RDX和NGU对叠氮硝胺发射药动态燃烧稳定性的影响

以30 mm高压模拟炮为试验平台,以单基发射药为参照,研究了3种典型叠氮硝胺(DIANP)发射药的动态燃烧稳定性,分析了配方组成对DIANP发射药起始燃烧特征、膛内压力上升过程及膛内压力波动的影响,探讨了DIANP发射药配方组成与其起始燃烧特征、膛内压力上升特点和压力波强度的相互关系。结果表明,在DIANP发射药配方中添加质量分数30%的固体组分黑索今(RDX)或硝基胍(NGU),发射药膛内动态燃烧稳定性增加,膛压-时间曲线波动减小,膛压从30 MPa增至50 MPa所需的时间分别增加了92%和78%,起始负压差从－40.7 MPa降低至－4.44 MPa和－10.66 MPa。在DIANP发射药体系引入高含量的固体组分RDX或NGU,由于低压下RDX分解前熔融吸热,而NGU火药燃烧表面存在坚实熔融层,均可有效减小DIANP发射药起始燃气的生成速率,降低发射装药起始燃气生成猛度,缓减起始阶段膛内压力的上升,提高药床起始燃烧一致性,减小膛内压力波强度。     

不饱和聚酯树脂包覆层与改性双基推进剂的化学相容性研究

利用差式扫描量热法(DSC)和真空安定性法(VST)研究了分别以氢氧化铝(ATH)、六(4-醛基苯氧基)环三磷腈(PNCHO)、六(4-羟甲基苯氧基)环三磷腈(PNOH)和六(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)环三磷腈(PNBr)为填料的四种不饱和聚酯树脂包覆层(UP-1,UP-2、UP-3和UP-4)与改性双基推进剂主要组分硝化甘油(NG)、硝化棉(NC)、黑索今(RDX)和奥克托今(HMX)及典型改性双基推进剂的相容性。DSC测试结果表明，UP-1、UP-2、UP-3与改性双基推进剂的主要组分NC、NG、RDX和HMX均具有良好的化学相容性，而UP-4与RDX属于轻微敏感；VST测试结果表明，UP-1、UP-2和UP-3与粒铸改性双基推进剂、浇铸改性双基推进剂均具有良好的化学相容性，UP-4/粒铸改性双基推进剂混合体系和UP-4/浇铸改性双基推进剂混合体系属于中等反应等级。     

二硝基乙腈钾与火药组分相容性的DSC法评估

为了了解二硝基乙腈钾(DNCK)与火药常用组分之间的相容性,采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）研究了DNCK与这些组分之间的相互作用。结果表明:DNCK与DAGR吸收药、DA吸收药、硝化棉（NC）、硝基胍（NQ）、叠氮硝胺（DIANP）、1,3-二甲基-1,3-二苯基脲（C2）、2-硝基二苯胺（2-NDPA）相容性良好;与六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷（CL-20）和N 甲基-4-硝基苯胺（MNA）轻微敏感;与黑索今（RDX）、三羟甲基乙烷三硝酸酯（TMETN）和间苯二酚（Res）敏感;DNCK与奥克托今（HMX）和N-丁基硝氧乙基硝胺（BUNENA）混合体系的分解峰温较HMX和BUNENA单质组分分别提前了35.2 ℃和17.4 ℃,因此,与HMX和BUNENA不相容。     

NC体系发射药烤燃点火的响应特性

选用制式的硝化棉(NC)体系发射药进行了烤燃试验,研究了NC体系发射药的配方组成对烤燃作用下的自点火温度和燃烧性能的影响。结果表明,NC体系发射药的配方组分对烤燃响应的自点火温度和燃烧性能影响明显,随着烤燃温度上升,NC体系发射药烤燃响应时经历了热分解—点火燃烧—冲破约束强度造成剧烈响应的过程。单基药中NC的自热反应和硝胺发射药中RDX的气相燃爆反应使得发射药迅速完成热分解到燃烧反应的转变,压力增长速度较快;单基药的自点火温度约为157.5 ℃,增加较低温度开始分解的NG和增塑剂TEGDN提前了发射药的自点火温度;发射药烤燃点火后,压力增长速率与发射药配方组成和弧厚有明显关系,与烤燃响应类型和冲击压力规律相符;增加弧厚对发射药烤燃作用下的热分解无影响,降低了点火后压力的上升速率,有利于降低发射药烤燃响应剧烈程度。     

