BIM) domain and the Geographic Information System (GIS) domain share a mutual need for information from each other. Information from GIS can facilitate BIM applications such as site selection and onsite material layout, while BIM models could help generate detailed models in GIS and achieve better utility management. The mapping between the key schemas in the BIM domain and the GIS domain is the most critical step towards interoperability between the two domains. In this study, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) were chosen as the key schemas due to their wide applications in the BIM domain and the GIS domain, respectively. We used an instance-based method to generate the mapping rules between IFC and CityGML based on the inspection of entities representing the same component in the same model. It ensures accurate mapping between the two schemas. The transformation of coordinate systems and geometry are two major issues addressed in the instance-based method. Considering the difference in schema structure and information richness between the two schemas, a reference ontology called Semantic City Model was developed and an instance-based method was adopted. The Semantic City Model captures all the relevant information from BIM models and GIS models during the mapping process. Since CityGML is defined in five levels of detail (LoD), the harmonization among LoDs in CityGML was also developed in order to complete the mapping. The test results show that the developed framework can achieve automatic data mapping between IFC and CityGML in different LoDs. Furthermore, the developed Semantic City Model is extensible and can be the basis for other schema mappings between the BIM domain and the GIS domain.     

BIM与GIS数据集成:IFC与CityGML建筑几何语义信息互操作技术

近年来,建筑信息模型(BIM)与地理信息系统(GIS)的集成应用越来越广泛且深入,不同专业领域通过简单模型转换实现信息交互的方法由于只保留了少量的语义信息从而导致了应用的分散和独立,局限性十分明显。IFC和CityGML分别为BIM和GIS领域内通用的数据模型标准,两者之间的几何和语义信息共享将为BIM和GIS的集成奠定基础。本文基于IFC和CityGML标准,提出IFC几何要素过滤方法以及IFC到CityGML的语义映射规则,为IFC与CityGML建筑模型的几何、语义信息互操作提供一种通用手段,并通过实例进行了验证。     

基于BIM和GIS的数据集成在水利工程中的应用框架

为促进BIM技术在水利工程的应用,解决BIM和GIS集成的数据转换问题,基于对BIM的数据特征、IFC格式数据的结构层次、GIS系统的City GML数据格式以及City GML中语义信息和几何信息的细节层次结构进行详细分析的基础上,总结了BIM和GIS集成时IFC和City GML数据转换中存在的几个障碍。基于此,提出了可以实现BIM和GIS集成的IFC和City GML数据转换框架。并探讨了BIM和GIS集成系统在水利工程全生命周期中的应用和前景,为水利工程各个阶段应用BIM和GIS集成系统提供有利的参考建议。     

近距离多盾构隧道施工对临近建筑物的影响分析

地表建筑物的变形监测是盾构隧道施工监测的内容之一,由此可见,盾构隧道施工对地表建筑物影响的重要性,特别是多孔盾构隧道的施工。论文结合某实际工程,计算分析了近距离多孔盾构隧道施工对地表某一框架结构的影响,并提出了相关建议。     

矿山法隧道BIM建模技术研究

为系统研究BIM建模技术的发展情况,对建模过程中的关键环节进行总结,提出一种通用于矿山法隧道的BIM建模方法。首先,从平台选择、模型精度与轻量化、信息标准与分解标准、参数化建模4个关键环节对BIM建模方面的研究进行了分析;其次,基于以上研究分析,提出了一种基于Revit的适用于矿山法隧道全生命周期的BIM参数化建模方法,其可适用于隧道结构及地质模型的建立;最后,通过实际工程验证该方法的实用性。该方法通过EBS分解标准建立隧道构件模型库并通过WBS分解标准建立隧道BIM模型,其符合工程管理与项目管理的要求;而且,通过遵从IFC、IDM及IFD标准实现隧道BIM模型在不同平台之间的无损传输及数值软件的利用。     

