文摘

2000022空气中沥青烟的浓度测定及其治理[刊,中]/张中豪//化学世界,2000,41(1):47～50通过催化氧化和红外分析,实现了空气中沥青烟浓度的定量测定,方法简易。对沥青烟的脱除效果研究表明,采用固体吸附剂能使其脱除率大于90%,可用于污染治理。图3表1参82000023锂离子二次电池负极材料的研究[刊,中]/吴宇平,姜长印,万春荣,李建军//化学世界,2000,41(1):3～9综述了最近几年来锂离子二次电池负极材料的研究。研究的负极材料主要有:改性炭材料、氮化物、硅化物、氧化物和新型合金。通过引入金属和非金属元素,炭材料的可逆容量、循环性能有了一定…     

锂离子电池概述及负极材料研究进展

文章对锂离子电池的工作原理、应用领域及其负极材料作了箍要概述,并综述了碳材料、氧化物负极材料、金属及合金类负极材料和复合负极材料等多种负极材料的研究概况。     

锂离子电池的研究进展(二)

1正极由于提高负极材料对锂离子的嵌入和脱出能力是目前提高锂离子电池容量的主要途径,因此对负极材料,尤其是碳材料的研究备受关注,相关的研究正如火如荼地进行着。但是,只有正极材料和负极材料相互匹配,才能使电池容量得到真正的提高,因此对于正极材料的研究也是方兴未艾。目前研究主要集中在锂钴氧化物、锂镍氧化物和锂锰氧化物。此外,纳米电极材料、共混电极及其他一些新材料电极也值得关注。1.1锂钴氧化物作为锂离子电池正极材料的锂钴氧化物具有电压高、放电平稳、适合大电流放电、比能量高、循环性好等优点。其二维层状结构属于α-N…     

锂离子电池锡基合金负极材料研究进展

锡合金负极材料由于具有加工性能好、导电率高、对环境的敏感性没有碳材料明显等优点,未来有希望取代碳负极材料。但由于其首次不可逆容量高。循环性能不好。影响了其商业化的进程。作者对近年来有关于锡合金负极材料的研究进行了分析;重点介绍了锡合金储锂机理,比较了不同合成方法及组成对材料性能的影响。总结了材料存在的问题,并时锡合金负极材料的前景进行了展望。     

尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12负极材料的研究进展

锂离子电池以其高功率和高能量密度等优点而被认为是电动汽车和其他便携式电器的最有前途的动力能源。提高电化学性能及其安全性是锂离子电池面临的主要挑战。尖晶石型钛酸锂因具有良好的结构稳定性、安全性以及高倍率充放电性能,成为锂离子动力电池负极材料的研究热点。综述了国内外钛酸锂负极材料的最新研究进展,包括：合成方法,掺杂、表面改性,重点阐述了碳材料表面改性及其应用,展望了钛酸锂作为混合动力电池负极材料的发展趋势。     

特种陶瓷材料的研究进展

特种陶瓷也称为先进陶瓷、现代陶瓷、新型陶瓷、高性能陶瓷、高技术陶瓷和精细陶瓷,突破了传统陶瓷以黏土为主要原料的界限,主要以氧化物、炭化物、氮化物、硅化物等为主要原料,有时还可以与金属进行复合形成陶瓷金属复合材料,是一种采用现代材料工艺制备的、     

钠离子电池研究进展

钠离子电池具有比能量高、安全性能好、价格低廉等优点,在储能领域有望成为锂离子电池的替代品。本文阐述了钠离子电池的研究现状,对钠离子电池研究的正负极材料、电解质的制备以及其电化学性能作了概述性讨论。正极材料有氧化物型、聚阴离子型;负极材料有碳基材料、钛基材料和合金负极材料等;电解液有有机溶剂电解液和凝胶聚合物电解液,并分别阐明了各种材料的优势和局限性。最后指出了这类高效钠二次电池体系有可能逐渐替代锂离子电池,并指明了现阶段发展钠离子的主要问题是不同体系材料的相互匹配。     

