舰船结构合金的优化设计(待续)

本文系统地讨论了舰船结构合金优化设计的基本方法及步骤。从合金优化设计的基本方法及设计程序、舰船结构产品工程设计与材料、舰船结构合金性能与成分和加工工艺间的关系、合金设计的建模与求解等方面进行阐述。同时,为说明设计方法,例举了部分合金优化设计的事例。     

新型高温耐磨合金

新型铁基耐磨合金主要用于在高温烟气冲刷（蚀）条件下长期使用的零部件。文中论述了合金的成分设计、冶炼和铸造工艺，室温和高温硬度，以及合金的组织结构及高温抗氧化性。此合金在较低温度（６００℃）时可以替代钴基高温耐磨合金，有应用前景。     

工艺因素对电度表用NiFe磁补偿合金性能影响的研究

从工艺因素的角度出发，分别为冷轧加工度与合金磁性能、热处理类型与磁性能、热处理温度与磁性能设计了实验方法，对各实验结果进行了分析和讨论，实验结果较好地指导了合金的研制和生产，为电度表行业的技术进步作出了一些应有的贡献。     

高比重合金显微组织,性能与工艺

阐述了高比重合金的显微组织与性能的关系，着重讨论了Ｗ晶粒大小，Ｗ颗粒连接度。Ｗ相含量，组织均匀性，孔隙大小和孔隙度，界面杂质偏析与第二相析出等对合金性能的影响。通过工艺的改进可以改变显微结构，从而改进合金的性能。     

高弹性导电合金Cu—Ni—Sn的研究现状

Ｃｕ－Ｎｉ－Ｓｎ合金是调幅分解强化型合金。本文综述了Ｃｕ－Ｎｉ－Ｓｎ合金的研究现状，对材料的制备，热处理工艺，合金的强化机理，微观结构，性能，及它们在电子工业中的应用作了介绍。     

高强高导铜银合金的研究现状及发展趋势

Cu-Ag合金作为先进的导体材料,广泛应用于微电子、交通、航空航天及机械制造等工业领域。回顾了近年来高强高导Cu-Ag合金的主要研究进展。针对Cu-Ag合金的导电性和力学性能,主要从合金设计中的Ag成分设计、微合金化和加工工艺中的制备方法、热处理及变形处理等方面进行评述。分析了Cu-Ag合金的成分设计原则,比较了上述几种加工工艺的特点,并提出大塑性变形将会是一种非常有前景的制备高强高导Cu-Ag合金及其它合金的加工工艺。最后指出了现阶段研究中存在的问题及未来发展的趋势。     

镍基粉末高温合金的组织、性能与成型和热处理工艺关系的研究

分析了镍基粉末高温合金的成型、热处理等冶金工艺及央杂缺陷的性质等与合金组织和性能的关系，描述了粉末高温合金的热处理工艺，提出了今后我们粉末高温合金组织性能研究工作的重点。     

电镀光亮锡铋合金工艺研究

用小槽试验与Hull槽试验，对合成出的若干种作为电镀Sn-Bi合金光亮剂的有机物进行了研究，讨论了在各种工艺条件下该光亮剂对合金镀层外观的影响以及工艺条件对镀层中铋含量的影响，并确定了最佳工艺。运用稳态极化曲线对光亮剂在镀液中的电化学行为进行了初步研究，还对合金镀层进行了SEM观察和分析。     

试析白合金轴承制造工艺的改进

毫无疑义，有关方面的领导应该大幅度提升对白合金轴承制造工艺改进的关注度。本文紧密联系试析白合金轴承制造工艺改进的实践状况，对合金的浇注和零件的预处理进行较为全面地阐述之后，接着，深入探讨白合金轴承制造的改进工艺，表面镀锡质量的控制和合金的金相组织是改进工艺的主要表现形式，希望能够加快推进白合金轴承制造工艺改进的研究进程，希望能够实现白合金轴承制造工艺改进的预期效果。     

化学镀Co-Cu-P合金工艺

讨论了在A3钢表面采用酸性化学镀液获得优质Co-Cu-P合金的工艺方法。通过优化实验，确定了化学镀Co-Cu-P合金的镀液组成及工艺条件。通过XRD、SEM等确定了Co-Cu-P合金镀层的组织结构。试验结果表明，在适当的工艺条件下，所研究的镀液组成能够实现铜、钴离子的共沉积，得到均一、光亮的合金镀层。     

Combinatorial thin film materials science: From alloy discovery and optimization to alloy design

This paper provides an overview of modern alloy development, from discovery and optimization towards alloy design, based on combinatorial thin film materials science. The combinatorial approach, combining combinatorial materials synthesis of thin film composition-spreads with high-throughput property characterization has proven to be a powerful tool to delineate composition-structure-property relationships, and hence to efficiently identify composition windows with enhanced properties. Furthermore, and most importantly for alloy design, theoretical models and hypotheses can be critically appraised. Examples for alloy discovery, optimization, and alloy design of functional as well as structural materials are presented.Using Fe-Mn based alloys as an example, we show that the combination of modern electronic-structure calculations with the highly efficient combinatorial thin film composition-spread method constitutes an effective tool for knowledge-based alloy design.     

d电子合金理论及其在合金设计中的应用

本文介绍了近年来发展起来的d-电子合金理论及其在合金设计中的应用。该理论以分子轨道计算为基础,导出表征合金元素电子结构的基本参数后,对合金的各种行为加以合理描述。是迄今为止少数几种可用于指导实用型合金设计的理论之一。可根据实际要求设计各种具有特殊性能的合金。     

Approximate Design of Alloy Composition of Cathode Target

An empirical formula for composition demixing analysis in cathodic arc ion plating using alloy target is established based on the concepts of average charged state and relative demixing parameter. The level of composition demixing effect is presented by demixing degree of one element. For binary constituent alloy target, the composition change trend in coating is discussed and the limit of demixing degree for each element is determined. The content of one element with higher average charged state gets larger in coating than in alloy target, at meantime, the content of one element with lower average charged state gets less. For each one of the two constituents, the less the atom percent in alloy target, the larger the difference of its contents between the coating and the target. For triple constituent alloy target, the content change of one element with moderate average charged state is discussed in detail. Its content in coating getting larger or less is determined by the combination result of the contents of the other two elements in alloy target. For a given content of the element with moderate average charged state in triple alloy target, the content deviation level of that element from coating to alloy target will be not larger than that using binary alloy target containing only that element and one of the two others. According to the wanted coating composition, the composition design of alloy target is easily deduced from the formula.     

