基于自适应时变滤波阶比跟踪的齿轮箱故障诊断

针对多输入多输出齿轮箱传动系统和齿轮箱集群的振动信号中各啮合频率阶次相互干扰,从而导致故障诊断困难的问题,研究提出一种基于自适应时变滤波阶比跟踪的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。该方法利用基于多尺度线调频基稀疏信号分解提取各对传动齿轮的啮合频率,以各啮合频率为中心频率,对应转频的倍频为滤波带宽分别设计自适应时变滤波器对信号进行滤波,逐个提取振动信号中的啮合频率调制分量,再分别对提取的啮合频率调制分量单独进行阶比分析,有效地抑制其他无关联轴上齿轮啮合振动信号和其他非阶比噪声信号对阶比谱的影响,较好地解决阶比信号相互干扰的问题,提高阶比谱的调制识别效果,为多输入多输出齿轮箱系统和齿轮箱集群的故障诊断提供一条有效途径。仿真算例和应用实例说明方法的有效性。     

Gearbox fault diagnosis using adaptive zero phase time-varying filter based on multi-scale chirplet sparse signal decomposition

When used for separating multi-component non-stationary signals, the adaptive time-varying filter(ATF) based on multi-scale chirplet sparse signal decomposition(MCSSD) generates phase shift and signal distortion. To overcome this drawback, the zero phase filter is introduced to the mentioned filter, and a fault diagnosis method for speed-changing gearbox is proposed. Firstly, the gear meshing frequency of each gearbox is estimated by chirplet path pursuit. Then, according to the estimated gear meshing frequencies, an adaptive zero phase time-varying filter(AZPTF) is designed to filter the original signal. Finally, the basis for fault diagnosis is acquired by the envelope order analysis to the filtered signal. The signal consisting of two time-varying amplitude modulation and frequency modulation(AM-FM) signals is respectively analyzed by ATF and AZPTF based on MCSSD. The simulation results show the variances between the original signals and the filtered signals yielded by AZPTF based on MCSSD are 13.67 and 41.14, which are far less than variances (323.45 and 482.86) between the original signals and the filtered signals obtained by ATF based on MCSSD. The experiment results on the vibration signals of gearboxes indicate that the vibration signals of the two speed-changing gearboxes installed on one foundation bed can be separated by AZPTF effectively. Based on the demodulation information of the vibration signal of each gearbox, the fault diagnosis can be implemented. Both simulation and experiment examples prove that the proposed filter can extract a mono-component time-varying AM-FM signal from the multi-component time-varying AM-FM signal without distortion.     

基于多尺度线调频基稀疏信号分解的包络解调方法及其在齿轮故障诊断中的应用

提出一种基于多尺度线调频基稀疏信号分解的包络信号提取方法,并将其应用于转速剧烈波动情况下的齿轮箱故障诊断。基于多尺度线调频基的稀疏信号分解方法可以根据信号的特点,自适应的选择相应尺度对信号进行投影分解。其库函数的多尺度特性和线调频基函数中频率斜率参数的引入使得该方法比以往使用单一尺度库函数的分解方法更适合分解频率呈曲线变化的非平稳信号。当齿轮出现故障时,振动信号会出现啮合频率调制现象,在齿轮转速大范围波动情况下,载波频率和调制频率均随转速大范围波动。采用基于多尺度线调频基的稀疏信号分解方法,能同时有效提取变转速齿轮故障状态下载波频率和包络信号频率随时间的变化曲线,进而对齿轮箱故障进行诊断,解决经验模态分解方法和小波方法难于对转速剧烈波动情况下的齿轮故障进行诊断的问题。仿真算例和应用实例说明了此方法的有效性。     

