燃料电池实现商业化应用的大门正在打开--2005年全球燃料电池应用调查报告

燃料电池是一个将化学能直接转化为电能的电化学系统。依据所用电解质的不同，燃料电池可分为碱性燃料电池（AFC）、质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）、磷酸型燃料电池（PAFC）、熔融碳酸盐燃料电池（MCFC）和固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）五类。近年来，由于PEMFC中的直接甲醇燃料电池（Direct Methanol Fuel Cell，DMFC）具有激活速度快，使用的燃料为甲醇，具有储运方便且成本低等优势而倍受青睐，在全球国际大厂积极投入研发推波助澜下，技术进展迅速。     

燃料电池锂电池混合动力电动汽车模拟运行试验与分析

本文提出一种燃料电池与锂电池作为混合动力源的电动汽车测试平台,利用Vc软件搭建人机交互界面,旨在模拟电动汽车运行,对被测电机性能、动力源发电性能进行测试,以及对燃料电池与锂电池双能源混合的能量管理策略进行闭环测试与优化,为开发燃料电池与锂电池混合电动汽车提供试验平台。     

日本第47届电池研讨会概要

2006年11月20～22日在日本东京召开了第47届电池研讨会。会议的主要议题有：电池的反应结构、新电池材料、高输出功率电池、燃料电池等。大会宣讲论文276篇。其中，锂电池130篇，占47％；燃料电池103篇，占37％；电容器21篇；镍氢电池7篇：铅蓄电池7篇；其它8篇。在锂电池中，正极材料57篇；负极材料26篇。在燃料电池中，固体高分子燃料电池（PEFC）76篇；直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFC）21篇：固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）6篇。     

燃料电池发动机协调控制策略的研究

燃料电池电动汽车因其高效率低排放等优点发展前景十分看好。本文以车用燃料电池发动机控制系统为研究出发点,设计了各个子系统和控制策略。根据其自身特性和运行工况,提出了燃料电池发动机各子系统的协调控制方法,获得了较好的控制效果。     

燃料电池电动汽车标准体系研究

本文分析了国内外燃料电池电动汽车标准法规现状,并分析了现有标准体系的缺陷及其原因,然后提出了新的燃料电池电动汽车标准体系规划,最后介绍了全国汽车标准化技术委员会电动车辆分标委(TC 114/SC27)层面的标准体系建设进展。     

氢燃料电池应用及质子交换膜燃料电池研究

本文介绍燃料电池组成、分类、特征，着重介绍质子交换膜燃料电池（ＰＥＦＣ）的优势、机理、发展现状及应用前景。     

日本将研究车用氢储存技术

据日本媒体报道，自2007年4月1日开始的财年，日本经济产业省（METI）将着手执行为期4年的有关燃料电池动力车用氢储存先进技术的基础研究计划。该计划将邀请顶级国际研究机构参加，目的是利用模拟和分析技术开发大容量的高功能创新材料并建立制备这种材料的方法。据悉，此项研究开发的目标是获得更轻便的高容量储氢容器以代替现有的氢燃料储箱，使燃料电池动力车行驶里程增加。     

GB/T 24554-2022《燃料电池发动机性能试验方法》标准分析

近年来国内燃料电池电动汽车产业迅速发展，燃料电池发动机作为燃料电池汽车的动力核心，其关键部件研发及系统集成技术随之不断更新，原有燃料电池发动机测试评价相关标准亟需升级完善。因此，为适应新的技术现状，我国于2022年12月发布了GB/T 24554-2022《燃料电池发动机性能试验方法》标准。老版GB/T 24554-2009《燃料电池发动机性能试验方法》已实施十余年，此次GB/T 24554-2022的发布实施，对于完善燃料电池发动机测试评价方法，促进燃料电池产业可持续健康发展具有重要意义。本文主要阐述GB/T 24554-2022中主要技术内容及其与2009版标准的异同。     

质子交换膜在燃料电池中的应用

质子交换膜（ＰＥＭ）燃料电池以质子交换膜为电解质，燃料电池的性能强烈地依赖于质子交换膜的特性。本文综述ＰＥＭ电池对质子交换膜的技术要求及该膜的检测和在燃料电池中的应用情况。     