Creep deformation of Alloys 617 and 276 at 750–950 °C

Alloys 617 and 276 were subjected to time-dependent deformation at elevated temperatures under sustained loading of different magnitudes. The results indicate that Alloy 617 did not exhibit strains exceeding 1 percent (%) in 1000 h at 750, 850 and 950 °C when loaded to 10% of its yield strength (YS) values at these temperatures. However, this alloy was not capable of sustaining higher stresses (0.25YS and 0.35YS) for 1000 h at 850 and 950 °C without excessive deformation. Interestingly, Alloy 617 showed insignificant steady-state creep rate at 750 °C irrespective of the applied stress levels. Alloy 276 almost met the maximum creep deformation criterion when tested at 51 MPa–750 °C. Severe creep deformation of both alloys at 950 °C could be attributed to the dissolution of carbides and intermetallic phases remaining after solution annealing or precipitated during quenching.     

High temperature oxidation of Fe–Ni-base alloy HR120 and Ni-base alloy HAYNES 282 in steam

High temperature oxidation of Fe–Ni-base alloy HR120 and Ni-base alloy HAYNES 282 in steam at 800–1000 °C was investigated and compared. Results show that the oxidation kinetics of HAYNES 282 and HR120 followed a parabolic law. Temperature affected the stability of formed chromia, leading to the observation of (Fe, Cr)₂O₃, Fe₂NiO₄ on the surface of Fe–Ni-base alloy, which is not the case for Ni-base alloy. The strengthening element titanium accelerated the growth of chromia formed on the Ni-base alloy. It is concluded that the resistance of high temperature oxidation of HR120 is superior to HAYNES 282.     

6102发动机止推垫片合金层剥落原因分析

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜及Ｘ射线衍射分析等方法，对６１０２发动机止推垫 合金层剥落原理进行了分析。结果表明，造成止推垫片合金层产生剥落的主要原因是合金层与钢背之间的结合强度较低；而在合金带的生产过程中，钢带表面未清洗干净，存在杂质及铅相偏聚等，是导致合金层与钢背之间结合不良的主要因素。     

Enhanced oxidation resistance of Mo-12Si-8.5B alloys with ZrB2 addition at 1300 °C

Mo-12Si-8.5B and Mo-12Si-8.5B-1.0wt%ZrB₂ alloys were fabricated using mechanical alloying, followed by hot-pressing. Both alloys exhibited uniform microstructure, with the Mo₃Si and Mo₅SiB₂ phases distributing dispersedly in the α-Mo matrix. Mo-12Si-8.5B-1.0wt%ZrB₂ showed a finer-grained microstructure than Mo-12Si-8.5B alloy owing to the addition of ZrB₂. The results of isothermal oxidation tests at 1300 °C in air revealed that Mo-12Si-8.5B and Mo-12Si-8.5B-1.0wt%ZrB₂ alloys initially suffered a transient stage with high mass loss due to the volatilization of MoO₃, and then achieved a steady stage owing to the formation of a protective borosilicate scale on the alloy surface. Especially, the transient stage of Mo-12Si-8.5B-1.0wt%ZrB₂ alloy was shortened to be less than 300 s, and the mass loss of this stage was reduced by at least 88% compared with that of Mo-12Si-8.5B alloy, indicating a significant improvement in the oxidation resistance. The addition of ZrB₂ not only resulted in a continuous borosilicate scale quickly covering the entire base alloy during the transient stage, but also improved the protectiveness of the borosilicate scale of the steady stage by bringing out a large number of ZrO₂/ZrSiO₄ particles embedded discontinuously in the borosilicate scale, which effectively restricted the inward diffusion of oxygen by acting as diffusion barriers and decreased the thickness of inner oxide layers in particular.     

Alloy design with the aid of molecular orbital method

A molecular orbital approach to alloy design has recently made great progress. This is applicable not only to structural alloys, but also to functional alloys. In this paper we have focussed on two materials as examples: high Cr ferritic steels and hydrogen storage alloys.     

里氏硬度计的应用

针对本厂生产的柴油机中合金铸铁和低合金风表面处理的大型零部件进行对比测试,扩大里氏硬度计在实践中的应用。     

Solute diffusion during high-temperature plastic deformation in alloys

Solute volume diffusion during high-temperature plastic deformation in a substitutional solid solution alloy is analyzed theoretically. Both deformation-induced supersaturated vacancy enhanced diffusion effect and dislocation pipe diffusion effect are considered in the model. The model is applied to the prediction of deformation-enhanced phosphorus diffusion in γ-Fe. Deformation-induced supersaturated vacancy enhanced diffusion and pipe diffusion can both enhance the overall phosphorus diffusion coefficient, but the former effect plays a predominant role. At a certain temperature, the deformation-enhanced phosphorus diffusion coefficient is mainly dependent on strain and strain rate, and at each strain rate there is a steady state value for the enhanced diffusion coefficient.