钼-钴-硅混合粉末的机械合金化研究

采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜及透射电镜研究了配比为Mo5-xCoxSi3(x=0．5，l，2)的混合粉末的机械球磨行为。结果表明：随球磨时间延长，混合粉末中首先形成Co，Si在Mo中的过饱和固溶体Mo(Co，Si)，高能球磨大大扩展了硅和钴在钼中的固溶度。进一步延长球磨时间，过饱和固溶体转变成为非晶。在球磨过程中，Mo(Co，Si)的晶粒不断细化，球磨至40h，晶粒尺寸约为8nm。球磨初期，内应力急剧增加。随球磨时间延长，混合粉末的颗粒尺寸增大，40h后，逐渐减小，且形状球化，100h后成为尺寸不超过100nm的球形粉末。     

低温高能球磨Ti/Al复合粉显微组织结构演化

采用低温高能球磨法制备了两种Ti/Al复合粉末,粉末组成为Ti-47Al(at%),Ti-45Al-2Cr_2Nb-1B-0.5Ta(at%).研究两种粉末在球磨过程中显微组织结构演化、形貌变化.结果表明,降低球磨温度能够有效控制球磨颗粒尺寸,低温条件及合金元素共同作用可以获得高质量的细晶均匀化复合结构粉末.在低温(-140-5)℃不加过程控制剂条件下球磨12 h,Ti-45Al-2Cr-2Nb-1B-0.5Ta(at%)粉末粒度得到有效细化,表现出精细均匀化复合结构粉末,Ti与Al晶粒尺寸分别约为16 nm,9 nm.在相同条件成分为Ti-47Al(at%)球磨5.2 h,Ti与Al元素没有很好复合及成分均匀化,两种成分球磨条件下均未有新相生成.在不加过程控制剂条件下,低温环境球磨和合金元素添加对机械合金化过程具有十分重要影响.     

高能球磨制备Al-Pb-Si-Sn-Cu纳米晶粉末的特性

通过机械合金化制备了Al-15％Pb-4％Si-1％Sn-1．5％Cu(质量分数)纳米晶粉末。采用X射线衍射(XRD)，扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对不同球磨时间的混合粉末的组织结构、晶粒大小、微观形貌以及颗粒中化学成分分布情况进行了研究。结果表明混合粉末经过球磨后形成了纳米晶，其组织非常均匀。球磨对Pb的作用效果明显大于对Al的作用效果，经过40h球磨后Pb粒子达到40nm，而Al在球磨60h后晶粒为65nm；经球磨后，Cu和Si固溶于Al的晶格中，而Sn则固溶于Pb晶格中，并且Al和Pb发生了互溶，形成了Pb(Al）超饱和固溶体；在球磨过程中硬度高的脆性粒子Si难于完全实现合金化。     

Ti—46at%Al机械合金化过程中的显微组织演变

采用扫描电镜（SEM）、显微硬度分析、Ｘ－ray衍射和差热分析（ＤＴＡ）技术研究了Ｔi-46at%Al混合粉末机械合金化过程中的显微组织演变。结果表明：随着球磨过程的进行，Ｔi-46at%Al颗粒逐渐等轴化，粒度变小，粒度分布变窄；显微硬度增大，硬度分布和颗粒内成分逐渐均匀。经过６０h高能球磨，Ａl元素完全固溶入Ｔi晶格内，形成纳米Ｔi（Ａl）过饱和固溶体，同时，有非晶相形成；球磨至１００h，形成完全非晶相。非晶相的形成是界面处非平衡扩散的结果，在Ｔi-46at%Al合金中，机械合金化致非晶的晶粒条件是：晶粒尺寸≤１５nm。     

机械合金化制备纳米晶Ti-6Al-4V合金

采用机械合金化制备Ti-6Al-4V粉末。结果表明:采用机械合金化可以制备纳米晶Ti-6Al-4V合金粉,其反应机理以扩散为主,该固态反应是缺陷能和碰撞能共同作用的结果;随球磨时间延长,部分V固溶于Ti中形成置换固溶体Ti(V),球磨过程中没有中间相生成。球磨40 h后都能获得纳米晶,60 h的粉末为纳米晶和非晶的混合物,晶粒尺寸小于60 nm;60 h后晶粒尺寸变化缓慢。球磨后Ti、Al、V的原子比近似为90:6:4,与Ti-6Al-4V元素成分一致。     