新型燃料电池轿车已有样车

由东风汽车公司和武汉理工大学合作研制的燃料电池电动汽车“楚天一号”1月8日在武汉通过专家组验收。专家认为，“楚天一号”具有完全独立的自主知识产权，整车达到国内先进水平，与国际水平同步。     

Flexible All-Solid-State Direct Methanol Fuel Cells with High Specific Power Density

It is vital to create flexible batteries as power sources to suit the needs of flexible electronic devices because they are widely employed in wearable and portable electronics. The direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is a desirable alternative portable energy source since it is a clean, safe, and high energy density cell. The traditional DMFC in mechanical assembly and its unbending property, however, prevent it from being employed in flexible electrical devices. In this study, the flexible membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with superior electrical conductivity and nanoscale TiC-modified carbon cloth (TiC/CC) is used as supporting layer. Additionally, solid methanol fuels used in the manufacturing of flexible all-solid-state DMFC have the advantages of being tiny, light, and having high energy density. Furthermore, the DMFC's placement and bending angle have little effect on its performance, suggesting that DMFC is appropriate for flexible portable energy. The flexible all-solid-state DMFC's power density can reach 14.06 mW cm⁻², and after 50 bends at 60°, its voltage loss can be disregarded. The flexible all-solid DMFC has an energy density that is 777.78 Wh Kg⁻¹ higher than flexible lithium-ion batteries, which is advantageous for the commercialization of flexible electronic products.     

Progress in the Development of Fe‐Based PGM‐Free Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Development of alternative energy sources is crucial to tackle challenges encountered by the growing global energy demand. Hydrogen fuel, a promising way to store energy produced from renewable power sources, can be converted into electrical energy at high efficiency via direct electrochemical conversion in fuel cells, releasing water as the sole byproduct. One important drawback to current fuel‐cell technology is the high content of platinum‐group‐metal (PGM) electrocatalysts required to perform the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Addressing this challenge, remarkable progress has been made in the development of low‐cost PGM‐free electrocatalysts synthesized from inexpensive, earth‐abundant, and easily sourced materials such as iron, nitrogen, and carbon (Fe–N–C). PGM‐free Fe–N–C electrocatalysts now exhibit ORR activities approaching that of PGM electrocatalysts but at a fraction of the cost, promising to significantly reduce overall fuel‐cell technology costs. Herein, recent developments in PGM‐free electrocatalysis, demonstrating increased fuel‐cell performance, as well as efforts aimed at understanding the key limiting factor, i.e., the nature of the PGM‐free active site, are summarized. Further improvements will be accomplished through the controlled and/or rationally designed synthesis of materials with higher active‐site densities, while at the same time establishing methods to mitigate catalyst degradation.     

燃料电池在建筑热电冷三联供中的应用分析

分析了燃料电池的工作原理、种类、性能参数及主要特点,认为燃料电池将有可能发展成为供热、供冷系统的主要热源方式之一,燃料电池热电冷三联供系统是建筑节能的有效途径;介绍了燃料电池在某建筑热电冷三联供系统的应用情况,并分析指出燃料电池在暖通空调领域的研究方向.     

Reliability Reallocation for Fuel Cell Vehicles Based on Genetic Algorithm

A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) is a type of alternative energy vehicle that could help resolve the energy crisis, mitigate environmental problems, and contribute to sustainable development. Developing an FCV with high reliability is an important goal for automobile factories and research institutions. Other key factors required by FCVs include mass production and customer approval. An FCV is a complex mechanism composed of many subsystems. During the development of the overall vehicle, steps should be taken to ensure that every subsystem is reliable. However, such development must also consider costs, which must be kept as low as possible. To ensure the reliability of FCV while operating under conditions that demand minimal cost, a genetic algorithm is employed to reallocate the reliability of the overall vehicle system. First, the growth factor of the reliability–feasibility of each subsystem is determined according to the complexity, importance, and technological level of the FCV subsystems. The FCV cost model is then established on the basis of such parameters as subsystem cost, reliability–feasibility growth factor, initial reliability, limit reliability, and so on. A genetic algorithm is then used to compute for the reliability of FCV subsystems. The rationality of reliability reallocation is verified according to the subsystem importance coefficient. This method considers the benefits for both enterprises and customers by applying principles of engineering and conducting a reliability study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy for Energy Materials and Devices

