竞争性用水河流生态流量确定方法研究

选择竞争性用水河流作为研究对象,针对目前存在的主要生态环境问题,以流域生态保护和高质量发展为目标,构建了不同生境目标需求的生态流量指标体系。根据代表物种与水文条件的动态响应关系,以特定历史时期为河流最佳状态的参照系统,综合利用栖息地模型和环境流量分类方法,建立了一种面向竞争性用水河流的生态流量确定方法。以伊洛河入黄口为例开展实例研究：多年平均条件下生态流量满足程度均大于85%,确定的伊洛河入黄口生态流量目标是合理、可行的,该方法确定的生态流量可以较好协调河流自然生态功能和社会服务功能的均衡发挥。     

松花江适宜生态流量研究

以维持水生态系统的完整性为保护目标,应用鱼类生境法和鱼类生物量法,计算了松花江的适宜生态流量及其相对值(适宜生态流量与多年天然平均流量的比值)。研究表明,2种方法计算的结果基本一致。在没有回水顶托的影响下,鱼类生境法适用于不同尺度的河流;而鱼类生物量方法,一般适用于较大的河流和平原型河流。     

中型山区河流水电站下游的鱼类生态需水量计算

为更好地对中型山区河流水电开发减水河段的鱼类生境进行保护,对鱼类生境水力参数标准构建进行研究。参照大型河流鱼类生境水力参数标准,根据中型山区河流的特点,构建中型山区河流鱼类生境水力参数的推荐标准,并选取有代表性的四川中型山区河流杂谷脑河以及红叶二级、理县、甘堡三电站,对所构建的参数推荐标准的适宜性与可操作性进行分析验证。在适宜性分析方面,根据原型观测结果,验证了所构建的推荐标准能够真实反映中型山区河流鱼类对生境的实际需求;在可操作性分析方面,采用生态水力学法对三电站减水河段的鱼类生境水力参数进行模拟分析,并应用所构建的生境水力参数推荐标准,得到三电站的生态基流量推荐值,通过综合分析可知,所得到的生态基流量推荐值占年均天然流量的比例都不高,在水电工程运行实践中,具有可操作性。通过原型观测与生态水力学数值模拟综合验证所得到的中型山区河流鱼类生境水力参数推荐标准,能反映鱼类对生境的实际需求并具有可操作性。     

中型山区河流水电站下游的鱼类生态需水量计算

为更好地对河流水电开发后的鱼类进行保护,探讨中型山区河流水电站下游的鱼类生态需水量计算.参照大型河流鱼类水力生境参数标准,根据中型山区河流的特点,得到中型山区河流鱼类水力生境参数的参考标准.选取有代表性的四川中型山区河流杂谷脑河进行鱼类生境原型观测,原型观测结果证实了该参考标准能够满足杂谷脑河鱼类对生境的实际需求.基于所得到的参考标准,应用生态水力学法对杂谷脑河红叶二级、理县以及甘堡3座电站减水河段的鱼类生态需水量进行计算分析,得到3座电站的生态需水量推荐值.通过分析可知,所得到的生态需水量推荐值占年均天然流量以及设计引用流量的比例都不高,在3座电站的运行实践中,具有可操作性.     

构建生态用水调度体系 推进淮河流域水生态文明建设

淮河流域是我国水资源短缺和水污染较为严重地区,流域内水生态问题突出。为做好淮河流域综合规划编制工作,水利部淮河水利委员会组织开展了淮河流域生态用水调度专项研究,以满足河道内最小生态需水量为目标,构建了生态用水调度体系,提出了生态用水调度方案和方式。     

黄河河口生态需水分析

黄河入海水量及其流量变化过程对保障其河口三角洲生态健康具有十分重要的作用。本文分析了黄河三角洲生态系统的结构、组成及其功能,认为该生态系统关键期为5—9月。分析了黄河渔洼以下三角洲生态系统中的陆域湿地、河流湿地以及近海水域等重要生态单元生境修复与黄河径流条件的关系,重点分析了鸟类生境、河道内鱼类生境和近海水生生物繁衍生境的生态需水,提出了它们对黄河入海水量及其流量过程的要求。在统筹考虑黄河天然径流条件、自然功能用水和社会功能用水的平衡、黄河水资源配置条件等因素后,进一步提出现阶段黄河向其三角洲生态系统提供的生态用水控制指标：5—6月繁殖关键期的适宜水量约22亿m3,相应的利津断面流量应不低于150m3/s,最好能达到250m3/s;7—10月应保障洪水量级不低于3500m3/s、平水期流量不低于200～300m3/s;11月—次年4月流量应不低于75m3/s,最好能达到120m3/s。     

