一种4.5%Re镍基单晶合金在980℃蠕变期间的变形与损伤机制

通过蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了一种Re含量为4.5%Re(质量分数,下同)的镍基单晶合金的高温蠕变行为、变形和损伤机制。结果表明,4.5%Re合金在980℃/300MPa的蠕变寿命为169h。蠕变初期,合金中立方γ′相转变为垂直于应力轴的N型筏状结构。稳态蠕变期间,合金的变形机制为位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。蠕变后期,合金的变形机制为位错在基体中滑移和剪切进入筏状γ′相。由于γ基体通道较窄,位错在基体通道中滑移所需的阻力较大。剪切进入γ′相的110超位错可由{111}面交滑移至{100}面,形成K-W锁,从而抑制位错的滑移和交滑移,这是合金具有较好蠕变抗力的主要原因。主/次滑移位错的交替开动,可致使筏状γ′相扭曲,并促使裂纹在筏状γ/γ′两相界面萌生;裂纹沿垂直于应力轴方向扩展,直至断裂,这是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

热连轧GH4169合金的点阵常数与蠕变性能

通过对热连轧GH4169合金进行热处理、组织形貌观察、点阵常数测定及蠕变性能测试,研究热连轧GH4169合金的点阵常数与蠕变行为。结果表明:热连轧GH4169合金主要由γ基体、γ′和γ″相组成,经标准热处理后,合金中部分粒状γ′相重溶,且又在基体中析出扁平状γ″相;经X射线衍射分析表明,与热连轧合金相比,THR-ST-GH4169合金中γ基体、γ′和γ″相的点阵常数较小,但各相之间具有较大的晶格错配度,可有效阻碍位错运动,是合金具有较高蠕变抗力和较长蠕变寿命的重要因素之一;在蠕变期间,热连轧合金的主要变形机制为位错的双取向滑移,而在THR-ST-GH4169合金中,可形成形变孪晶和发生位错滑移。     

Ni3Al基高温合金不同温度下变形组织的透射电镜观察

本文利用透射电镜对Ni_3Al基高温合金的初始状态、室温和870℃下瞬时拉伸和1100℃持久蠕变试样的微观组织及位错组态进行了观察。结果表明:合金在γ/γ′界面上存在大量网络化的错配位错,这些位错在变形时对基体γ′中的位错运动起强烈的阻碍作用;在1100℃持久蠕变过程中合金组织发生显著变化,γ相聚集回溶成高位错密度的胞状组织,对合金仍起强化作用。γ相是合金的强化相。     

一种含Re/Ru镍基单晶合金的蠕变行为及其机理

针对含Re/Ru单晶合金共晶组织中的高熔点元素和高推重比发动机材料的高承温能力等问题,研究了固溶温度和组织演化对其高温蠕变行为的影响。结果表明,在1328℃固溶处理的合金中仍存在粒状残余共晶,在1332℃固溶处理可将其消除,使合金在1100℃/140 MPa的蠕变寿命由321 h延长到476 h。在蠕变初期的合金中γ′相转变为N-型筏状组织,在蠕变后期位错剪切进入γ′相形成的位错锁,可抑制位错运动,使合金的蠕变抗力提高。但是高应变速率下位错的交替滑移使筏状γ′相扭折和形成亚晶,可降低合金的蠕变抗力,特别是筏状γ′相转变成“类块状”形态的逆向组织演化提高了应变速率,是合金高温蠕变较后期间的变形和损伤特征。其中,合金在1140℃寿命的大幅度降低,归因于γ′相的溶解使其尺寸减小和体积分数降低。     

一种含4.2%Re单晶镍基合金的蠕变行为与组织演化规律

通过蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究了一种含4.2%Re镍基单晶合金的蠕变行为和组织演化规律。结果表明:单晶合金在试验的温度和应力范围内,对施加应力和温度有明显的敏感性,并测算出合金在稳态蠕变期间的激活能和应力指数。在蠕变初期,合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向形成N-型筏状结构,蠕变断裂后在远离断口区域形成的筏状γ′相逐渐转变成扭曲形态,在近断口区域的筏状组织转变成与施加应力轴方向呈近45°角度倾斜。合金在稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错攀移越过γ′相,位错的攀移通过割阶沿位错线运动而逐步实现;而在蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是位错剪切筏状γ′相。     

一种含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru的单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变行为

