方腔内Al2O3-H2O纳米流体热毛细对流的格子Boltzmann模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法研究纳米颗粒形状影响下方腔内纳米流体热毛细对流的强化传热效果,主要分析了纳米粒子体积分数、颗粒形状以及Marangoni数Ma等相关参数对于纳米流体热毛细对流换热过程的影响。结果表明:长径比（长/半径）对纳米流体换热效果有影响,形状因子越大,平均Nu数Nu_ave越大。随着体积分数的增加,棒状、盘状和正方体状纳米颗粒均使热毛细对流的Nu_ave数减少,球状纳米颗粒条件下热毛细对流的Nu_ave数增加。Ma数越大,纳米流体热毛细对流的自由表面速度越大,对流换热效果也随之增强。      

多晶硅锭定向凝固过程的温度场模拟

采用数值模拟方法研究了不同的工艺条件对多晶硅锭定向凝固过程中固液界面形状和温度梯度的影响,为优化多晶硅凝固过程的参数和有效控制定向凝固过程提供了参考依据。模拟结果表明,降埚速率越大,晶体生长速率越快,硅锭内温度梯度也随之增加,当降埚速率小于60mm/h时,固液界面始终保持凹界面;保持一定的降埚速率和冷源温度不变,改变多晶硅锭的冷却速率,坩埚内固液界面的形状基本保持不变,但冷却速率对晶锭内温度梯度的影响较明显,冷却速率越大晶锭内温度梯度越大。     

利用焓-多孔介质法对垂直Bridgman生长CdTe的数值模拟

利用数值模拟研究了碲化镉在垂直Bridgman炉中生长时的固-液界面的形状．采用焓-多孔介质法，在固定网格上对碲化镉的固液两相用统一的控制方程进行了整场求解，用一特征参数确定界面的位置和形状．结果表明，当晶体的生长速率较低时，界面的形状与物质在固态和液态两相下的热扩散率有关．如果两种热扩散率的数值相近，界面的形状是平坦的．液态区自然对流是界面形状的影响因素之一，而积聚在固态区的结晶潜热是形成弯曲固-液界面的主要原因．     

抽拉速率对一种镍基单晶高温合金凝固参数和凝固组织的影响

研究了不同的铸型抽拉速率对镍基单晶高温合金DD98的凝固参数及显微组织的影响，结果表明，随着抽拉速度降低，固－液界面前沿的温度梯度显著提高，糊状区宽度减小，抽位速度较低时，温度梯度在整个凝固过程中变化比较平稳，提高抽拉速率使DD98合金由胞状凝固转变为枝状凝固，γ′相尺寸减小，并且由不规则形状逐渐变为规则的立方体形状，γ／γ′共晶量增加，共晶中的初生γ′相尺寸逐渐减小。     

单晶连铸凝固过程中的组织演化

单晶连铸是一项新型金属型材制造技术。单晶组织的演化是在引晶初期通过晶粒的竞争生长机制完成的,晶粒的竞争生长过程依赖由传热条件决定的固液界面形状。本文观察了工业纯铝单晶连铸引晶初期的组织演化过程,并通过液淬观察了宏观固液界面形状与单晶演化速度的几何模型,讨论了铸锭尺寸,连铸速度及固液界面形状因子对单晶演化速度的影响。研究表明,铸锭尺寸越大,完成单晶演化所需时间越长,提高连铸牵引速度和界面形状因子,有     

熔体热历史对Al-Cu合金定向凝固界面稳定性的影响

在温度梯度、抽拉速率等工艺参数相同的条件下，发现熔体热历史对Ａｌ４．６５％ Ｃｕ 合金定向凝固界面稳定性具有显著影响，它是非平衡溶质分配系数ｋ 增加界面稳定性和结晶过冷度Δｔ－ 降低界面稳定性的综合作用结果． 随着过热处理温度的提高，ｋ 对平衡溶质分配系数ｋ０ 的偏离增大， 导致液固界面稳定性增加；但当过热处理温度进一步提高到使合金熔体结晶的热力学过冷度Δｔ－ 明显增大时， 反而导致液固界面稳定性下降．     

对流作用下胞晶侧向生长实时观察

对透明模型合金的晶体生长过程进行实时观测, 是研究晶体凝固过程的有效手段, 对认识晶体组成结构形成机理及控制金属组织结构具有重要的意义. 采用自行设计的定向晶体生长室和观察测量装置, 在不同的晶体生长速度下, 对丁二腈-5wt%乙醇透明模型合金定向凝固的界面生长形态进行了实时观测研究. 实验发现, 由于重力对流和微对流机制对晶体生长过程的影响, 使得胞晶在生长过程中有明显顺流偏转现象.     