Utilizing IFC for shield segment assembly in underground tunneling

The shield method is a common approach used for subway tunnel excavation. A critical function of the shield method is the segment assembly process. It is, therefore, imperative to have access to information to be able to manage and control the performance of segment assembly during the construction process. However, an issue that hinders the capacity to undertake these tasks during construction is the inability of existing Building Information Modeling (BIM)-related software used to design tunnels to support information exchanges during a project's execution. The Industry Foundation Class (IFC) has evolved as an open and neutral data format to support information exchanges, but they are yet to be able to accommodate the segment assembly process. Considering the absence of such a data format, this research contributes to the extant literature through extending the IFC standard by treating the segment assembly shield used in construction as an ‘object’. It also proposes a new typesetting (i.e. positioning of segments) algorithm that can be used to automatically determine constraints. Moreover, the algorithm can define the design information that is required to enact data exchanges during construction. The newly developed IFC extensions are validated by demonstrating the successful transfer from a tunnel's parametric design models to the segment assembly system.     

A Natural‐Language‐Based Approach to Intelligent Data Retrieval and Representation for Cloud BIM

As the information from diverse disciplines continues to integrate during the whole life cycle of an Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) project, the BIM (Building Information Model/Modeling) becomes increasingly large. This condition will cause users difficulty in acquiring the information they truly desire on a mobile device with limited space for interaction. The situation will be even worse for personnel without extensive knowledge of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) or for nonexperts of the BIM software. To improve the value of the big data of BIM, an approach to intelligent data retrieval and representation for cloud BIM applications based on natural language processing was proposed. First, strategies for data storage and query acceleration based on the popular cloud‐based database were explored to handle the large amount of BIM data. Then, the concepts “keyword” and “constraint” were proposed to capture the key objects and their specifications in a natural‐language‐based sentence that expresses the requirements of the user. Keywords and constraints can be mapped to IFC entities or properties through the International Framework for Dictionaries (IFD). The relationship between the user's requirement and the IFC‐based data model was established by path finding in a graph generated from the IFC schema, enabling data retrieval and analysis. Finally, the analyzed and summarized results of BIM data were represented based on the structure of the retrieved data. A prototype application was developed to validate the proposed approach on the data collected during the construction of the terminal of Kunming Airport, the largest single building in China. The case study illustrated the following: (1) relationships between the user requirements and the data users concerned are established, (2) user‐concerned data can be automatically retrieved and aggregated based on the cloud for BIM, and (3) the data are represented in a proper form for a visual view and a comprehensive report. With this approach, users can significantly benefit from requesting for information and the value of BIM will be enhanced.     

Three-dimensional orthotropic equivalent modelling method of large-scale circular jointed lining

Due to the large spatial scale differences between the structure details and the global tunnel, the large-scale shield tunnels were usually modeled as continuous ‘pipes’ in the 3-D numerical analyses. The details (e.g. joints) that greatly affect the integral stiffness of the continuous 3-D tunnel models have seldom been discussed in literatures. This paper presents an idea of orthotropic equivalence for the modeling of the large-scale circular shield tunnel and the optimization procedure for the identification of the nominal material constants. Considering the tunnel’s structural characteristic in its radial, circumferential and axial directions and its periodicity, the segmentally erected lining is equivalently modeled as an orthotropic continuous structure. An optimization procedure based on the idea of inverse analysis and FE method which can quickly identify the equivalent constants is also proposed. Validation example shows that a reasonable consistency between results predicted by the equivalent/segmental models and the analytical formulas is achieved.     

软土地区盾构上穿越既有隧道的离心模拟研究

随着地铁网络不断完善,新建盾构隧道近距离穿越既有隧道的现象越来越多。盾构近距离穿越既有隧道的影响问题,比常规盾构施工的研究更为复杂。结合上海外滩通道盾构上穿越地铁 2 号线工程,采用离心模型试验与现场实测相结合的方法对盾构上穿越对周围地层及既有隧道的影响进行了研究。文中选用排液法在离心场中模拟盾构施工,在国内首次实现了在不停机状态下模拟隧道开挖卸载、地层损失和注浆过程,并分析了盾构上穿越施工引起的地层、新建隧道与既有隧道的纵向位移变化规律。通过现场实测数据分析了既有隧道在盾构上穿越过程中纵向变形与时程曲线的变化规律。     