通过对含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru单晶镍基合金进行高温蠕变性能测试,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对不同蠕变期间的试样进行组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的高温蠕变行为。结果表明,本实验所选用的单晶合金在高温蠕变期间具有良好的蠕变抗力,在1040℃/160MPa的蠕变寿命达到725h。高温蠕变初期,合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向转变成筏状结构,其稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。高温蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相。位错的交替滑移使筏形γ′相扭曲,并在γ/γ′两相界面发生裂纹的萌生与扩展直至断裂,是合金在高温蠕变后期的断裂机制。     

FGH95粉末镍基合金的组织结构与蠕变断裂特征

通过对不同工艺处理FGH95合金进行组织形貌观察及持久性能测试,研究了组织结构对合金持久性能的影响规律。结果表明:经1150℃固溶和时效处理后,合金中有粗大γ′相在较宽的边界区域不连续分布,其周围存在γ′相贫化区;经1160℃固溶及时效处理后,合金中粗大γ′相完全溶解,在晶内弥散分布高体积分数的γ′相,并有粒状(Cr,Nb)23(C,B)6硼碳化合物在晶内及沿晶界不连续析出;经1165℃固溶和时效后,合金的晶粒尺寸明显长大,并有硬而脆的碳化物膜沿晶界连续析出。在650℃、1034MPa条件下,经1160℃固溶和时效合金具有较高蠕变抗力和较长持久寿命,蠕变期间的变形机制是位错以Orowan机制饶过γ′相、或位错剪切γ′相,其中晶界处不连续析出的粒状碳化物可有效阻碍位错滑移,是使合金具有较好蠕变性能的主要原因。蠕变后期,合金的变形特征是晶内发生单取向滑移,随蠕变进行位错在晶界处塞积,并引起应力集中,致使裂纹在晶界处萌生及扩展是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

单晶镍基合金的层错能及其对蠕变机制的影响

通过对合金进行不同温度层错能的计算、蠕变性能测试及位错组态的衍衬分析,研究温度对单晶镍基合金层错能和蠕变机制的影响。结果表明:合金在760℃具有较低的层错能,其蠕变期间的变形机制是〈110〉超位错剪切进入γ′相,其中,切入γ′相的位错可分解形成(1/3)〈112〉位错+(SISF)层错的位错组态。随温度的提高,合金的层错能增大,合金在1070℃蠕变期间的变形机制是〈110〉螺、刃超位错剪切进入γ′相。在980℃,合金的层错能介于760~1070℃之间,蠕变期间的主要变形机制是〈110〉螺、刃超位错剪切进入γ′相,其中,剪切进入γ′相的螺位错由{111}面交滑移至{100}面,形成(1/2)〈110〉不全位错+反向畴界(APB)的K-W锁位错组态,这种具有面角非平面芯结构的K-W锁可抑制位错的交滑移,提高合金的蠕变抗力。其中,蠕变期间较低的应变速率仅释放较少的形变热,不足以激活K-W锁中的位错在{111}面滑移,是K-W锁在980℃得以保留的主要原因。     

[110]取向DD3镍基单晶合金的组织结构及蠕变行为

通过蠕变曲线的测定及微观组织观察,研究了[110]取向镍基单晶合金的组织结构与蠕变行为。结果表明,经完全热处理后,合金中立方γ′相沿〈100〉取向规则排列;蠕变期间合金中形成筏状γ′相的取向与应力轴方向成45°角,蠕变后期在近断口区域筏状γ′相发生扭折。在1040℃、137MPa条件下,合金在稳态蠕变期间具有较高的应变速率和较短的蠕变寿命,而蠕变期间的变形特征是位错在γ基体通道中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相;其中,γ′相形成筏状结构后,沿与应力轴成45°角的基体通道承受最大剪切应力,使蠕变位错易于在基体通道中滑移,是使合金具有较大应变速率的主要原因。     

Re对单晶高温合金蠕变过程中γ′相定向粗化的影响

通过对三种Re含量不同的单晶高温合金1100℃／140MPa蠕变实验及组织分析，研究了Re对单晶高温合金蠕变过程中γ′相定向粗化的影响。结果表明，在单晶高温合金蠕变过程中，Re促进形成完整、细密、连续的γ′筏排组织，降低合金元素扩散速率，延缓γ通道厚度的增加，降低γ′相体积分数的减小速率，从而稳定了对合金高温强度起重要作用的γ′相，使γ′相的强化作用持续较长时间。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.