玉米真空干燥特性的实验研究

研究了供热温度、真空度、物料层厚度等对玉米干燥速率，裂纹率和发芽率的影响。实验结果表明，提高供热温度使干燥速率加快，但玉米裂纹率增加，发芽率下降；真空度对干燥速率的影响主要表现在干燥的初始阶段，压力越低，初始的干燥速率越大；料层厚度的增加使干燥时间增加，但在一定厚度内提高了设备的干燥强度；初始水分低的玉米，干燥后的裂纹率和发芽率要好于初始水分高的玉米。综合分析实验结果，对于初始水分较高（37％）的玉米可以采用真空度为9000Pa，供热温度为70℃的干燥条件；而对于初始水分为25％的玉米可以采用真空度为9000Pa，供热温度为80℃的干燥条件；两者可选5cm为参考料层厚度，以保证干燥后玉米的品质和较高的干燥效率。     

温度梯度和生长速率对CdZnTe-VBM生长晶体的影响

计算模拟了半导体材料CdZnTe垂直布里奇曼法(CdZnTe-VBM)单晶体生长过程，分析了炉膛温度梯度和坩埚移动速率对结晶界面形态和晶体内组份偏析的影响。计算结果表明炉膛温度梯度和生长速率的变化明显影响固-液界面前沿对流场的形态和强度。界面凹陷深度随着炉膛温度梯度的增加和生长速率减小而减小。炉膛温度梯度的增加和生长速率的减小虽然均能有效的减小径向偏析，但却增加轴向偏析，减小轴向等浓度区的长度。     

液化天然气(LNG)储存容器中的分层与翻滚

针对储罐中液化天然气（LNG）在温度差和密度差下的分层行为，建立LNG分层的异重流模型。并利用Lorenz方程描述异重流下层的热对流状态。采用耦合映象格子模型求解Lorenz方程，并引入对流强度量判断系统分层涡旋的产生和发展。对系统的数值模拟研究，确定了系统处于独立循环、分层翻滚及对流循环状态时对应的瑞利数Ra临界值。证明了系统在密度差趋于相等时，分界面被打破，LNG大量蒸发出现分层翻滚现象；并得到了系统随主要控制参数Ra的发展过程及分层翻滚发生的时间、高峰蒸发量等。计算表明：对于给定的密度差和温度差，底层的LNG厚度越大，则出现翻滚现象的时间越迟；底层厚度越大，高峰蒸发速度也越大，较易引发储罐超压；对于给定温度差，底层LNG密度较大时，出现翻滚的时间会相对提前。     

Study on the interaction between the shape and the temperature field of the melt in the electromagnetic shaping process

Based on analyses for the electromagnetic pressure on the melt and the heat induced in the melt, the ratio of heat to pressure Q₀/P_m is defined, to give the relationship between Q_o/P_m and the thickness a, the electromagnetic parameter (μγ) of the melt and the electric current frequency/under the electromagnetic confinement and shaping process. If Q_o/P_m is large, any adjustment to the melt shape will easily cause a variation of the temperature in the melt. In this situation, there appears to be a more sensitive interaction between the shape and the temperature field and a more narrow adjustment range for the process. Experiments on thin plate samples with a cross-section of 6 mm × 18 mm are done with two kinds of induction coils. The results show that when a coil with a trumpet inside wall is used and the positions of the melt top and the S/L interface are properly selected, the melt periphery is nearly vertical and the temperature gradient ahead of the S/L interface is high. Under these conditions, a more stable and wider coupling between the shape and the temperature field is continuously maintained and samples with a smooth surface and unidirectional crystals are successfully obtained.     

