Switching surge overvoltages on the feeding system of a MAGLEV train

This paper investigates switching surge overvoltages due to a section switchgear between coils and a feeding cable, and surge overvoltages due to a ground fault in the feeding cable. The maximum overvoltage due to switchgear closing is about 25 kV on the coil and 15 kV on the cable sheath. The coil overvoltage becomes greater as a source voltage reaches its peak. The overvoltages due to switchgear breaking is dependent on the breaking current and they reach 115 kV on the coil and 15 kV on the cable sheath when the current is 50 A. The fault surge overvoltage is about 24 kV on the coil which is smaller than the switching overvoltage. On the other hand, the cable sheath overvoltage reaches 32 kV, which is the largest among various overvoltages investigated in this paper, and could result in sheath insulation breakdown. The coil overvoltage due to current breaking by a section switchgear may cause coil insulation breakdown when the breaking current is large. Both the coil and sheath overvoltages can be controlled to less than the insulation level by arresters. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, (4): 58–66, 1998     

Statistical switching overvoltage analysis of the first BC Hydrophase shifting transformer using the Electromagnetic Transients Program

A 400 MVA 230 kV phase-shifting transformer (PST) is to be installed in the Nelway substation of the British Columbia Hydro (BC Hydro) transmission network in 1990. Due to the unique design and construction of the PST, a detailed analysis of the switching overvoltages for insulation coordination was required. This analysis, using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), is described. For accurate representation of the distributed and untransposed nature of overhead transmission lines in the vicinity of the Nelway substation, the untransposed line model developed for the EMTP is used. Statistical switching studies are also performed using the EMTP. The scanned maximum overvoltages obtained from the statistical runs are used to determine the energy requirement of the metal oxide surge arresters. The overvoltage protection level of the PST and the station equipment is also investigated by statistical analysis     

气体绝缘开关设备中特快速瞬态过电压研究的新进展

气体绝缘开关设备（gas insulated switchgear,GIS）中的隔离开关操作空载短母线会产生陡波前、高幅值的特快速瞬态过电压（very fast transient overvoltage,VFTO）、瞬态壳体电位和电磁干扰,对GIS及其连接的具有绕组的设备、与壳体连接的二次设备绝缘产生危害,干扰二次设备工作,严重影响设备的安全运行。对2009年前国内外在VFTO测量方法、特性试验、数字仿真和对绝缘影响以及外部VFTO方面的研究状况进行了综述。概要总结了国家电网公司在特高压GIS中VFTO实测及仿真研究方面取得的新进展,提出了特高压GIS中VFTO需要深化研究的内容,即重点关注VFTO的传播特性与仿真建模,VFTO下的绝缘特性和机制研究,以期全面掌握特高压GIS中VFTO特性,对特高压输变电设备的研制、工程设计和运行提供依据和有益的参考。     

对中国1100 kV电网过电压及绝缘水平的建议

文章对将要建设的交流特高压电网的过电压及绝缘配合问题进行了研究，提出了限制过电压的主要措施、避雷器参数和绝缘水平的建议。主要内容包括：工频暂时过电压，潜供电流，操作过电压，金属氧化物避雷器主要参数，特高压电气设备的绝缘水平等。     

避雷器代替750kV线路合闸电阻

为满足操作过电压设计限值的要求而使用合闸电阻存在诸多缺点,针对西北电网新建750 kV输电线路过电压水平,对沿线增设1组避雷器取代合闸电阻的想法进行了研究。以即将建成的兰州东-银川东750 kV输电线路工程为背景,利用电磁暂态计算程序(PSCAD/EMTDC)分别计算了沿线装设1组避雷器时,线路三相合空线、单相自动重合闸操作过电压水平。研究结果表明,不采取任何限制措施时,线路三相合空线和单相重合闸操作过电压标么值分别为1.94、2.01,超过线路设计要求1.80,而采用一组避雷器代替线路合闸电阻的方案后,则可改善线路过电压分布情况,并将过电压水平降至设计值1.80以下(三相合空线和单相重合闸操作过电压标么值分别为1.79、1.78)。     

Insulation coordination for delta connected transformers

It is common practice to install only phase to ground surge arresters for transformer insulation protection against electrical stresses. However, this may not adequately protect the delta connected transformer phase to phase winding insulation. High phase to phase overvoltages at the transformer terminals, due to capacitor switching, have been reported. This paper describes the excessive phase to phase overvoltages that can also occur due to wave propagation and surge transfer through transformers. This paper points out the need for surge arrester arrangements that protect both phase to phase and phase to ground transformer insulations. Surge arrester arrangements, selection criteria, installation practices, and application considerations are discussed in this paper     

Steep fronts at transient recovery voltages appearing with the interruption of inrush currents of transformers