改善锂硫电池循环性能的研究进展

综述了制约锂硫电池循环性能的因素和正极、负极、电解质对锂硫电池循环性能改善的影响。介绍了制约锂硫电池循环性能的主要因素：不可逆硫化锂的形成、硫正极多孔结构的失效和电解液组分与锂负极的副反应。分别介绍了改善锂硫电池循环性能的途径：合适的黏合剂、碳材料、正极制备工艺,锂负极保护技术,合理组分的电解质,电池结构与设计。并在此基础上对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

锂金属电池发展及材料分析

随着人们对锂电池续航要求不断提高，开发新体系的锂电池成为研究的热点。锂金属电池凭借着较高的比能量，吸引着众多的关注。但是由于存在正极材料克容量和稳定性不足、固态电解质材料界面阻抗大以及锂金属负极膨胀等各方面的限制，导致目前锂金属电池距离大规模应用仍有一段距离。本文从常用的正极材料、锂金属负极材料以及固态电解质材料出发，论证分析了各个材料目前的技术进展，并评估了各个材料的发展前景。     

锂离子电池铁氧化物负极材料的研究进展

铁氧化物负极材料具有较高的储锂容量和较低的电压平台,是最具潜力的下一代锂离子电池负极材料之一,而且铁氧化物负极材料具有合成方法简单、对环境友好等特点,受到研究者的关注。本文介绍了铁氧化物负极材料在锂离子电池中的应用以及最新进展情况,总结了铁氧化物材料的不同制备方法,重点分析了不同铁氧化物负极材料在电化学性能方面表现出的差异,展望了铁氧化物负极材料电化学性能的研究趋势。     

钾离子电池研究进展

阐述了钾离子电池关键材料和电池技术的研究现状,特别是对普鲁士蓝类和P2、P3相层状氧化物材料作为正极材料的电化学性能及存在的问题、碳基负极材料（石墨、硬碳、软碳等）的电化学性能及钾离子脱嵌机理、当前所用电解液的优缺点等方面都进行了较为全面的讨论和分析。分析表明普鲁士蓝和非石墨材料等材料已经同时展示出较高的比容量和循环性能,而对于层状氧化物材料和石墨材料,钾离子的电化学嵌入/脱出伴随显著的体积变化和复杂的相变,同时与正负极材料具有高度相容性的电解液尚未获得。指出钾离子电池需要进一步发展其电极材料和电解液。     

锂离子电池石墨负极材料的改性研究进展

石墨类碳负极材料作为电化学嵌锂宿主材料的研究一直是锂离子电池负极材料研究的重点。本文简述了石墨作为锂离子电池负极材料的结构,分析了石墨作为负极材料的优缺点,综述了石墨负极材料的改性方法及其研究进展,指出了石墨改性的发展方向。通过改性处理可以提高可逆比容量和首次库仑效率,改善其倍率性能和循环稳定性,有效改善石墨电极的综合电化学性能。     

Li ion battery materials with core-shell nanostructures

Nanomaterials have some disadvantages in application as Li ion battery materials, such as low density, poor electronic conductivity and high risk of surface side reactions. In recent years, materials with core-shell nanostructures, which was initially a common concept in semiconductors, have been introduced to the field of Li ion batteries in order to overcome the disadvantages of nanomaterials, and increase their general performances in Li ion batteries. Many efforts have been made to exploit core-shell Li ion battery materials, including cathode materials, such as lithium transition metal oxides with varied core and shell compositions, and lithium transition metal phosphates with carbon shells; and anode materials, such as metals, alloys, Si and transition metal oxides with carbon shells. More recently, graphene has also been proposed as a shell material. All these core-shell nanostructured materials presented enhanced electrochemical capacity and cyclic stability. In this review, we summarize the preparation, electrochemical performances, and structural stability of core-shell nanostructured materials for lithium ion batteries, and we also discuss the problems and prospects of this kind of materials.     