Study on the interaction between the shape and the temperature field of the melt in the electromagnetic shaping process

Based on analyses for the electromagnetic pressure on the melt and the heat induced in the melt, the ratio of heat to pressure Q₀/P_m is defined, to give the relationship between Q₀/P_m and the thickness a, the electromagnetic parameter (μγ) of the melt and the electric current frequency f under the electromagnetic confinement and shaping process. If Q₀/P_m is large, any adjustment to the melt shape will easily cause a variation of the temperature in the melt. In this situation, there appears to be a more sensitive interaction between the shape and the temperature field and a more narrow adjustment range for the process. Experiments on thin plate samples with a cross-section of 6 mm×18 mm are done with two kinds of induction coils. The results show that when a coil with a trumpet inside wall is used and the positions of the melt top and the S/L interface are properly selected, the melt periphery is nearly vertical and the temperature gradient ahead of the S/L interface is high. Under these conditions, a more stable and wider coupling between the shape and the temperature field is continuously maintained and samples with a smooth surface and unidirectional crystals are successfully obtained.     

φ300mm的大直径直拉单晶硅勾形磁场下生长的数值模拟

直径300mm硅片的生产技术是当今硅材料生产研究的重要方向之一,而晶体生长 界面的形状、温度分布、晶体中氧的浓度和均匀性等对熔体流动状态十分敏感,采用实验的方 法来测量熔体的流动、温度场分布是很困难的,因此很难通过实验的方法获得熔体的流动是如 何影响晶体生长的质量的,而数值模拟能提供熔体流动、温度分布等详细内容,为单晶硅的生 长提供有利的指导.本文采用低雷诺数的K-ε紊流模型,对直径300mm的大直径单晶硅生 长进行了数值模拟,通过熔体在有、无勾形磁场作用时的流场、温度场的分析,阐明了勾形磁 场影响熔体流动的机理.     

Effect of shape of HZ liquid bridge on particle accumulation structure (PAS)

We focus on the dynamic particle accumulation structure (PAS) due to thermocapillary effect in a half-zone liquid bridge. Effects of shape of liquid bridge upon shape of the PAS itself and motion of particle on the PAS are discussed in the present study by tracking particles in the liquid bridge and by measuring temperature over the free surface. It is found that the variation of the shape of the liquid bridge leads to a significant variation of the temperature gradient on the free surface, which results in difference of the shape of the PAS. The variation of the PAS shape is mainly explained by drastic change of the axial velocity of the particle and less change of its azimuthal velocity near the free surface.     

Using optical diagnostics to determine the melt temperature field in layer-by-layer laser alloying of metal powder

The results of application of optical diagnostics in the estimation of the temperature field at the melt surface in layer-by-layer laser alloying of metal powder are presented. It is demonstrated that surface concavity induced by the thermocapillary effect upon nonuniform heating may distort pyrometry data considerably. The use of external illumination provides an opportunity to determine the shape of the melt surface. The obtained minimum estimate of the temperature gradient in the metal region affected by laser radiation is 2.8 × 10⁴ K/cm.     

声场强化溶液蒸发的效果及机理

声场效应对溶液蒸发过程实验表明,声场促进溶液的蒸发,不同的声场作用参数和不同的温度,影响效果不同,溶液蒸发效率提高2％-6％,平均效率提高达4％以上。对水．乙醇以及苯．乙醇二组分溶液的超声蒸发动力学过程进行了分析,表明蒸发速率随时间的关系表现出线性的关系,两组分之间的体积百分比越接近,蒸发速率随时间越容易表现出线性的变化关系。通过液气两相平衡、成核和挥发等过程的分析．认为声场强化溶液蒸发的作用机理是声场具有“空化效应”。声场降低溶液的表面张力,从而降低了成核势垒．促进了液体内部的能量交换。增加了汽化成核几率,使溶液蒸发过程得以强化。     

The effect of the main processing parameters on the geometry of amorphous metal ribbons during planar flow casting (PFC)

Experimental work on PFC performed with some amorphous alloys is reported. The subject of the investigation is the relationship between the main processing parameters and the resulting ribbon thickness. Calculations applying Bernoulli's equation reveal the relationship between the ribbon thickness and substrate velocity, ejection pressure, nozzle slot breadth and crucible wheel gap distance. Empirical data from numerous experiments are in good agreement with the calculations. Ribbons with smooth surfaces and precise cross-sections can be obtained by melt spinning with a small gap distance. The efficiency of a constrained melt puddle on the ribbon surface was exhibited by topographic measurements and high-speed motion pictures. Results of surface tension measurements have been used to explain the effect of the melt temperature on the ribbon thickness. Calculations and experimental data are a base for practical use of the PFC process in the production of ribbons with predetermined precise cross-section.     