基于多尺度线调频基稀疏信号分解的轴承故障诊断

在线调频小波路径追踪算法和稀疏信号分解的基础上,提出一种基于多尺度线调频基的稀疏信号分解方法,并将其应用于非平稳转速下的轴承故障诊断。基于多尺度线调频基的稀疏信号分解方法,根据信号的特点,自适应地选择多尺度的线调频基函数对信号进行投影分解。由于基函数库多尺度特性,使得该方法比以往采用单一尺度库函数的稀疏信号分解方法更适用于分解频率呈曲线变化的非平稳信号。在非恒定转速下,当轴承出现故障时,振动信号中与故障对应的特征频率将会随转速变化而波动,采用基于多尺度线调频基的稀疏信号分解方法能准确获得非平稳转速下轴承故障特征频率随时间的变化情况,进而对其状态和故障特征进行识别,仿真算例和应用实例说明了此方法的有效性。     

基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

针对变转速下齿轮箱中滚动轴承故障调制特征的提取与分离,提出了基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法先用线调频小波路径追踪(CPP)算法从齿轮箱滚动轴承故障振动信号中估计出齿轮啮合频率,由啮合频率除以齿数得到齿轮箱的转速,同时,采用Hilbert包络解调方法获取轴承故障振动信号的包络信号;然后根据获取的转速信息设计各阶时变零相位滤波器;再采用各时变零相位滤波器对包络信号进行分析,获取各调制信号;最后,利用转速信号对求取的各调制信号进行阶次分析,并根据各阶次谱来诊断滚动轴承故障。算法仿真和应用实例分析表明,该方法可有效提取和分离变速齿轮箱中滚动轴承的各阶故障调制特征。     

Signal Separation and Instantaneous Frequency Estimation Based on Multi-scale Chirplet Sparse Signal Decomposition

An approach based an multi-scale chirplet sparse signal de-composition is proposed to separate the multi-component polynomial phase signals, and estimate their instantaneous frequencies. In this paper, we have generated a family of multi-scale chirplet functions which provide good local correlations of chirps over shorter time inter-val. At every decomposition stage, we build the so-called family of chirplets and our idea is to use a structured algorithm which exploits information in the family to chain chirplets together adaptively as to form the polynomial phase signal component whose correlation with the current residue signal is largest. Simultaneously, the polynomial instantaneous frequency is estimated by connecting the linear frequen-cy of the chirplet fixations adopted in the current separation. Simula-tion experiment demonstrated that this method can separate the com-ponents of the multi-component polynomial phase signals effectively even in the low signal-to-noise ratio condition, and estimate its in-stantaneous frequency accurately.     

高速列车转向架区气动噪声分离研究

提出了一种基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换时频分析方法，并将该方法用于行星齿轮箱的故障诊断。该时频分析方法通过使用快速路径优化获得瞬时频率变化规律，在短时傅里叶变换过程中自适应的改变时窗长度，从而获得更恰当的时频分辨率。针对行星齿轮箱运行状态不稳定的特点，通过使用笔者提出的时频分析方法可以有效地提取出行星齿轮箱的转速信息，利用参考转速对故障信号角度域重采样和阶次分析，从而实现变转速情况下的行星齿轮箱故障诊断。仿真分析表明，与传统短时傅里叶变换相比基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换得到的时频分布能量更加集中；试验分析证明了基于快速路径优化的自适应短时傅里叶变换方法在行星齿轮箱故障诊断中的有效性。     

线调频小波路径追踪算法和FrFT相结合的升降速齿轮故障诊断方法

针对升降速阶段齿轮振动信号的非平稳特性,提出线调频小波路径追踪算法和分数阶傅里叶变换(Fractional Fouriertransform,FrFT)相结合的齿轮故障诊断方法。该方法采用线调频小波路径追踪算法获得升、降速阶段齿轮振动信号所包含的能量最大信号分量的瞬时频率,并通过对该瞬时频率时频曲线的观察,获得该瞬时频率近似于线性上升或下降的时间范围,提取该时间范围的齿轮振动信号段,用FrFT对所提取的振动信号段进行处理,得到齿轮振动信号段的FrFT频谱图,从FrFT频谱图存在的调制现象来判断齿轮故障。其中FrFT的最佳阶次可由瞬时频率的调频系数计算得到。由于噪声与Chirplet原子的相关性很小,使得线调频小波路径追踪方法对噪声不敏感;另一方面,选择合适的分数阶,信号的FrFT将具有很好的信噪分量效果,因此该方法可用于处理升降速阶段的低信噪比齿轮振动信号。仿真分析和应用实例验证了该方法的有效性和良好的抗噪性。     