盾构隧道数字化研究与应用

盾构隧道数字化的目标是使复杂的地下工程透明化,实现工程全生命周期数据动态管理,辅助工程分析与决策,充分体现出工程信息的价值。首先提出采用基于客户端–服务器模式建立盾构隧道数字化平台,其次以盾构隧道几何实体对象分解为思路,给出盾构隧道数据分类体系和盾构隧道数字化模型,然后介绍隧道及其周围地层的建模方法,并给出了可视化及信息管理具体的实现方案。最后以上海长江隧道(崇明越江通道)为背景,进行了工程应用研究。     

基础设施智慧服务系统（iS3）及其应用

随着建筑信息模型（BIM）、地理信息系统（GIS）、物联网、大数据和云计算等工程信息技术的快速发展,基础设施的智慧化管理将成为必然发展趋势。在基础设施数字化、建养一体化等研究基础上,该文从信息流的角度提出基础设施智慧服务系统（infrastructure Smart Service System, iS3）的理念,以此实现基础设施智慧化管理。首先,该文给出iS3的定义,即基础设施全寿命期的数据采集、处理、表达、分析和服务的一体化智慧决策系统;其次,概括地介绍iS3的目标与特点,阐明iS3与BIM和GIS等现有系统的关系,并介绍了iS3的五个组成部分,即基础层、数据层、服务层、应用层和用户层,同时分别从数据采集、处理、表达、分析和服务五个方面对系统进行描述;最后,给出了iS3在地铁区间隧道结构运营维护中的应用实例。     

Semantic Enrichment for Building Information Modeling

Significant difficulties remain in exchanging information between building information modeling (BIM) tools. The industry foundation classes (IFC) exchange schema is too generic to capture the full semantic meaning needed for direct use by different construction project stakeholders’ BIM tools. Although BIM standards that prescribe model view definitions (MVD) for domain‐specific exchanges are under development, insufficient semantic definition of exchanges prevents achievement of the full potential of BIM through seamless interoperability. We propose an innovative approach for supplementing an IFC exchange file with semantically useful concepts inferred from the explicit and implicit information contained in the building model. A prototype software was implemented to test the applicability of the approach. It consists of a rule‐processing engine and allows composition of inference rule‐sets that can be tailored for different domains. The tests demonstrate semantic enrichment with precast concrete building models, adding inferred joint, slab aggregation and connection concepts.     

基于BIM技术的隧道协同管理平台架构研究

以BIM技术全生命周期为核心理念,以实现隧道工程信息化管理为目标。覆盖隧道工程规划、设计、施工、运维各阶段,形成规划–设计–施工–运维一体化管理平台,促进业主、设计方、施工方、监理方等各工程参与方多方协同工作。针对BIM平台开发过程中BIM标准不统一、BIM软件众多、相互间数据交换困难等问题,初步提出了BIM全生命周期意义上的隧道工程协同管理平台,并从阶段、维度、功能、技术和用户多个层面详细阐述了BIM隧道协同管理平台的初步架构体系,为平台的进一步开发提供了一个基本思路和初期技术路线。     

使用BIM方法发展三维规划管理系统势在必行

三维规划管理系统是当前城市规划管理信息化发展的热点之一,同时对三维建筑设计也提出了更高的要求。在对其发展现状及使用技术进行了简要概述和总结,认为在建筑全寿命周期的背景下,结合建筑信息模型(BIM)方法,对新建项目构建完善的建筑信息模型,使用IFC进行数据交换,可以促进信息共享交流,避免重复性劳动,提高建设项目管理的科学性和效率。     

A Fast Detection Method via Region‐Based Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Shield Tunnel Lining Defects

Tunnel lining defects are an important indicator reflecting the safety status of shield tunnels. Inspired by the state‐of‐the‐art deep learning, a method for automatic intelligent classification and detection methodology of tunnel lining defects is presented. A fully convolutional network (FCN) model for classification is proposed. Information about defects, collected using charge‐coupled device cameras, was used to train the model. The model's performance was compared to those of GoogLeNet and VGG. The best‐set accuracy of the proposed model was over 95% at a test‐time speed of 48 ms per image. For defects detection, image features were computed from large‐scale images by the FCN and then detected using a region proposal network and position‐sensitive region of interest pooling. Some indices (detection rate, detection accuracy, and detection efficiency, locating accuracy) were used to evaluate the model. The comparisons with faster R‐CNN and a traditional method were conducted. The results show that the model is very fast and efficient, allowing automatic intelligent classification and detection of tunnel lining defects.     