XLDB推进剂用衬层粘合剂基础配方设计

依据相似相容原理、溶解度参数差|δ1-δ2|和抗NG迁移能力从3种粘合剂中选择出端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)作为交联改性双基推进剂(XLDB)用衬层的粘合剂,其交联剂为2,4-TDI,扩链剂为三乙醇胺(TEA)。通过研究扩链剂用量对HTPB力学性能的影响,确定了TEA的用量为1.6%;通过比较4种增塑剂对HTPB的增塑效果,其最佳增塑剂为癸二酸二异辛酯(DOS);研究了DOS用量对HTPB力学性能的影响,其最佳用量为5%。VST法测试推进剂和衬层的净增放气量为1.82mL,说明衬层与推进剂具有良好的相容性。     

含能增塑剂BDNPF/A与几种高能炸药相容性研究

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和X射线衍射法(XRD),研究了含能增塑剂双(2,2-二硝基丙基)缩甲(乙)醛(BDNPF/A)与6种高能炸药[1-氧-2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪(LLM-105)、三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)、2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPy O)、奥克托今(HMX)、六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)和3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)]的相容性。DSC结果表明:BDNPF/A与TATB混合体系相容,与LLM-105混合体系轻微敏感,与ANPy O和HMX混合体系敏感,与CL-20和NTO混合体系危险。XRD结果表明:BDNPF/A与HMX、CL-20和NTO之间存在相互作用。上述试验研究表明,BDNPF/A与CL-20和NTO相容性差,不推荐一起使用。     

含能增塑剂Bu-NENA与黏结剂共混体系的介观动力学模拟

采用介观动力学（MesoDyn）模拟方法对比研究了含能增塑剂丁基硝氧乙基硝胺(Bu-NENA)与端羟基聚醚（HTPE）、聚叠氮缩水甘油醚（GAP）共混体系的相结构及其相演变过程和影响因素,用共混实验对Bu-NENA与HTPE、GAP的相容性进行了观察。模拟结果表明:Bu-NENA与HTPE、GAP均具有较好的混溶性,且Bu-NENA与HTPE的混溶性优于Bu-NENA与GAP,与混溶性实验的结果一致。25 ℃条件下,HTPE/Bu-NENA混合体系中Bu-NENA质量分数在50%以下时,HTPE和Bu-NENA混溶性较好;GAP/Bu-NENA混合体系中Bu-NENA质量分数在50%时,GAP和Bu-NENA的混溶性较其他比例时差。但在GAP/Bu-NENA 混合体系中,GAP和Bu-NENA的有序度参数P均较小,接近于0, GAP/Bu-NENA 混合体系混溶性良好;Bu-NENA 的质量分数对GAP/Bu-NENA 混合体系混溶性影响不大。     

低分子量聚丙烯酸钾的合成及其应用

采用水溶液聚合法制备了低分子量聚丙烯酸钾（PAAK），并作为新型消焰剂加入单基发射药中。通过火焰原子吸收光谱法测试了PAAK中钾的含量；用乌氏黏度计测定了特性黏度；采用DSC法研究不同pH值的PAAK与硝化棉（NC）的相容性；利用充氮氧弹法对添加PAAK、硝酸钾KNO₃、硫酸钾K₂SO₄的单基发射药的燃烧残渣进行了对比研究。结果表明，合成的PAAK中，钾的质量分数为15.21%，相对分子量在3 000左右，有利于和NC均匀混合，且在中性或微碱性（pH＝7.0~7.5）的情况与NC相容性良好。与传统的KNO₃、K₂SO₄消焰剂相比，PAAK能够和NC均匀混合，制备均质透明的单基发射药；PAAK发射药的燃烧残渣最少，占发射药质量的0.18%。     

某型枪射催泪弹的可靠性研究

为了对某型枪射催泪弹的可靠性进行研究,首先对其发射药的组分含量进行分析;然后对主装药各组分含量、在体系中的分散情况及安定性能进行了深入探讨;最后分别对主装药与铝和钢之间的相容性进行了测试。结果表明:发射药及主装药经5 a储存后,各组分含量的变化均在标准允许范围之内;主装药的SEM图表明,各组分经长期储存后依然分散均匀,没有出现明显的质变现象;不同升温速率下的DSC曲线中,主装药储存前、后的熔点和分解温度位移幅度小于2℃,安定性较好;主装药与铝和钢的DSC曲线上放热峰的微量变化也表明各自之间具有理想的相容性。以上研究表明:该型枪射催泪弹在使用年限内具有极高的安全性和可靠性。     

