水为工质的面板式PV/T系统冬季实验研究

研究一种以水为工质的面板式PV/T(photovoltaic/thermal)系统在冬季的性能。搭建PV/T实验和测试系统,测试户外条件下系统冬季运行时的各项参数,对实验数据进行处理、分析,获得光伏电池的电效率和系统的热效率。结果表明:面板式PV/T系统运行时电池板温度较低,电池转换效率较高;工质通过循环加热可上升30℃左右,综合效率接近普通PV板的两倍。     

基于DAC概念的改进型聚光电热联用系统

基于DAC技术对传统的聚光电热联用系统(CPV/T)进行优化设计,采用水为吸热工质与常规硅太阳电池相结合对太阳能辐射进行分波段利用,分别完成光热转换和光电转换。对该改进CPV/T系统建立了辐射传递模型和能量平衡模型:首先,对太阳能辐射在系统中的传递过程进行了分析;而后对系统的光热单元和光电单元工作温度进行了计算。计算结果显示该系统光热单元温度不再受光电单元工作温度限制,随着聚光比的增加该系统光热单元可产出高温热能,其吸热工质出口温度可达到108℃,而相应的光电单元工作温度低于69℃,同时通过试验对系统光电性能进行了对比分析;最后对该CPV/T系统效率进行分析,得到其光热转换效率为32%,光电转换效率保持在8.6%～10.5%之间。     

太阳能PV/T集热系统性能优化研究

水工质太阳能PV/T(光伏/光热)集热技术可实现电热联产,应用潜力巨大,但在电热联产能量转化及系统优化方面的研究不够深入。文章采用验证后的TRNSYS模型,对水工质PV/T(光伏/光热)集热器及系统进行了优化研究。结果表明,在基准工况下,优化后的PV/T集热器发电效率、热效率和总效率相比优化前分别相对提升50.22%,27.47%和32.92%。以PV/T集热系统CO₂排放最低为优化目标,系统存在最佳工质质量流量、最佳温控器设置温差和最佳水箱体积,优化后的系统在杭州应用时,系统年度热效率、电效率和总效率分别为32.41%,18.65%和51.06%,并且该系统无论耦合电加热还是热泵,在CO₂排放或成本上都具有一定竞争性。     

高海拔荒漠地区光伏组件衰减机理分析

光伏组件是光伏发电系统的核心部件,其光电转换效率主要受到环境温度、太阳辐照度和蒙尘特性等影响,但目前对于高海拔地区光伏组件光电转换效率衰减的机理尚不明确。文章以光伏电池板为研究对象,采用I-V曲线测试仪获得光伏组件的各项参数,重新定义光伏组件实际工作温度,建立光电转换效率与温度差之间关系的数学模型,并应用MATLAB软件进行仿真计算。仿真结果表明,当温度差超过75℃时,光伏组件光电转换效率的降低程度比较明显。同时,通过实际发电数据对模型进行验证,分析了光伏组件发电效率衰减的原因。     

纳米流体太阳集热器的光热性能研究

采用直流碳弧法制备了平均粒径为25nm的碳包铜纳米颗粒,包覆的碳层有效避免了周围环境对铜纳米粒子的影响.采用超声波振荡和添加分散剂的方法,将碳包铜纳米颗粒均匀稳定的分散在体积比为1:1的乙二醇水溶液中,获得了用于直接吸收式太阳集热器的循环工质-碳包铜纳米流体.通过闷晒实验,研究了碳包铜纳米流体的光热转换性能;通过对集热器热效率的测试,研究了碳包铜纳米流体太阳集热器的热性能,结果表明:添加纳米颗粒后,碳包铜纳米流体的光热转换性能明显优于基液和涂有黑漆的铜管表面.直接吸收式的碳包铜纳米流体太阳集热器显著提高了集热器的集热效率,实验中的最高集热效率可达74.688%,比传统平板型集热器的集热效率提高了近10%.     