Numerical Calculation of Trapped Magnetic Field for Single and Multiple Bulk Superconductors

In this work, the trapped magnetic field was calculated using the sand-pile model and Biot–Savart law. The numerical simulation of the trapped magnetic field was performed varying the sample shape and dimensions, distance between the sample surface and observation point. In addition, the magnetic field characteristics of superconducting bulk arrangement in an array was determined. The trapped magnetic field was found to be depending on the sample shape and dimensions and distance between the sample and observation point. It is observed that, when the distance from the surface is larger, the value of the trapped magnetic field decreases, but the variation of the trapped magnetic field becomes small due to averaging the distribution of the trapped magnetic field.     

Determination of the true congruent composition for LiTaO3 single crystals using the LFB ultrasonic material characterization system.

The true congruent composition for LiTaO3 single crystals was determined by measuring the velocities of leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAWs) with the line-focus-beam ultrasonic material characterization (LFB-UMC) system for two 42 degrees YX-LiTa3s crystal ingots. The congruent composition determined here was 48.460 Li2O-mol%, corresponding to the LSAW velocity (42 degrees YX-LiTaO3) of 3125.3 m/s, and the absolute relationship between the LSAW velocity and chemical composition was obtained. Simulations on the variation of the melt and crystal compositions in a mass production of 100 crystals were conducted as a function of the composition of the starting material around the congruent composition. The result showed that the distributions of the melt and crystal compositions within and among the crystals varied largely with the material composition, providing the relationship of the material composition with the maximum composition variation for the 100 crystals. Based on these results, we verified the relationships between the tolerance of the material composition variation and the tolerances for the SH-type SAW velocity, LSAW velocity, and Curie temperature. The material composition needs to be constrained to within +/- 0.007 Li2O-mol% around the congruent composition to mass-produce the crystals with reliable homogeneity, satisfying the tolerance of +/- 0.01% in the SAW velocity. Furthermore, a guideline for the specification of reliable piezoelectric SAW-device wafer substrates was presented with the accurate interrelationships among the chemical composition ratio, LSAW velocity, and Curie temperature.     

Determination of the true congruent composition for LiTaO/sub 3/ single crystals using the LFB ultrasonic material characterization system

The true congruent composition for LiTaO/sub 3/ single crystals was determined by measuring the velocities of leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAWs) with the line-focus-beam ultrasonic material characterization (LFB-UMC) system for two 42/spl deg/YX-LiTaO/sub 3/ crystal ingots. The congruent composition determined here was 48.460 Li/sub 2/O-mol%, corresponding to the LSAW velocity (42/spl deg/YX-LiTaO/sub 3/) of 3125.3 m/s, and the absolute relationship between the LSAW velocity and chemical composition was obtained. Simulations on the variation of the melt and crystal compositions in a mass production of 100 crystals were conducted as a function of the composition of the starting material around the congruent composition. The result showed that the distributions of the melt and crystal compositions within and among the crystals varied largely with the material composition, providing the relationship of the material composition with the maximum composition variation for the 100 crystals. Based on these results, we verified the relationships between the tolerance of the material composition variation and the tolerances for the SH-type SAW velocity, LSAW velocity, and Curie temperature. The material composition needs to be constrained to within /spl plusmn/0.007 Li/sub 2/O-mol% around the congruent composition to mass-produce the crystals with reliable homogeneity, satisfying the tolerance of /spl plusmn/0.01% in the SAW velocity. Furthermore, a guideline for the specification of reliable piezoelectric SAW-device wafer substrates was presented with the accurate interrelationships among the chemical composition ratio, LSAW velocity, and Curie temperature.