Integration of Sustainability Issues in Strategic Transportation Planning: A Multi‐criteria Model for the Assessment of Transport Infrastructure Plans

Abstract: Last decades have witnessed significant advances in transportation planning methodologies, facilitated by the development of computational algorithms, technologies, spatial modeling tools—such as geographical information systems (GIS) and decision support systems (DSS). However, at strategic planning levels, a commonly accepted assessment model integrating the sustainability paradigm is still lacking. This work presents a novel contribution to this research line, with the proposal of a multi‐criteria assessment model embedded in a GIS. The criteria have been designed covering the three dimensions of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental. This assessment model constitutes an interdisciplinary approach tightly linking network analysis, spatial geography, regional economic, and environmental issues in a GIS‐based computer framework. The validity of the methodology is tested with its application in a case study: the extension of the high speed rail (HSR) network included in the Spanish Transport and Infrastructure Plan 2005‐2020 (PEIT).     

Benchmark tests for BIM data exchanges of precast concrete

Data exchanges between building information modeling (BIM) tools have been tested in a structured set of detailed benchmark tests using a small but complex building model. The tests have shown that despite progress in developing and implementing Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), much work is still needed to achieve fully effective interoperability. Imperfect exchanges arose from the lack of uniformity in the way the internal object schemas were mapped to IFC objects and properties. The benchmark tests showed clearly the need for a mutually agreed upon standard that defines how precast architectural facades should be modeled and mapped to the IFC schema and what information is required for each exchange in the workflow. Such definition is essential for coherent interoperability for this, and indeed any, domain.     

地表堆载下盾构隧道纵向非线性变形简化解析解

既有盾构隧道在地表堆载下将会导致纵向不均匀沉降,威胁地铁列车的安全。目前地表堆载下盾构隧道的沉降预测方法没考虑到土体变形非线性的特点。基于所提的非线性地基模型,推导得到在地表堆载影响下盾构隧道纵向非线性变形简化解析解。地表堆载引起的隧道附加荷载通过Boussinesq解估算,通过连续梁模拟隧道的变形,推导得到在地表附加荷载下盾构隧道沉降的微分方程,引入有限差分法与Newton迭代法相互结合数值求解方法。通过三维有限元结果验证了其正确性,可以为在地表堆载下盾构隧道的沉降变形预测提供理论支持。     

Analytical review and evaluation of civil information modeling

Building information modeling (BIM) has been widely adopted in the building industry. However, the use of BIM in civil infrastructure facilities, sometimes referred to as civil information modeling (CIM) has been slow in its application. Industry and academia are increasingly putting effort into CIM study and implementation, but so far there has been no comprehensive review of their effort in this regard. This paper presents a framework to evaluate the current practices of CIM adoption for various civil infrastructure facilities. In this study, civil infrastructure facilities were divided into nine categories for evaluation and the effort with regard to CIM adoption for each civil infrastructure category was evaluated in six aspects. Based on the evaluation and comparison results of 171 case studies and 62 academic papers on CIM, research gaps were identified and recommendations were made. For example, the findings show that data schema development for civil infrastructure facilities other than bridges, roads, and tunnels are lacking. The results and research gaps revealed by this study are useful for both researchers and practitioners.     

IFC技术标准系列文章之三：IFC结构及数据实例分析

协同设计工作在建筑工程中的应用时代已经到来,BIM（建筑信息模型）技术的应用实现了建模软件的信息提升。作为国际标准的IFC,是实现标准化建筑信息模型交换的一个选择,本文将结合IFC标准对模型的数据交换做出分析。