Development process of solar photovoltaic system cooling technology

光伏系统在运行时,冷却太阳能光伏电池板使其达到更高的效率是一个关键因素。适当的冷却可以提高电力效率,并随着时间的推移降低电池退化的速度,从而使光伏组件的寿命最大化。综述了传统冷却技术中自然循环对流冷却、强制对流循环冷却和液冷技术,新型冷却技术浮动跟踪集中冷却系统、混合PV/T系统冷却、混合PV/TE系统采用散热器冷却以及通过使用相变材料来提高太阳能光伏电池板的性能。根据研究的重点、贡献和实际应用分析各技术的优缺点、适合应用的领域及各自技术的经济特点。未来的技术发展方向应是无论选择何种技术来冷却光伏板,都应该保持工作表面温度较低且稳定、简单可靠、能够利用提取的热能来提高整体的转换效率。     

一种快装式光伏光热一体化系统搭建及试验研究

研究一种快装式光伏光热(PVT)一体化热电联产系统,该系统将先进的微热管集热技术应用到分布式光伏发电领域,在不增加任何占地空间的基础上,快速实现真正的光伏光热一体化组件及热电联产系统。通过真实系统搭建,并经过试验数据验证,该系统不仅能够抑制太阳电池板工作时的温度升高,还能在一定程度上提高发电效率,光伏背板所产生的热能还可为用户提供热水需求,从而较大程度提高光电转换效率和低温热量利用率,实现更高的综合效率。     

电热冷联产的新压缩空气蓄能系统

提出一个将压缩空气直接在空气透平中膨胀做功发电,并产出热量和冷量的新压缩空气蓄能方法。分析了该新压缩空气蓄能系统工作的不可逆循环,并建立了仅忽略所有换热器流动阻力损失的该蓄能系统之能量转换利用率（η）计算方程式。用该方程分析研究了空气透平膨胀机与压缩机等熵效率、压缩机排气热能度、空气透平排气冷量度、换热器传热温差和空气压缩比等参数对系统η值的影响,发现空气透平等熵效率提高对η值的贡献大于压缩机效率同样提高的功效;在其它参数确定时,存在最佳压比,可使系统的能量转换利用率在该条件下达极值。分析表明：电热冷联产新压缩空气蓄能系统的能量转换利用率可达0．8左右。     

光伏窗发电供热系统的应用性研究

提出一种基于光伏光热建筑一体化设计的光伏窗发电供热系统,包括光伏双层窗、供热系统和发电系统。其中,光伏双层窗是由光伏板和Low-E玻璃通过窗体框架形成的一个密闭中空结构,循环工质流经密闭中空结构吸收光伏板上的大部分热能,以降低光伏板表面的温度,提高光电转换效率;在冬季通过地热管对室内辐射供暖,夏季可用于供应生活热水。该光伏窗发电供热系统既能满足传统窗户的采光要求,同时能解决房屋室内隔热问题,在光伏发电的同时供应热量,可有效提升能源利用效率,降低建筑的室内能耗。     

新型材料在太阳能热电联用中的应用

通过高压微射流分散法制备了稳定的纳米流体.用激光粒度仪观察了分散前后的粒径分布.纳米流体中颗粒的小尺寸效应使其对太阳能辐射体现出了与普通材料不同的特殊光吸收特性.当颗粒粒径远小于入射波长时,颗粒散射特性远小于颗粒吸收作用,其散射作用可以忽略.试验测试了多种颗粒粒径SiO2纳米流体的透射率.用太阳能模拟发生器模拟太阳能辐射,对表面加SiO2纳米流体的电池板的性能进行了试验研究,分析了SiO2纳米流体对电池板的开路电压、最大功率以及工作温度的影响.结果显示若能利用纳米颗粒特殊的光学性质改变介质某一波段的辐射特性,探索一种对太阳能可见光高透过、其他波段高吸收的纳米流体,将有望极大的提高热电联用系统的太阳能利用率.     