球磨纳米结构Fe40Al合金粉末及其冷喷涂沉积行为研究

目的研究冷喷涂用纳米结构Fe40Al合金粉末的球磨制备工艺及其在不同基体表面的冷喷涂沉积行为。方法以Fe粉、Al粉为原料,按照Fe-40Al进行配比混合,采用行星式球磨机制备纳米结构Fe40Al合金粉末,在不同硬度基体表面(不锈钢、低碳钢、纯铜及锡)冷喷涂沉积单个Fe40Al合金粉末颗粒。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM),分析球磨过程中Fe40Al合金粉末的组织结构演变规律、粉末颗粒在不同基体表面的碰撞变形行为及沉积特性。结果球磨过程中,随着球磨时间的延长,Al扩散进入Fe晶格形成纳米结构Fe(Al)固溶体,球磨36 h后,Fe40Al合金粉末的晶粒尺寸约为35 nm,平均颗粒尺寸约为20μm,内部为精细层状结构。纳米结构Fe40Al合金粉末在硬度较高的不锈钢和低碳钢基体上沉积时,粉末颗粒发生强塑性变形而基体变形量较小,颗粒和基体间的结合较弱,沉积效果较差;当在硬度较低、塑性较好的Cu基体上沉积时,基体与粉末颗粒同时发生塑性变形,颗粒和基体间的结合较强,沉积效果最好;在硬度最低的Sn基体上沉积时,基体发生强烈的塑性变形且出现部分熔化,但颗粒几乎没有变形,且颗粒与基体间的结合很弱,沉积效果最差。结论采用球磨工艺可制备出适合冷喷涂用的纳米结构Fe40Al合金粉末,随着球磨时间的延长,粉末晶粒尺寸减小,硬度增加。基体种类对纳米结构Fe40Al合金粉末的冷喷涂沉积行为影响显著,基体硬度过高或过低均不利于粉末颗粒沉积,基体与粉末颗粒同时发生塑性变形有利于增强颗粒与基体间的界面结合,从而改善沉积效果。     

W-Cu纳米复合前驱体粉末的机械合金化制备

采用机械合金化（MA）工艺，以W-25％CuO为原料，球磨参数设置为：球料比20：1、球磨转速500r／min，球磨时间范围1-40h，采用球磨20min、空气冷却30min的循环球磨方式。对不同球磨时间条件下制备的粉末进行了x射线衍射和透射电镜分析。结果表明，通过MA工艺可在较短时间内（lh）获得W-Cu纳米晶粉末，球磨时粉体中的CuO发生了还原，部分W被氧化成WOx（x=2～3），球磨后w粉的平均晶粒尺寸为12．5nm左右，最小晶粒5～6nm；W粉颗粒的最终形态为球形，并被Cu所包覆。     

机械合金化Al—V—Fe合金纳变晶粉末的制备及其微观结构

通过机械合金化制备了Ｔｌ９４Ｖ４Ｆｅ２合金粉末,该粉的由纳米尺寸的ｆｃｃ－Ａｌ相及非晶颗粒组成,两者的尺寸分别为７ｎｍ和１０ｎｍ。应用ＤＴＡ方法检测合金粉末的热稳定性,合金粉末众非平衡相向平衡相转变经历了两个阶段。制备具有非晶颗粒和纳米ｆｃｃ－Ａｌ相共存的合金粉末最佳工艺条件为４０：１的球料比加７２ｈ球磨。     

机械合金化制备Ni-W(B)非晶-纳米晶的粉末特性

利用机械合金化(MA)制备了Ni-20.7W和Ni-17.9W-27B(at%)非晶-纳米晶粉末,分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)仪分析了不同球磨时间粉末的微观形貌和结构参数,探讨了B的添加对非晶化过程的影响。研究结果表明:MA过程中,Ni-20.7W样品没有明显发生非晶化,而Ni-17.9W-27B样品在40 h时发生了非晶化,说明B提高了Ni-W合金体系的非晶化形成能力;非晶化过程为W/B首先固溶于Ni中生成Ni(W,B)过饱和固溶体,然后转变为非晶;Ni-20.7W样品球磨30 h后Ni的晶粒尺寸为32.9 nm,晶格畸变为0.48%,而Ni-17.9W-27B样品球磨10 h后的晶粒尺寸为9 nm,晶格畸变为0.62%。     

Ti_(44)Ni_(47)Nb_9合金粉末球磨工艺的优化

采用机械合金化的方法制备了Ti_(44)Ni_(47)Nb_9形状记忆合金粉末,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)分析和能量色散光谱(EDS)等分析了球磨工艺参数对粉末非晶度和颗粒尺寸的影响,得出了最佳的球磨工艺参数。分析了球磨转速、球料比以及球磨时间等参数对机械合金化过程的影响规律。结果表明:合金粉末在球磨60 h时已出现大部分非晶相,100 h时已接近完全非晶化。机械合金化制备的Ti_(44)Ni_(47)Nb_9合金粉末尺寸随球磨时间的增加先迅速减小后在60 h左右趋于稳定,在球磨速率不变的条件下,随着球磨时间增长,粉末的平均粒径大幅度减小,且由棱角分明的不规则体逐渐变化为球形体,在球磨初期(10～30 h)存在颗粒团聚的现象,随球磨时间延长(30 h后)该现象逐渐消失。从粉末颗粒尺寸、分布状况、圆滑程度等方面分析考虑:在球磨时间为100 h的条件下,当球磨转速为200 r/min、球料比为10∶1时机械合金化效果最佳。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.