Energy devices such as rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells are central to powering a renewable, mobile, and electrified future. To advance these devices requires a fundamental understanding of the complex chemical reactions, material transformations, and charge flow that are associated with energy conversion processes. Analytical in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) offers a powerful tool for directly visualizing these complex processes at the atomic scale in real time and in operando. Recent advancements in energy materials and devices that have been enabled by in situ TEM are reviewed. First, the evolutionary development of TEM nanocells from the open‐cell configuration to the closed‐cell, and finally the full‐cell, is reviewed. Next, in situ TEM studies of rechargeable ion batteries in a practical operation environment are explored, followed by applications of in situ TEM for direct observation of electrocatalyst formation, evolution, and degradation in proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells, and fundamental investigations of new energy materials such as perovskites for solar cells. Finally, recent advances in the use of environmental TEM and cryogenic electron microscopy in probing clean‐energy materials are presented and emerging opportunities and challenges in in situ TEM research of energy materials and devices are discussed.     

The promise of fuel cell-based automobiles

Fuel cell-based automobiles have gained attention in the last few years due to growing public concern about urban air pollution and consequent environmental problems. From an analysis of the power and energy requirements of a modern car, it is estimated that a base sustainable power ofca. 50 kW supplemented with short bursts up to 80 kW will suffice in most driving requirements. The energy demand depends greatly on driving characteristics but under normal usage is expected to be 200 Wh/km. The advantages and disadvantages of candidate fuel-cell systems and various fuels are considered together with the issue of whether the fuel should be converted directly in the fuel cell or should be reformed to hydrogen onboard the vehicle. For fuel cell vehicles to compete successfully with conventional internal-combustion engine vehicles, it appears that direct conversion fuel cells using probably hydrogen, but possibly methanol, are the only realistic contenders for road transportation applications. Among the available fuel cell technologies, polymer-electrolyte fuel cells directly fueled with hydrogen appear to be the best option for powering fuel cell vehicles as there is every prospect that these will exceed the performance of the internal-combustion engine vehicles but for their first cost. A target cost of $ 50/kW would be mandatory to make polymer-electrolyte fuel cells competitive with the internal combustion engines and can only be achieved with design changes that would substantially reduce the quantity of materials used. At present, prominent car manufacturers are deploying important research and development efforts to develop fuel cell vehicles and are projecting to start production by 2005.     

Ni/YSZ阳极浸渍La2O3对SOFC电池抗积碳的影响

以水系流延法制备阳极支撑型平板式IT-SOFC的阳极/电解质(Ni-YSZ/YSZ)半电池, 通过浸渍La₂O₃颗粒对半电池阳极进行改性, LSM+8YSZ为阴极制备单电池。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察单电池显微结构; 利用能谱(EDS)测试阳极成分; 单电池以乙醇水蒸气为燃料, 在750℃下利用循环伏安法测试单电池的功率密度, 交流阻抗法测试单电池的阻抗。结果表明: 单电池Ni/YSZ阳极孔洞中浸渍的La₂O₃颗粒约90 nm; 浸渍改性的电池比未浸渍的电池具有更稳定的电性能, 随着La₂O₃浸渍量越来越多, 电池的电性能和稳定性越来越好, 抗积碳能力越来越强。当浸渍量为2.4wt%时, 以乙醇水蒸气为燃料在750℃下运行7 h后, 电池衰减率仅为0.09%/h。     

Skin‐Like Stretchable Fuel Cell Based on Gold‐Nanowire‐Impregnated Porous Polymer Scaffolds