河流生态流量研究进展

水库在发挥巨大社会效益和经济效益的同时,也引发了下游河段生态缺水等生态问题,水生生物尤其是鱼类的生存环境受到了不同程度的影响.鱼类作为水生生态系统中的顶级群落,其种群的动态变化可有效反映水生生物群落与水质状况的整体变化信息.本文从概念辨析、研究方法等方面分析总结了国内外生态流量研究现状,阐明了基于河流天然节律和鱼类习性的生态流量研究进展,探讨了该研究领域存在的问题,并在此基础上提出了基于鱼类生境的生态流量研究方向.     

基于生态系统分析的河道最小生态需水计算方法研究(Ⅰ)

研究了河道生态系统的水文与地形子系统的最小生态需水，提出计算河道水体最小生态需水的方法——水文与河道形态分析法，并建立了计算方法体系．水文与河床形态分析法的基本思想是用尽量少的水维持尽量多的河流特征和功能，并将河流特征和功能维持在一定的水平，以维持河流的生命．还研究了水文、地形和生物子系统，提出计算该子系统最小生态需水的方法——生物空间最小需求法．生物空间最小需求法的基本思想是以鱼类为指示生物，从鱼类对生存空间的最小需求来确定最小生态需水．采用上述两种方法计算了淮河流域颍河周口水文站断面的最小生态流量，为7m^3／s，占多年平均天然流量的5．6％．     

基于四大家鱼生境需求的灌河生态需水过程研究

针对生态用水被严重挤占和鲇鱼山水库拦蓄作用造成的灌河中下游生物多样性减少及鱼类栖息地被破坏等生态问题,对灌河鲇鱼山水库下游至与史河交汇口90 km长的河段进行生态需水过程研究。分析确定以四大家鱼作为目标物种,计算鱼类生长繁殖所需的生态基流、敏感生态需水和触发鱼类关键生命活动的高流量脉冲过程。考虑到灌河实际情况,选择利用Tennant法计算生态基流,利用生境模拟法选择水深、流速和氨氮3个生境要素,借助MIKE21水动力水质模型计算敏感生态需水,根据历史流量资料计算产卵期所需的高流量脉冲特征值。结果显示:生态基流和敏感生态需水分别为3.4m~3/s和12 m~3/s,产卵期需要1～2次流量大于24 m~3/s且持续3 d以上的高流量脉冲过程。对比历史流量资料和研究结果发现,鲇鱼山水库生态基流和敏感生态需水过程不满足生态需要,高流量脉冲过程基本可以满足,需要通过生态补源建设和改进鲇鱼山水库调度方式等塑造适宜的生态需水过程。     

汉江桥闸工程下游河段典型鱼种栖息地模拟研究

探究水利工程干扰下的鱼类生境变化特征是维护河流生态健康的基础性研究。以汉中平川段内汉江三桥桥闸下游10 km为研究河段,利用水文学法和栖息地模拟法计算了生态流量。建立了河段二维水动力学模型,选用宽鳍鱲为目标鱼种,依据其对水深和流速的适宜性曲线确定了流量变化下的生境面积,并采用生境质量分级分析了不同流量响应鱼类生境的变化特征。研究结果表明:两种方法计算出河流生态流量相近,分别为54.3和53.1m~3/s,最终适宜流量为47.8～54.3 m~3/s;在流量8.8～212.7 m~3/s时,相比中等和低质量生境,高质量生境面积随流量的波动更为显著,呈现先升后降的趋势,212.7 m~3/s以上流量的各级生境面积随流量变化较小;高质量生境多分布于两岸和冷水河交汇口,中等质量生境主要分布在河段下游;低质量生境位置相对不固定;研究成果可为桥闸运行和河流鱼类保护提供重要参考依据。     