High lightning overvoltages do not appear in underground substations connected to transmission cables. Consequently, it is very important to thoroughly investigate switching overvoltages and to achieve rational insulation coordination for apparatus installed in such underground substations. This paper discusses the occurrence of steep fronts at transient recovery voltages (TRV) appearing at circuit breakers when the inrush currents of transformers are interrupted. Caused by a steep front at the TRV, reignitions occur at circuit breakers, resulting in the generation of high overvoltages with high frequencies. The overvoltages are among the highest switching overvoltages appearing at the terminal of a transformer. The authors clarified the mechanism of the generation of steep fronts at TRV by means of EMTP analysis, as well as by carrying out tests in a high‐power laboratory. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(1): 24–32, 2001     

过电压监测技术与设备绝缘状态研究分析

针对电力系统的暂态过电压产生的危害问题,提出了开展暂态过电压监测的重要性,在此基础上设计了一种暂态过电压监测装置,长期挂网运行证明,该装置工作稳定、可靠.通过暂态过电压的在线监测,基于绝缘配合与设备绝缘状态的关系,综合分析变电设备的绝缘工作状况.预测变电设备的绝缘状态,提出对变电设备进行预防性检修与预知性维护工作的依据.     

天生桥—广州直流工程控制保护系统改造后的过电压分析

基于改造后的天生桥—广州±500 kV高压直流输电工程,计算分析了在换流变Y/Y线圈阀侧单相接地、交流相间操作冲击、逆变侧失交流电源和逆变侧闭锁而旁通对未解锁4种典型故障工况下的系统过电压,确保在改造后的控制保护系统下,系统各点过电压及避雷器能耗限制在合理范围内,各电气设备能安全运行。分析结果表明:换流变Y/Y线圈阀侧单相接地故障将在中性母线上产生较高过电压,中性母线避雷器能耗较大;交流相间操作冲击会在阀两端产生较大过电压,阀避雷器动作;逆变侧失交流电源会在逆变站交流母线产生较高过电压,交流母线避雷器动作。逆变侧闭锁而旁通对未解锁会在逆变侧直流极线产生很高的过电压,直流极线避雷器能耗较大。上述4种故障工况下,各避雷器能耗均未超过设计通流容量,避雷器能安全稳定运行。     

Investigation of VFT surges propagated into transformer and overvoltages applied to winding

Investigations were conducted on the VFT (Very Fast Transient) surges that propagate into a 500‐kV transformer. The disconnector restriking surge and ground fault surged were discussed. It was regarded that a large part of the surge voltage was applied just at the entrance of the transformer winding for the VFT surges. Thus, an equivalent circuit that models the windings was used for the analysis. The overvoltages that appear between the first winding sections at the entrance of the transformer were computed. The following was established. (1) The overvoltage between the first winding sections becomes greater when the magnitude of the voltage change at the transformer terminal is larger. The overvoltage between the first winding sections is not affected by the magnitude of the transformer terminal voltage. (2) For the disconnectors that are not connected directly to the transformer, the voltage change at the transformer terminal is not so large. (3) In the case of a ground fault at the GIS near the transformer, the voltage change at the transformer terminal is the same as that for a disconnector directly connected to the transformer. (4) In actual GIS, the disconnector that is connected directly to the transformer is not usually used. In this situation, the overvoltages that threaten the transformer insulation will not be generated by the restriking of the disconnectors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(2): 20–26, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10225     

TBP在抑制中压电动机操作过电压中的应用

理论分析表明 ,由于操作过电压主要产生在中压电动机的相间 ,而现行的ZnO避雷器皆为星型接线 ,所以 ,它对中压电动机相对地的绝缘可起到一定的保护作用 ,而对相间绝缘则完全不能进行保护 ,为此 ,文中阐述了TBP抑制中压电动机操作过电压的特性及其应用     

Surge Limiters for Vacuum Circuit Breaker Switchgear

The use of vacuum circult breakers In motor feeder applications (where motor terminal surge protection is not normally used) may require overvoltage surge protection within the switchgear to properly protect the motors. This need can be fulfilled by surge limiters designed for installation within the switchgear connected to the load side of the vacuum circuit breaker. This paper reviews the basic phenomena which cause vacuum switchgear related surges and dtscusses the need for surge limiters. This paper also describes the design of these surge limiters and provides information and performance data for their application.     