包装发射药用改性HDPE塑料力学性能与热老化寿命预测

目的为解决当前发射药包装物材料存在的结构复杂、自重大、难以适应包装工艺自动化的突出问题,选用一种可塑性较强的改性HDPE塑料作为代替材料。方法利用差热扫描量热仪和真空安定性试验仪研究了改性HDPE塑料与典型发射药的相容性;采用加速热老化试验研究了改性HDPE塑料的力学性能变化,并预测了其热老化寿命;通过弹道射击试验研究了经过500km公路运输和自由跌落后,改性HDPE塑料内装发射药的内弹道性能变化。结果实验结果表明,改性HDPE塑料与典型发射药的相容性较好;进行加速热老化试验后,拉伸强度无明显变化,冲击强度出现下降趋势;在25℃贮存条件下,平均热老化寿命为17.51年;经运输、自由跌落试验后,改性HDPE塑料对内装发射药的保护性较好,内弹道性能无明显变化。结论改性HDPE塑料可作为发射药用包装箱的主要材料。     

CD-3发射装药低易损性能试验研究

为了降低发射药的敏感性,以Bu-NENA为增塑剂,FOX-7和RDX作为填充物研制了一种新型硝化棉(NC)基发射药(GD-3发射药),对其装药进行了低易损性能测试研究。试验结果表明,GD-3发射装药在慢速烤燃和快速烤燃、子弹撞击刺激源下发生了V类燃烧反应,在特定的空心装药射流刺激下发生了III类爆炸反应。GD-3发射药在刺激源下易损性响应剧烈程度弱于硝基胍发射药和单基发射药,该新型装药符合低易损性弹药的性能评定要求。     

HMX based enhanced energy LOVA gun propellant

Efforts to develop gun propellants with low vulnerability have recently been focused on enhancing the energy with a further improvement in its sensitivity characteristics. These propellants not only prevent catastrophic disasters due to unplanned initiation of currently used gun propellants (based on nitrate esters) but also realize enhanced energy levels to increase the muzzle velocity of the projectiles. Now, in order to replace nitroglycerine, which is highly sensitive to friction and impact, nitramines meet the requirements as they offer superior energy due to positive heat of formation, typical stoichiometry with higher decomposition temperatures and also owing to negative oxygen balance are less sensitive than stoichiometrically balanced NG. RDX has been widely reported for use in LOVA propellant. In this paper we have made an effort to present the work on scantily reported nitramine HMX based LOVA gun propellant while incorporating energetic plasticizer glycidyl azide polymer to enhance the energy level. HMX is known to be thermally stable at higher temperature than RDX and also proved to be less vulnerable to small scale shaped charge jet attack as its decomposition temperature is 270 degrees C. HMX also offers improved impulse due to its superior heat of formation (+17 kcal/mol) as compared to RDX (+14 kcal/mol). It has also been reported that a break point will not appear until 35,000 psi for propellant comprising of 5 microm HMX. Since no work has been reported in open literature regarding replacement of RDX by HMX, the present studies were carried out.     

Energetic residues from field disposal of gun propellants

Military training with howitzers and mortars produces excess propellant that is burned on the training range and can result in point sources containing high concentrations of unreacted propellant constituents. Propellants contain energetic compounds such as nitroglycerin (NG) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), both of which are found at firing positions and propellant disposal areas. To quantify the mass of residue remaining from the field-expedient disposal of propellants, two mortar propellants and one howitzer propellant were burned under different field conditions. These conditions included burning on a snow pack, at the bottom of a snow pit, and in a pan surrounded by snow for the mortar propellants and on dry and wet sand for the howitzer propellant. For the mortar propellant, the energetics (NG) remaining after burning in the bowl, on frozen ground, and on snow were 0.21%, 5.2% and 18%, respectively. For the howitzer propellant, the difference in energetics (2,4-DNT) remaining after disposal on wet and dry sand was <0.1%, with the overall residue rate of around 1%, similar to that for the mortar propellant burned in an open container. These tests demonstrate that environmental factors, especially in winter, can play a significant role in the effectiveness of field-expedient disposal of propellants.     

