养护温度和粉煤灰对补偿收缩混凝土膨胀效能的影响

研究了养护温度和粉煤灰掺量对补偿收缩混凝土的膨胀效能和强度的影响。结果表明：20、40℃养护时混凝土的各龄期强度均匀增长;60℃养护能极大地促进早期强度增长,后期强度增长缓慢。粉煤灰在不同养护温度下对混凝土的早期强度发展都有抑制作用;长期高温养护后,粉煤灰活性逐渐显现,显著促进混凝土的强度增长,且粉煤灰掺量越大,混凝土强度增幅越大。硫铝酸钙–氧化钙类膨胀剂的膨胀效能发挥对温度非常敏感,养护温度越高,膨胀剂的水化速度越快,膨胀作用发挥越早;适量掺加粉煤灰有利于膨胀效能的发挥,掺量越大,膨胀随温度增长的增幅越大。大掺量粉煤灰补偿收缩混凝土的强度发展和限制膨胀率的温度敏感性均很高。     

掺MgO膨胀剂水泥净浆变形性能研究

通过对含镁尾矿的处理,采用一定工艺制备了MgO膨胀剂,研究了不同煅烧温度下的MgO膨胀剂的膨胀性能,并进一步研究MgO膨胀剂的掺量和细度以及粉煤灰对不同养护条件下水泥净浆自由变形性能的影响.结果表明:煅烧温度1050℃时膨胀剂膨胀性能较好;水泥净浆的自由变形随掺量的增加和龄期的延长以及养护温度的升高而增大;在早期细度较小的膨胀剂具有较好的膨胀效果,而后期细度大的膨胀剂的膨胀效果高于细度小的膨胀剂;粉煤灰对膨胀剂早期膨胀和后期膨胀都有显著的抑制作用.     

新型复合MgO膨胀材料的膨胀效果

研究掺加不同量复合MgO的胶砂试件,在不同水化龄期的力学性能、膨胀性能以及在20、50、80℃水中养护,膨胀率的变化过程和趋势.结果表明：随着MgO掺量的增加,膨胀率相应增加,但强度降低,当掺量在6%～8%时,试件的膨胀量与强度可达到较好的平衡;随着水化温度的升高,相同龄期下水泥浆体膨胀率增大,且7～28d龄期内增加的速率比后期的快,但随着龄期的增加,高温养护时的膨胀速率又逐渐小于低温养护的膨胀速率.     

QXRD方法定量分析水泥浆体中MgO的水化程度

采用QXRD法(Quantitative X-ray diffraction)对掺两种MgO膨胀剂水泥浆体中主要水化产物进行定量分析,以ZnO为内标物计算水化产物中非晶相的含量,并计算养护不同龄期水泥浆体中MgO的水化程度.结果 表明:40℃水养条件下,60 d时掺高活性MgO水泥浆体中MgO基本水化完全,而掺低活性MgO水泥浆体中MgO还有15％未水化;水泥浆体中MgO在早期具有较快的水化速率,后期水化速率变缓;相同龄期内,高活性MgO具有较快的水化速率,水化程度较高,但产生的膨胀量小于低活性MgO产生的膨胀量.     

MgO膨胀剂对水泥浆体收缩的影响

研究了掺轻烧MgO膨胀剂的水泥浆体在不同养护条件下的变形性能,并采用X射线衍射仪、同步热分析以及背散射扫描电镜分析了掺MgO膨胀剂的水泥浆体中MgO的水化性能.结果表明:水泥浆体在不同的养护条件下养护,其相对湿度越大,收缩越小.在相同养护湿度条件下,水中预养护时间越长,其收缩越小.掺入MgO膨胀剂可以有效地降低低湿度条件下水泥浆体的收缩,其主要原因是轻烧MgO膨胀剂在缺水养护的低湿度条件下也能进行水化反应生成Mg(OH)2,从而降低了水泥浆体的收缩.     