二维水流数学模型在多分汊河道鱼类栖息地设计中的应用

多分汊河道汇合或分流口水流流态复杂,常常存在河口滩及深槽,复杂多样的水文水力条件为鱼类提供了良好的进食及休憩场所。针对多分汊河道边界复杂的特点,建立了基于一般曲线坐标系下的平面二维水流数学模型。将所建立的数学模型应用于大渡河乐山段安谷水电站左岸生态河网建设和鱼类栖息地设计,对工程投运前后河段的水深、流速、流场、分流比进行模拟和对比分析,设置生态工程措施,使得鱼类产卵场河段水流特性仍满足鱼类栖息地要求。从安谷水电站运行效果看,设计的生态措施对河道鱼类栖息改善取得了较好的实践效果。     

River2D模型及其在漓江桂林市区段的初步应用

River2D模型是河道内流量增加法(IFIM)中的一个河流水动力学和鱼类栖息地模拟软件,可以模拟流量和鱼类栖息地之间的定量关系.介绍了River2D模型的构成及理论基础.利用漓江桂林市区段地形图和实地勘测的地形数据,建立漓江桂林市区段River2D模型,初步结果表明,模型能有效地反映某个特定条件或某个时刻河流流量、流速及水深的分布情况,可以在河流修复等研究中发挥作用.     

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW REGIMES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW ASSESSMENT IN REGULATED RIVERS: THE HUAI RIVER BASIN,CHINA

Flow regime characteristics (magnitude, frequency, duration, seasonal timing and rates of change) play a primary role in regulating the biodiversity and ecological processes in rivers. River classification provides the foundation for comparing the hydrologic regimes of rivers and development of hydro‐ecological relationships to inform environmental flow management and river restoration. This paper presents a classification of natural flow regimes and hydrologic changes due to dams and floodgates in the Huai River Basin, China, in preparation for an environmental flow assessment. The monthly natural flow regime of 45 stations in the upper and middle Huai River Basin were simulated for the period 1963–2000, based on the hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Six classes of flow patterns (low or high discharge, stable or variable, perennial or intermittent, predictable or unpredictable) were identified based on 80 hydrologic metrics, analysed by hierarchical clustering algorithms. The ecologically relevant climatic and geographic characteristics of these flow classes were tested for concordance with, and to strengthen, the hydro‐ecological classification. The regulation of natural flow patterns by dams and floodgates changed flows at some locations within each flow class and caused some gauges to shift into another class. The research reported here is expected to provide a foundation for development of hydro‐ecological relationships and environmental flow methods for wider use in China, as well as setting a new scientific direction for integrated river basin management in the Huai River Basin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Linking flow alteration with fish assemblage structure in a river regulated by a small hydropower project in the Western Ghats of Karnataka,India

Small hydropower projects (SHPs) are promoted as low-impact alternatives for large hydropower. SHPs are generally commissioned on small- to medium-sized mountainous rivers, often in biodiverse regions, with backing in the form of subsidies, facultative policies and exemption from impact assessments as they are considered ‘green’. However, the ecological impacts of SHPs are understudied especially in highly seasonal tropical streams of Western Ghats of India, a global biodiversity hotspot and a distinct freshwater fish eco-region. We compared SHP-affected segments of a dammed and an undammed river in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, to assess how altered flow regime affects seasonal variability in habitat and water quality, and influences fish assemblage structure. We found that flow alteration by the SHP varied between different segments of the dammed river and with season. Furthermore, the nature of flow alteration influenced habitat variability, water quality and fish assemblage response in the dammed river. We observed that the dewatered segment of the dammed river experienced a lotic to lentic shift in habitat and water quality, which favoured fish species with eurytopic affinities. Fluctuating flows in the downstream segment subdued natural variability in flow regime and created novel habitats and water-quality conditions, affecting fish assemblages. The upstream segment of the dammed river retained natural variability in habitat and water quality, but did not mimic the undammed river in terms of fish composition. We also observed potential constraints on recruitment for migratory species of fish in the dammed river. Based on our results, we suggest how the placement of dewatered segment, and timing the closure of SHP operation in dry season based on ecological thresholds are potential solutions to mitigate the impacts of the SHPs. Furthermore, we recommend effective impact assessments, and adaptive management with active interventions to maintain genetic and ecological connectivity, as key to enhance the sustainability of the SHPs.     