基于线调频小波路径追踪阶比循环平稳解调的齿轮故障诊断

为从变转速齿轮箱振动信号中提取齿轮故障特征,提出基于线调频小波路径追踪的阶比循环平稳解调方法。该方法利用线调频小波路径追踪算法估计振动信号中的转速信号,根据转速信号对信号进行等角度采样,获取角域周期平稳信号,求取角域信号的循环自相关函数,在特征循环阶比处对循环自相关函数进行切片,并对切片进行解调分析得到切片解调谱,依据切片解调谱进行齿轮故障诊断。由于线调频小波路径追踪算法具有精度高和抗噪能力强的优点,而循环平稳解调算法可以有效提取淹没在噪声中的周期性故障特征,因而,该方法结合了二者的优点,适合于变转速齿轮信号的故障特征提取。算法仿真和应用实例表明,该方法能有效地提取变转速齿轮箱振动信号中的齿轮故障特征。     

基于线调频小波路径追踪阶比跟踪算法的齿轮箱故障诊断研究

针对阶比跟踪转速获取硬件方法需要额外安装转速测量设备,软件方法精度不高、抗噪能力弱的问题,提出基于线调频小波路径追踪瞬时频率估计的齿轮箱阶比跟踪故障诊断方法。该方法利用基于线调频小波路径追踪瞬时频率估计算法适于分解频率呈曲线变化的非平稳信号的特点,采用其对齿轮箱的啮合频率分量进行估计以获取转速信号,依据转速信号对等时间间隔采样信号进行等角度重采样,将非平稳信号转化为角域平稳信号,得到振动信号的阶次谱,判断齿轮箱故障。仿真算例与应用实例表明上述方法在瞬时频率估计方面具有精度高和抗噪能力强的优点,可以根据信号自身的特点自适应的选择基函数,准确地对转速进行估计,其与阶比跟踪算法的结合能有效诊断齿轮箱故障。     

基于改进阶次分析与自适应VMD的变转速齿轮箱故障诊断研究

变转速齿轮箱由于工况复杂导致转频不稳定,齿轮箱的微弱故障信号可能会被掩盖在强噪声中,不能直接应用传统的时频分析方法,为故障特征的提取增加一定的难度.针对变转速信号的处理,传统的计算阶次分析方式(COT)很好地解决了变转速齿轮箱的故障特征难以提取出来的问题,但由于传统COT中所使用的重采样方法是基于样条插值法的,无法根据...     

Gearbox Deterioration Detection under Steady State, Variable Load, and Variable Speed Conditions

Multiple dominant gear meshing frequencies are present in the vibration signals collected from gearboxes and the conventional spiky features that represent initial gear fault conditions are usually difficult to detect. In order to solve this problem, we propose a new gearbox deterioration detection technique based on autoregressive modeling and hypothesis testing in this paper. A stationary autoregressive model was built by using a normal vibration signal from each shaft. The established autoregressive model was then applied to process fault signals from each shaft of a two-stage gearbox. What this paper investigated is a combined technique which unites a time-varying autoregressive model and a two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test, to detect the deterioration of gearing system with simultaneously variable shaft speed and variable load. The time-varying autoregressive model residuals representing both healthy and faulty gear conditions were compared with the original healthy time-synchronons average signals. Compared with the traditional kurtosis statistic, this technique for gearbox deterioration detection has shown significant advantages in highlighting the presence of incipient gear fault in all different speed shafts involved in the meshing motion under variable conditions.     