高燃速功能材料对高能发射药性能的影响

为了研究一种具有高能、高燃速特性的新型发射药,在高能发射药的配方体系中添加了两种高燃速功能材料乙二胺-三乙烯二胺高氯酸盐(SY)和硝酸肼镍(NHN)。利用密闭爆发器试验研究高燃速功能材料对高能发射药燃速特性的影响规律,并考察其对高能、高燃速发射药综合性能的影响。采用中止燃烧试验和SEM探索了燃速提高的机理。结果表明,添加质量分数3%的SY或NHN可以有效地提高发射药的燃速,使燃速分别提高了31.8%、17.8%,SY对燃速的提高效果更为显著;高能、高燃速发射药的火药力为1 200 J/g左右,具有较高的能量特性;在20 ℃和－40 ℃下,NDCS-02(含SY)的抗冲强度分别为73.89 kJ/m²和7.12 kJ/m²,NDCN-02(含NHN)的抗冲击强度分别为未断和6.60 kJ/m²,力学性能优良;NDCS-02和NDCN-02的撞击感度分别为19.0、22.4 cm,摩擦感度分别为84%、90%,都可以满足应用要求;NDCS-02和NDCN-02化学安定性测试的放气量分别为1.15、1.79 mL/g,安定性较好。中止燃烧试验和SEM的测试结果表明,高燃速功能材料先于发射药基体燃烧,使燃烧过程中燃面增加,从而提高燃速。     

双基推进剂用硅橡胶材料包覆设计研究?

以自制涂层、硅橡胶为包覆层对双基推进剂进行包覆,采用热分析法对迁移进硅橡胶包覆层的硝化甘油(NG)含量进行分析,结果表明NG含量极少;并对其黏结性能进行测试,试验数据表明其黏结可靠、良好。将此包覆设计用于实际装药包覆,将包覆装药装填到自制火药启动器后,在常温(25℃)、低温(-50℃×12 h)、高温(60℃×12 h)条件下和经过高低温冲击试验后进行发动机静态点火试验,测试燃烧室压力-时间曲线(p-t曲线),结果表明工作曲线均正常。     

Molecular dynamics study of the structure and performance of simple and double bases propellants

To investigate the structure and performance of simple and double bases propellants, the nitrocellulose (NC), nitroglycerin (NG), and double mixed system (NC+NG) have been simulated by using the molecular dynamics (MD) method with the COMPASS force field. The interactions between NC and NG have been analyzed by means of pair correlation functions. The mechanical properties of the three model systems, i.e. elastic coefficients, modulus, Cauchy pressure, and Poisson's ratio, etc., have been obtained. It is found that the rigidity, ductibility, and tenacity of the double bases propellants (NC+NG) are stronger than those of simple base propellants (NC), which attributes to the effect of NG and the strong interactions between NC and NG. The detonation properties of the three systems have also been calculated and the results show that compared with the simple base propellant (NC), the detonation heat and detonation velocity of the double base propellants (NC+NG) are increased.     

复合固体推进剂的溶解特性研究

对复合推进剂在水、乙醇、乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷溶剂中的溶解特性进行了研究,用显微镜对溶解剩余物的形貌进行了扫描观测,得到了复合推进剂微观结构的溶解机理。结果表明,复合推进剂中粘合剂系统的交联程度比较高,结构比较致密,粘合剂把固体颗粒粘结在一起,从微观结构上看,溶剂只能以渗透的方式缓慢进入,未交联的粘合剂很容易被溶解。     

Use of Weibull distribution statistics in assessing long term compatibility of propellants with polymeric materials

The long term compatibility of propellants with polymers may be evaluated by statistical means. The Weibull distribution function was used in an effort to provid a more accurate means of estimating the effect of aging of the inert material in contact with the propellant.This method was applied to several systems exhibiting different degrees of compatibility. Exposure at 140°F of the RTV 680 rubber with M30 propellant in the XM735 projectile displayed no apparent adverse effects. Distribution analysis supported the conclusion that the RTV 680/M30 system is compatible at ambient temperatures. Another silicone displayed an initial decline in mechanical properties followed by a period of stability when stored with M30 at elevated temperatures over a period of 12 months.A fair amount of incompatibility was displayed by 30% glass filled nylon which had been exposed to a double base propellant WC870 for an extended time. The Weibull distribution plots indicate that the propellant exerts a damaging effect on both Nylon 12 materials, particularly at elevated temperatures.Thermal aging may contribute to the ultimate failure of a polymer, as well as direct contact with an energetic. This is illustrated in the case of the M205 non-metallic cartridge case used in the projectile of a 152mm round, with M26E1 propellant. Although it is difficult to separate the effect of these variables upon the lifetime of the system, Weibull statistics provide some measure of prediction.