Surge limiters for vacuum circuit breakers

Computer modeling was used to confirm the applications which require surge protection and to verify that surge limiters installed within the switchgear will provide this protection. The basic phenomena which cause vacuum-switchgear-related surges are reviewed, and the need for surge limiters is discussed. Also described is the design of these surge limiters. Information and performance data for their applications are provided. The potential sources of switching overvoltages are reviewed and the basic requirements of surge limiters are described     

1000kV交流输电线路的故障激发过电压研究

在简述1000kV特高压输电线路故障激发过电压的基础上,研究了国家电网公司规划建设的晋东南-南阳-荆门单回百万伏级输变电工程在线路上单相或多相接地或相间故障引起的过电压和故障切除时的过电压两种情况下由故障激发的操作过电压,并提出了包括沿线装设氧化锌避雷器、使用可控并联电抗器以及装设并联开关电阻等限制故障过电压水平的措施。仿真计算表明,并联电抗器补偿容量越大,故障激发过电压越低;而仅在线路两端装设避雷器可在一定程度上降低单相重合闸故障引起的过电压,但过电压水平仍然比较高,还需要进一步采取措施;如同时使用并联合闸电阻和氧化锌避雷器,则能明显限制故障激发过电压的水平。     

Studies on the impact of capacitor bank switching on grid connected transformers

Switching events in power system generate transients. These transients have unfavorable impact on grid connected EHV transformers due to their complex oscillatory wave shapes embodying wide spectrum of frequencies. One or more of these frequency components can often excite the natural resonant frequencies of the transformer windings while travelling through transformers and may result severe internal voltage amplification and development of abnormal voltage stresses on the transformer insulation. While designing insulation for grid connected EHV transformers, adequate considerations must therefore be given to the voltage stresses which are likely to develop on the insulation during such occurrences of oscillatory transient overvoltages. In this paper, the authors have analyzed the stresses developed in the windings of a 400/220/33 kV grid connected transformer operating in the National Power Grid of India by model based studies when natural frequencies of the windings are triggered by oscillatory transient overvoltages originated from deliberate switching of static capacitor banks at substation.     

基于变压器绕组中谐振过电压识别的传输函数(英文)

Power transformer insulation systems are subjected to many stresses during normal operation due to lightning and switching.If the spectrum of incoming surge voltage matches the winding one,the corresponding resonance will be excited.Therefore external transients occurring in power systems might trigger internal overvoltages with large maximum value in transformer windings.Overvoltages having such characteristic have been the root cause of many power transformer failures.The paper presents an approach to the identification of sensitive zones in the transformer windings based on the measurements of overvoltages inside windings and frequency dependences of admittance of the power transformer.The frequency characteristic of the transformer winding may determine those regions in the frequency spectrum.The presented approach might be used both for design optimization and diagnostics of distribution and power transformers.     

Study of abnormal electrical phenomena effects on GSU transformers

Three generator-step-up (GSU) transformers successively failed in a large pumped storage plant, resulting in a considerable economic loss for the utility. A comprehensive investigation was done to find out the possible failure causes. Several aspects are considered in this study, including switching transients resulting from routine switching operations, lightning overvoltages, and harmonics and spikes due to static frequency converter (SFC) operation. The study showed that circuit breaker and disconnector restriking may affect transformer insulation due to their frequent occurrence, gas insulated switching gear (GIS) side surge arresters provide inadequate lightning protection to GSU transformers, and SFC operation has little effect on transformer insulation. This paper presents the simulation results. Methods to lower the lightning transients at the transformer terminals were provided and implemented.     

500kV香山变电站变压器中性点小电抗过电压研究

为限制单相接地短路电流,香山变主变中性点装设15Ω小电抗.通过对小电抗上的工频过电压及操作过电压进行计算分析,得出中性点小电抗的绝缘水平是足够的结论,并选择了中性点小电抗避雷器,确保该小电抗安全运行.     

配电变压器雷击建模及雷电防护

配电变压器(简称配变)作为配网的重要组成部分,绝缘水平低,易遭受雷电过电压的侵害,其安全运行对配电网稳定性及可靠性具有十分重要的意义。采用散射参数测量法,测量配变散射参数并经数据处理获得配变的阻抗幅频特性,经电路拟合构建了适用于雷击情况的配变宽频模型,并经基于模拟退火法的粒子群算法对等效电路参数进行优化,实测结果表明配变实际输出响应与文中宽频模型仿真结果吻合度较高。基于该宽频模型分析了冲击电晕对配变过电压传播的影响以及配变防雷保护措施,结果表明冲击电晕显著减小配变过电压幅值,配变低压侧加装避雷器对其防雷作用明显。     

1000kV GIS变电所VFTO特性研究

为确保特高压输电工程的安全可靠,结合我国特高压输电试验示范工程计算分析了GIS和HGIS变电所的特快速瞬态过电压(VFTO)。研究表明,GIS变电所隔离开关开合短线时可能产生高达3p.u.左右的VFTO,对GIS本体绝缘和二次设备可能构成危害。研究了GIS隔离开关装并联分合闸电阻对限制VFTO的作用后,建议GIS变电所采用并联分合闸电阻(约500Ω),提出了并联分合闸电阻的相关参数的建议值;GIS变电所中的主变压器和GIS是经架空线相连接,在变压器上的VFTO不高;HGIS变电所中的VFTO不高,在允许范围内,其隔离开关可不装并联分合闸电阻。