广义平滑对数正则化稀疏分解方法研究及其在齿轮箱复合故障诊断中的应用

齿轮箱由于其工况复杂、工作环境恶劣,极易发生故障,并且振动信号中往往包含多种成分并且伴随着强烈的背景噪声,给齿轮箱故障诊断带来了很大的困难。稀疏分解方法能够在强背景噪声下有效地提取瞬态特征成分,针对传统稀疏分解方法存在的计算效率低,幅值低估以及估计精度不足等问题,提出了一种基于调Q小波变换(Tunable Q-factor wavelet transform,TQWT)作为稀疏表示字典的广义平滑对数正则化稀疏分解方法。该方法研究了满足紧框架条件的TQWT来构建稀疏表示字典,然后基于Moreau包络平滑思想提出广义平滑对数正则化方法,该罚函数可以在保持幅值的基础上精确重构出齿轮箱故障瞬态成分,最后利用前向后项分裂(Forward-backward splitting,FBS)算法精确求解该稀疏表示模型。仿真信号和试验信号验证了所提方法在齿轮箱复合故障诊断中的有效性。     

基于信号共振稀疏分解的转子早期碰摩故障诊断方法

提出了基于信号共振稀疏分解的转子早期碰摩故障诊断方法,该方法用信号共振稀疏分解从转子系统振动信号中提取早期碰摩冲击信号。与常规的基于频带划分的信号分解方法不同,信号共振稀疏分解方法根据信号中各成分品质因子的不同,将信号分解成高共振分量和低共振分量。当转子出现早期碰摩故障时,振动信号由以转频及谐波为主要成分的周期信号、包含转子故障信息的瞬态冲击信号以及噪声组成。周期信号为窄带信号,具有高的品质因子,可分解为高共振分量;瞬态冲击信号为宽带信号,具有低的品质因子,可分解为低共振分量。利用信号共振稀疏分解方法从转子早期碰摩信号中提取冲击成分,根据冲击的周期可进行转子早期碰摩故障诊断。算法仿真和应用实例验证了该方法从转子系统中提取早期碰摩冲击信号的有效性。
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Gearbox fault detection using Hilbert and wavelet packet transform

Demodulation is an important issue in gearbox fault detection. Non-stationary modulating signals increase difficulties of demodulation. Though wavelet packet transform has better time–frequency localisation, because of the existence of meshing frequencies, their harmonics, and coupling frequencies generated by modulation, fault detection results using wavelet packet transform alone are usually unsatisfactory, especially for a multi-stage gearbox which contains close or identical frequency components. This paper proposes a new fault detection method that combines Hilbert transform and wavelet packet transform. Both simulated signals and real vibration signals collected from a gearbox dynamics simulator are used to verify the proposed method. Analysed results show that the proposed method is effective to extract modulating signal and help to detect the early gear fault.     

基于LMD的包络谱特征值在齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用研究

针对齿轮箱故障振动信号大多是多分量的调幅-调频信号,而传统包络分析法又太依赖经验值选取参数的问题,对齿轮箱振动信号的分解方法、包络分析方法以及提取特征值等方面进行了研究,提出了一种基于局部均值分解(local mean de-composition,LMD)的包络谱特征值的方法。该方法首先利用局部均值分解对齿轮箱信号进行了处理,获得了包含有不同频率特征的PF(product function)分量,最后对包含有主要故障信息的第一级PF分量进行了包络分析,提取了包络谱的特征频率,以此来判别齿轮箱的工作状态和故障类型。利用齿轮箱正常状态、局部损伤、磨损故障3种齿轮箱振动信号的实例进行了验证。研究结果表明,利用LMD分解后求取包络谱特征频率的方法能够较为准确地判别齿轮箱的工作状态和故障类型。     

Adaptive filtering based system for extracting gearbox condition feature from the measured vibrations