基于栖息地模拟的河道生态需水量多目标评价方法及其应用

本文提出基于栖息地模拟法的多目标评价法计算河道生态需水量,以加权可利用面积(WUA)最大和流量最小为目标,采用理想点法进行求解.该方法综合考虑了生态用水和经济用水,提供了一个栖息地保护和经济用水相协调的最优河流生态需水量.最后以鱼类作为指示物种,对新疆额尔齐斯河中游鱼类产卵期的河道生态需水量进行了计算.计算结果表明,其生态流量为78m3/s,占该河段多年平均流量的74%.该结果比直接采用栖息地模拟法计算的结果小,但该生态流量可以对河流栖息地提供足够的保护,且较好地协调了生态用水和经济用水的矛盾.     

基于黄河鲤栖息地水文-生态响应关系的黄河下游生态流量研究

本研究采用野外生物监测、栖息地同步观测和实验室控制实验等技术手段,应用生物学、鱼类生态学、生态水力学、水文学等多学科理论,基于河流栖息地模拟法,研究了黄河下游指示物种黄河鲤生态学特性及其栖息生境与流速、水深、水温等水文水环境因子之间的关系,将径流条件与目标物种不同生长阶段生物学信息相结合,建立了代表物种繁殖期、越冬期栖息地适宜度指数,构建了黄河下游重点河段河流栖息地模型,建立了指示物种栖息地状况与河川径流条件定量响应关系,提出黄河下游花园口和利津断面繁殖期最小生态流量为300 m³/s和100 m³/s、适宜生态流量为600~700 m³/s和190~250 m³/s。该研究在水生生物习性及其与河川径流响应关系方面实现突破,解决了黄河生态需水研究中关键技术问题。     

Predicted Native Fish Response,Potential Rewards and Risks from Flow Alteration in a New Mexico Arid Mountain Stream

Water and natural resource managers are concerned with evaluating how fish habitat and populations may respond to water diversions and small‐scale flow augmentations. We used two‐dimensional hydraulic models, habitat suitability curves and an individual‐based population viability model to assess whether flow augmentations of about 0.28–0.57 m³/s would create suitable habitat for federally listed native fish loach minnow Rhinichthys cobitis and spikedace Meda fulgida in a reach of the Gila River, New Mexico, and then examined how fish population viability may change under a variety of colonization and extinction scenarios. These simulations help to inform water management decisions in a reach of the Gila River where river diversions currently exist and new diversions and augmentations are being proposed. Our results suggest that the flow augmentations evaluated will result in small changes (on average across life stages, ?0.22% to 4.06%) in suitable habitat for loach minnow and spikedace depending on augmentation scenario and fish life stage. While these percent changes are small, they would result in a reduction in the dewatering of the river channel in a river reach where native fish abundance is thought to be low. Actual native fish responses to these habitat changes are unknown; however, these flow augmentations could potentially allow these native species to re‐colonize this river segment from upstream or downstream sources increasing species distribution and likely population viability. Maintaining viable populations of native fish in this river reach is dependent on complex factors including persistence of suitable habitat for multiple life stages, connectivity with other populations and minimizing risk of invasion from non‐native species. We recommend that these predictions from the habitat and population models be tested and verified in an adaptive management framework linking modelling, experimental management, monitoring and reassessment to inform water management decisions in the Gila River. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于鱼类栖息地需求的雅鲁藏布江中游环境流量计算

针对水利工程影响下,河道下游天然水文情势改变造成鱼类产卵场面积减小和质量降低等潜在生态问题,通过数值模拟与统计建立拉萨裸裂尻鱼产卵期栖息地适宜度模型,采用栖息地模拟法计算了雅鲁藏布江中游藏木水电站坝下米林—尼洋河汇口处38.9 km河段的环境流量。结果表明:拉萨裸裂尻鱼产卵期适宜水深为0.7～1.0 m,适宜流速为0.4～0.6 m/s;研究河段内拉萨裸裂尻鱼产卵期环境流量为432 m~3/s。