Thermodynamic assessment of photovoltaic systems

In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the performance characteristics of a photovoltaic (PV) and photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) system based on energy and exergy efficiencies, respectively. The PV system converts solar energy into DC electrical energy where as, the PV/T system also utilizes the thermal energy of the solar radiation along with electrical energy generation. Exergy efficiency for PV and PV/T systems is developed that is useful in studying the PV and PV/T performance and possible improvements. Exergy analysis is applied to a PV system and its components, in order to evaluate the exergy flow, losses and various efficiencies namely energy, exergy and power conversion efficiency. Energy efficiency of the system is calculated based on the first law of thermodynamics and the exergy efficiency, which incorporates the second law of thermodynamics and solar irradiation exergy values, is also calculated and found that the latter is lower for the electricity generation using the considered PV system. The values of “fill factor” are also determined for the system and the effect of the fill factor on the efficiencies is also evaluated. The experimental data for a typical day of March (27th March 2006) for New Delhi are used for the calculation of the energy and exergy efficiencies of the PV and PV/T systems. It is found that the energy efficiency varies from a minimum of 33% to a maximum of 45% respectively, the corresponding exergy efficiency (PV/T) varies from a minimum of 11.3% to a maximum of 16% and exergy efficiency (PV) varies from a minimum of 7.8% to a maximum of 13.8%, respectively.     

Effect of hybrid nanofluids mixture ratio on the performance of a photovoltaic thermal collector

Solar photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) collectors, are hybrid collectors used to convert solar radiation into usable thermal and electrical energy. Recently, the field of research on PV/T is has focused on improving the efficiency of the PV/T collector by replacing the conventional heat transfer fluids (HTFs) with nanofluids. This article investigates the effect of hybrid nanofluids mixture ratio on the useful energy and overall efficiency of a PV/T collector operating with Al₂O₃-ZnO water nanofluid as the HTF. Experiments to measure the thermophysical properties of the hybrid nanofluids were conducted for various temperatures, volume concentrations, and mixture ratios, furthermore, accurate correlation models were proposed. Metrological data and energy output readings collected from the PV solar farm at Cyprus International University were used to validate our model. The study observed that at the optimum mixture ratio (0.47 of Al₂O₃ in the hybrid), the electrical, thermal, and exergy efficiencies of the PV/T collector are 13.8%, 55.9%, and 15.13% respectively. Also, the cell temperature drops by 21% when the mass flow rate is 0.1 kg/s as compared to when it is 0.01 kg/s. Finally, the study concludes that by using the Al₂O₃-ZnO hybrid nanofluid an overall peak thermal efficiency of 91% can be attained, and this represents a 34% enhancement in the collector's performance when compared to water.     

Optimal design of orientation of PV/T collector with reflectors

Hybrid conversion of solar radiation implies simultaneous solar radiation conversion into thermal and electrical energy in the PV/Thermal collector. In order to get more thermal and electrical energy, flat solar radiation reflectors have been mounted on PV/T collector. To obtain higher solar radiation intensity on PV/T collector, position of reflectors has been changed and optimal position of reflectors has been determined by both experimental measurements and numerical calculation so as to obtain maximal concentration of solar radiation intensity. The calculated values have been found to be in good agreement with the measured ones, both yielding the optimal position of the flat reflector to be the lowest (5°) in December and the highest (38°) in June. In this paper, the thermal and electrical efficiency of PV/T collector without reflectors and with reflectors in optimal position have been calculated. Using these results, the total efficiency and energy-saving efficiency of PV/T collector have been determined. Energy-saving efficiency for PV/T collector without reflectors is 60.1%, which is above the conventional solar thermal collector, whereas the energy-saving efficiency for PV/T collector with reflectors in optimal position is 46.7%, which is almost equal to the values for conventional solar thermal collector. Though the energy-saving efficiency of PV/T collector decreases slightly with the solar radiation intensity concentration factor, i.e. the thermal and electrical efficiency of PV/T collector with reflectors are lower than those of PV/T collector without reflectors, the total thermal and electrical energy generated by PV/T collector with reflectors in optimal position are significantly higher than total thermal and electrical energy generated by PV/T collector without reflectors.     