水养温度对外掺MgO水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响

研究了外掺不同活性MgO水泥浆体在20℃和40℃水养条件下的膨胀率、膨胀增长率的变化特性。试验表明:在相同水灰比条件下,外掺MgO水泥浆体的膨胀量随着养护温度的升高而增加,养护温度越高,高活性值的MgO的膨胀量激发作用越强。这一结论为实际工程在不同温度条件下掺加不同活性MgO的选择提供了理论参考。     

CaO熟料的早期水化放热过程及水化程度

研究了用于膨胀剂的CaO熟料早期水化放热过程及其在水泥浆体中的水化程度.结果表明,在CaO熟料-水体系中,CaO熟料水化放热过程与水泥熟料类似,分为表面水化加速期、诱导期、内部水化加速期和衰退期四个阶段.量化了该过程的时间节点.在水固比为0.35的CaO熟料-硅酸盐水泥浆体体系中,CaO熟料掺量4％ ～8％时,CaO熟料在水泥浆体中水化24 h时的反应度约85.5％.这是氧化钙膨胀剂在混凝土中水化2 d后膨胀效能增加缓慢的主要原因.     

活性与养护温度对氧化镁膨胀剂膨胀性能的影响

采用X射线衍射和扫描电镜,观测不同活性的氧化镁膨胀剂在不同水化龄期的产物,结合胶砂试件的限制膨胀率和强度测定结果,探究了不同活性的氧化镁膨胀剂的水化过程、膨胀特性和机理。结果表明:氧化镁的活性高,会减小生成的氢氧化镁晶体的体积,降低膨胀能力;水泥浆体中的碱性环境会抑制氧化镁膨胀剂的水化;高温养护有助于氢氧化镁的原位生成并使晶体致密,有助于膨胀发展。     

限制条件下砂浆中MgO膨胀剂的膨胀特性

本文研究了掺MgO膨胀剂(MEA)的限制砂浆试件在不同温度水养护条件下的限制膨胀率,对不同活性的MEA的膨胀特性进行了评价.结果表明,随着MEA掺量的增加,砂浆试件的限制膨胀率也随之增大;MEA活性越高,试件膨胀率增长越快;养护温度的升高缩短了膨胀稳定的时间,活性反应时间为68 s的MEA在20℃、30℃、40℃、60℃和80℃水养护条件下膨胀终止时间分别约为180 d、120 d、90d、14 d和7d,可见,养护温度的升高对MEA的水化加速作用明显;同时,养护温度的升高对掺MEA砂浆试件的最终膨胀率有一定影响.高温养护与低温养护条件下MEA的膨胀特性具有一定的关联性.     

掺多膨胀源膨胀剂复合胶凝体系的膨胀性能及力学性能研究

为研究不同膨胀源膨胀剂对复合胶凝体系膨胀性能及力学性能的影响,对单掺及复配多膨胀源膨胀剂补偿收缩复合胶凝体系的限制膨胀率及抗折、抗压强度等开展了试验研究.结果表明:氧化镁和氧化钙-硫铝酸钙(简称CA膨胀剂)两种膨胀剂在单掺情况下,CA膨胀剂膨胀量远大于氧化镁;CA膨胀剂的膨胀速率随掺量的减小而变缓,膨胀稳定期变长,而MgO膨胀剂的膨胀速率不受掺量的影响.复掺情况下,高活性MgO的限制膨胀率始终大于低活性MgO,且后期膨胀差距会随着MgO膨胀剂掺量的增加逐渐增大.当CA、MgO两种膨胀剂在质量比为1:1复配情况下,可采用叠加原理来较为准确地预测多膨胀源膨胀剂的膨胀经时发展规律以及膨胀量.对于强度而言,相同掺量下MgO膨胀剂对强度的影响小于CA膨胀剂.此外,复掺试验组限制膨胀与限制强度随龄期发展的协调性取决于该配合比中对膨胀能贡献更大的单类型膨胀剂的协调性.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.