Skin‐like energy devices can be conformally attached to the human body, which are highly desirable to power soft wearable electronics in the future. Here, a skin‐like stretchable fuel cell based on ultrathin gold nanowires (AuNWs) and polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) scaffolds is demonstrated. The polyHIPEs can offer a high porosity of 80% yet with an overall thickness comparable to human skin. Upon impregnation with electronic inks containing ultrathin (2 nm in diameter) and ultrahigh aspect‐ratio (>10 000) gold nanowires, skin‐like strain‐insensitive stretchable electrodes are successfully fabricated. With such designed strain‐insensitive electrodes, a stretchable fuel cell is fabricated by using AuNWs@polyHIPEs, platinum (Pt)‐modified AuNWs@polyHIPEs, and ethanol as the anode, cathode, and fuel, respectively. The resulting epidermal fuel cell can be patterned and transferred onto skin as “tattoos” yet can offer a high power density of 280 µW cm^?2 and a high durability (>90% performance retention under stretching, compression, and twisting). The results presented here demonstrate that this skin‐thin, porous, yet stretchable electrode is essentially multifunctional, simultaneously serving as a current collector, an electrocatalyst, and a fuel host, indicating potential applications to power future soft wearable 2.0 electronics for remote healthcare and soft robotics.     

微生物燃料电池体系空气阴极研究进展

微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cell,MFC）是一种利用产电微生物,通过生物电化学反应将生物质能转化为电能,同时又可以降解污水中的有机物质的新型发电装置。虽然MFC在解决能源和环境问题时具有很好的双功效,但成本昂贵和输出功率低是制约其大规模发展的障碍,而MFC体系中的阴极电极是这些问题的关键影响因素之一。总结了目前空气阴极扩散层、催化层的相关研究进展,分析限制其发展的主要问题,指明了今后的发展方向,可为以后开发更优的MFC提供参考。     

面向金属-空气电池和中低温固体氧化物燃料电池应用的钴基电催化剂综述

在21世纪的今天,由石油、煤炭等化石资源的过度开发与使用所引发的能源和环境问题日趋严重,开发经济、高效的能源转换与存储装置已成为新时代的研究主题。金属-空气电池和中低温固体氧化物燃料电池,作为高效的能源转换与存储装置,可以实现化学能向电能的高效转换,具有效率高、环境友好、成本低的显著优点,在过去十几年内受到了研究者的广泛关注,取得了惊人的成果。但与此同时,人们在研究中发现阴极(正极)缓慢的氧还原和氧析出反应速率极大地降低了电池转换效率,增加了应用成本,在很大程度上制约了金属-空气电池和中低温固体氧化物燃料电池的商业化发展和应用。钴基催化剂作为一种高效阴极材料,相比贵金属成本较低,且具有混合离子-电子导电性,可以有效降低极化电阻,对阴极氧还原和氧析出反应显示出高催化活性,近年来吸引了国内外学者极大的研究兴趣。对于金属-空气电池,虽然钴基催化剂如钴氧化物、尖晶石型氧化物、钙钛矿型氧化物等材料能够显著地提高金属-空气电池的电容量和循环性能,并且降低充电电压,有效降低极化,但是其催化活性和稳定性有待提高,催化机理和活性位点也需要进一步明确和探究;对于中低温固体氧化物燃料电池,钴基催化剂包括La_(1-x)Sr_xCoO_3-δ、La_(1-x)Sr_xCo_(1-y)FeyO_3-δ、Ba_(1-x)Sr_xCo_yFe_(1-y)O_3-δ和钴基双钙钛矿等材料可以大大降低阴极极化电阻和面积比电阻,提高功率密度,但是相对其他催化剂,热膨胀系数普遍较高,稳定性也较差。为了进一步提高钴基催化剂应用在金属-空气电池和中低温固体氧化物燃料电池中的催化活性,研究者采用了掺杂其他金属元素、与其他物质组成复合阴极材料以及贵金属修饰等方法,在很大程度上提高了这两种电池的性能。本文简要介绍了金属-空气电池和中低温固体氧化物燃料电池的结构、工作原理,并在此基础上着重评述了近年来面向这两种能源转换与存储器件的,包括钴氧化物、钙钛矿型氧化物、尖晶石型氧化物和双钙钛矿氧化物等在内的各种钴基电催化剂的制取、改性和性能研究探索与成果。