Progress of MWCNT,Al2O3, and CuO with water in enhancing the photovoltaic thermal system

Hybrid photovoltaic thermal system is an effective method to convert solar energy into electrical and thermal energy. However, its effectiveness is widely affected due to the high temperature of photovoltaic panel, and it can be minimized by employing nanofluids to the PV/T systems. In this research, the effect of various nanoparticles on the PV/T systems was studied experimentally. The nanofluids Al₂O₃, CuO, and multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were dispersed with water at different volume fractions of 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 (vol%) using ultrasonication process. The effect of nanomaterials on viscosity and density was classified. All tests were carried out in an outdoor laboratory setup for calibrating the PV temperatures, thermal conductivity, electrical power, electrical efficiency, and overall efficiency. In addition, the energy analyses were also made to estimate the loss of heat owing to the nanofluids. Results show that use of the nanofluid increased the electric power and electrical efficiency of PV/T compared with water. Furthermore, MWCNT and CuO reduced the cell temperature by 19%. Consequently, the nanofluids MWCNT, Al₂O₃, and CuO produced the impressive values of 60%, 55%, and 52% increase in an average electrical efficiency than conventional PV. Particularly, the MWCNT produced superior results compared with other materials. It is evidently clear from the result that the introduction of the nanofluid increases the thermal efficiency without adding any extra energy to the system. Moreover, insertion of Al₂O₃, CuO, and MWCNT on PV/T system increases the exergy efficiency more than conventional PV module.     

Performance assessment of an integrated PV/T and triple effect cooling system for hydrogen and cooling production

In this paper we study an integrated PV/T absorption system for cooling and hydrogen production based on U.A.E weather data. Effect of average solar radiation for different months, operating time of the electrolyzer, air inlet temperature and area of the PV module on power and rate of heat production, energy and exergy efficiencies, hydrogen production and energetic and exergetic COPs are studied. It is found that the overall energy and exergy efficiency varies greatly from month to month because of the variation of solar radiation and the time for which it is available. The highest energy and exergy efficiencies are obtained for the month of March and their value is 15.6% and 7.9%, respectively. However, the hydrogen production is maximum for the month of August and its value is 9.7 kg because in august, the solar radiation is high and is available for almost 13 h daily. The maximum energetic and exergetic COPs are calculated to be 2.28 and 2.145, respectively and they are obtained in the month of June when solar radiation is high for the specified cooling load of 15 kW.     

太阳能光热与光电/光热系统在中国不同建筑气候带下的性能研究

文章利用TRNSYS动态模拟软件研究了在我国不同建筑气候带条件下,不同类型的太阳能PV/T集热系统和普通太阳能PT集热系统的各项性能。其中,太阳能PV/T集热系统分为基于普通玻璃型太阳能PV/T集热系统和基于Low-e型太阳能PV/T集热系统。文章探究了基于普通玻璃型太阳能PV/T集热系统和基于Low-e型太阳能PV/T集热系统的电、热性能,分析了这两种太阳能PV/T集热器的光电转化效率,以及这两种太阳能PV/T集热系统和普通太阳能PT集热系统的光热转化效率、太阳能贡献率、一次能源节约率、供热节能率和环境效益等参数。分析结果表明:普通太阳能PT集热系统的吸热量、太阳能贡献率、供热节能率和CO₂减排量均高于太阳能PV/T集热系统;与基于普通玻璃型太阳能PV/T集热系统相比,基于Low-e型太阳能PV/T集热系统的发电量降低了3.77%,但热效率、太阳能贡献率、一次能源节约率、供热节能率和环境友好度均较高。     

Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar systems

We present test results on hybrid solar systems, consisting of photovoltaic modules and thermal collectors (hybrid PV/T systems). The solar radiation increases the temperature of PV modules, resulting in a drop of their electrical efficiency. By proper circulation of a fluid with low inlet temperature, heat is extracted from the PV modules keeping the electrical efficiency at satisfactory values. The extracted thermal energy can be used in several ways, increasing the total energy output of the system. Hybrid PV/T systems can be applied mainly in buildings for the production of electricity and heat and are suitable for PV applications under high values of solar radiation and ambient temperature. Hybrid PV/T experimental models based on commercial PV modules of typical size are described and outdoor test results of the systems are presented and discussed. The results showed that PV cooling can increase the electrical efficiency of PV modules, increasing the total efficiency of the systems. Improvement of the system performance can be achieved by the use of an additional glazing to increase thermal output, a booster diffuse reflector to increase electrical and thermal output, or both, giving flexibility in system design.     

Optical properties and stability of water-based nanofluids mixed with reduced graphene oxide decorated with silver and energy performance investigation in hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar systems

The present work investigates the effect of the nanoparticles concentration on the optical and stability performance of a water-based nanofluid in solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems experimentally and numerically. A novel nanofluid is formulated with the inclusion of the reduced graphene oxide decorated with silver (rGO-Ag) nanoparticles in water. Five different concentrations of nanoparticles in the range from 0.0005 to 0.05 wt% is suspended in water to prepare the samples. Optical properties are measured using UV-Vis. The UV-Vis absorption analysis reveals that all samples show consistent optical absorption coefficient (α) at higher value (more than 3 cm⁻¹) in the range of 1.5 to 4 eV. The application of optical filtration (OF) using water/rGO-Ag nanofluid in hybrid PV/T system presented more solar energy absorption through the OF. The hybrid system shows better performance at concentrations less than 0.0235 wt% compared to the PV system without integration with optical filtration. The hybrid solar PV/T system with OF using water/rGO-Ag nanofluid is able to produce thermal energy with efficiencies between 24% and 30%.     

System analysis of a multifunctional PV/T hybrid solar window

The work presented in this article aims to investigate a PV/T hybrid solar window on a system level. A PV/T hybrid is an absorber on which solar cells have been laminated. The solar window is a PV/T hybrid collector with tiltable insulated reflectors integrated into a window. It simultaneously replaces thermal collectors, PV-modules and sunshade. The building integration lowers the total price of the construction since the collector utilizes the frame and the glazing in the window. When it is placed in the window a complex interaction takes place. On the positive side is the reduction of the thermal losses due to the insulated reflectors. On the negative side is the blocking of solar radiation that would otherwise heat the building passively. This limits the performance of the solar window since a photon can only be used once. To investigate the sum of such complex interaction a system analysis has to be performed. In this paper results are presented from such a system analysis showing both benefits and problems with the product. The building system with individual solar energy components, i.e. solar collector and PV modules, of the same size as the solar window, uses 1100 kW h less auxiliary energy than the system with a solar window. However, the solar window system uses 600 kW h less auxiliary energy than a system with no solar collector.     

非晶硅太阳能光伏/光热空气集热器性能对比实验研究

文章设计了新型非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器,该空气集热器能够解决传统太阳能PV/T热水器在高温波动情况下,晶硅电池热应力大的问题,同时避免了冬季管道发生霜冻的现象。文章通过实验对比,分析了非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器、单独非晶硅光伏电池和传统太阳能空气集热器的能量效率和[火用]效率的差异。分析结果表明:非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器的平均热效率为45.70%,比传统太阳能空气集热器的平均热效率降低了约25.88%;当空气质量流量增大至0.048 kg/s时,非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器中的非晶硅光伏电池的平均电效率高于单独非晶硅光伏电池,它们的平均电效率分别为4.70%,4.54%;非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器的总[火用]效率高于传统太阳能空气集热器的热[火用]效率和单独非晶硅光伏电池的电[火用]效率,非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器总[火用]效率最大值为7.14%。文章的分析结果为非晶硅太阳能PV/T空气集热器的推广提供了参考。