Nanostructured metal oxide-based materials as advanced anodes for lithium-ion batteries

The search for new electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has been an important way to satisfy the ever-growing demands for better performance with higher energy/power densities, improved safety and longer cycle life. Nanostructured metal oxides exhibit good electrochemical properties, and they are regarded as promising anode materials for high-performance LIBs. In this feature article, we will focus on three different categories of metal oxides with distinct lithium storage mechanisms: tin dioxide (SnO(2)), which utilizes alloying/dealloying processes to reversibly store/release lithium ions during charge/discharge; titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), where lithium ions are inserted/deinserted into/out of the TiO(2) crystal framework; and transition metal oxides including iron oxide and cobalt oxide, which react with lithium ions via an unusual conversion reaction. For all three systems, we will emphasize that creating nanomaterials with unique structures could effectively improve the lithium storage properties of these metal oxides. We will also highlight that the lithium storage capability can be further enhanced through designing advanced nanocomposite materials containing metal oxides and other carbonaceous supports. By providing such a rather systematic survey, we aim to stress the importance of proper nanostructuring and advanced compositing that would result in improved physicochemical properties of metal oxides, thus making them promising negative electrodes for next-generation LIBs.     

二次锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti5O12的研究进展

Li4Ti5O12由于其长的循环寿命及高的安全性能,成为二次锂离子电池,特别是动力电池的优秀候选材料.本文综述了负极材料Li4Ti5O12的结构、合成方法、物理特性和电化学性能,着重介绍了各种元素的掺杂对Li4Ti5O12循环容量、充放电电压平台及高倍率性能的影响.     

Review of non-platinum anode catalysts for DMFC and PEMFC application

Articles devoted to non-platinum anode catalysts for DMFC and PEMFC application, operated in acidic media were reviewed. Several classes of possible platinum substitutes based on transition metal carbides, oxides, alloys and new exotic catalysts were described, with focus on synthetic methods, corrosion stability and activity in reactions of methanol/hydrogen oxidation. Directions for future research in field of non-platinum anode materials were discussed.     

两种工业合成单硅烷的工艺介绍

单硅烷(SiH4)作为一种提供硅组分的气体源,可用于制造多种高纯度晶体硅、非晶硅、氮化硅、氧化硅及金属硅化物,详细介绍了硅化镁法和还原法制备SiH4的工艺。硅化镁法的优点是工艺简单、成熟,原料易得;其缺点是分离和回收液氨时能耗大,SiH4收率相对较低。还原法的优点是可实现连续化生产、反应易于控制。     

Formation and reactivity of borides,carbides and silicides. I. Review and introduction

Borides, carbides and silicides are reviewed with special reference to newer production methods and fabrication techniques. Crystal structures and types of bonding in binary and ternary compounds are classified and discussed. The scope and limitations of the Pauling-Rundle theory, molecular orbital treatment and the Ubbelohde-Samsonov theory are examined critically and appropriate experimental evidence is summarised. Information so far available on the sintering of borides, carbides and silicides is summarised in relation to their chemical reactivity. The sintering is influenced by additives or impurities such as oxides formed by partial hydrolysis and oxidation. Resistance to oxidation is increased by sintering and hot pressing the refractories, but since the affinity of the metals is exclusively higher for oxygen, exchange reactions diminish the quality of the materials. Boride and carbide coatings generally have poor resistance in air or oxygen, but some silicides are more suitable. The kinetics and products of oxidation of borides, carbides and silicides so far studied depend mainly on the intrinsic reactivity of the material and the available surface at which oxidation can occur.     

尖晶石LiMn2O4正极材料的研究进展

综述了近年来锂离子电池正极材料尖晶石LiMn2O4的研究进展。主要阐述了LiMn2O4的制备方法、晶体结构、电性能以及改性方法等方面的发展状况。