Vibration signals measured from a gearbox are complex multi-component signals, generated by tooth meshing, gear shaft rotation, gearbox resonance vibration signatures and a substantial amount of noise. This article presents a novel scheme for extracting gearbox fault features using adaptive filtering techniques for enhancing condition features, meshing frequency sidebands. A modified least mean square (LMS) algorithm is developed and validated using only one accelerometer, instead of using two accelerometers in traditional arrangement, as the main signal and a desired signal is artificially generated from the measured shaft speed and gear meshing frequencies. The proposed scheme is applied to a signal simulated from gearbox frequencies with a numerous values of step size. Findings confirm that 10⁻⁵ step size invariably produces more accurate results and there has been a substantial improvement in signal clarity (better signal-to-noise ratio); which make meshing frequency sidebands more discernible. The developed scheme is validated via a number of experiments carried out using two-stage helical gearbox for a pair of healthy gears and one pair suffering from a tooth breakage with severity fault 1 (25% tooth removal), and fault 2 (50% tooth removal) under loads (0%, and 80% of the total load). The experimental results show remarkable improvements and enhance gear fault features. This paper illustrates that the new approach offers a more effective way to detect early faults.     

基于改进经验小波变换的行星齿轮箱故障诊断

行星齿轮箱振动信号具有复杂多分量和调幅-调频的特点。幅值解调和频率解调方法能够避免传统Fourier频谱中的复杂边带分析,有效识别故障特征频率。经验小波变换通过对信号Fourier频谱的分割构造一组正交滤波器组,能提取具有紧支撑Fourier频谱的单分量成分,再对单分量成分运用Hilbert变换即可实现信号的解调分析。经验小波变换能够有效分离出调幅-调频成分,不存在模态混叠现象,具有完备的理论基础,自适应性好、算法简单、计算速度快。将改进的经验小波变换应用于行星齿轮箱振动信号的解调分析;提出了一种单分量个数的估算方法,解决了经验小波变换中的Fourier频谱划分问题;给出了对故障敏感的信号分量的选取方法,提高了分析的针对性。将改进方法应用于行星齿轮箱振动仿真信号和实验信号分析,验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于变分模态分解的风电齿轮箱轴承故障诊断方法

双馈异步风力发电机采用变转速变桨距的控制策略以保持风力最大功率捕获,风电齿轮箱时刻处于变速变载的恶劣工况,其关键部件极易受到损伤。针对齿轮箱轴承故障特征易受到风机变工况干扰的问题,提出了一种变分模态分解与瑞利熵相结合的特征分析方法,实现对风电齿轮箱高速轴轴承健康状态系数的估计。本文以双馈异步风机齿轮箱高速轴轴承作为研究对象,研究了其在变转速变负载工况下的外圈故障特性。通过对比振动信号的频域特征参数与小波包分解能量特征结果,证明变工况运行条件下变分模态分解与瑞利熵相结合的故障诊断方法能够有效地辨识故障轴承。     

基于包络加窗同步平均的行星齿轮箱特征提取

行星齿轮箱由于行星轮通过效应、太阳轮与行星架的旋转及时变工况,导致其振动响应存在时变传递路径及非平稳性等特点,且传统的同步平均将不能直接应用于行星齿轮箱。笔者在国外加窗同步平均的基础上提出一种能有效克服时变传递路径及非平稳性的基于包络信号角域加窗同步平均的行星齿轮箱故障特征提取方法。首先,基于谱峭度提取出行星齿轮箱振动信号的包络信号;其次,再利用计算阶比跟踪技术对包络信号进行等角度重采样,行星架每旋转一圈,选择合适的窗函数对角域信号进行多齿宽加窗截取;最后,验证齿轮啮合齿序特征,根据重排齿序对加窗信号进行重构振动分离信号,对振动分离信号进行角域同步平均,提取行星齿轮箱故障特征。行星齿轮箱故障实测信号分析表明,该方法能有效提取行星齿轮箱故障特征。