土壤中石油类污染物迁移转化及分析方法研究进展

针对土壤中石油污染问题,综述了石油类污染物的分类及其进入土壤后的迁移转化过程,指出前处理是土壤中石油烃测定的关键。列表对比了土壤中常见石油类污染物萃取方法的优缺点。目前,常用萃取技术包括:索氏提取、超声萃取、微波萃取、超临界萃取技术、加压流体萃取以及超声索氏联合萃取技术,其中联合萃取技术效果好、省时且回收率较高,可作为今后的主要研究方向。指出溶剂选择是前处理的关键,绿色、低毒或无毒萃取溶剂是萃取剂选择和开发的发展方向。同时还针对土壤中石油烃检测技术的优点及其适用范围进行比较,红外对土壤中石油烃总量的测定以及色谱联用技术对石油烃各组分测定具有一定优势,方法较为成熟。     

水中萃取性石油烃的气相色谱分析方法

论述了液液萃取气相色谱测定水中萃取性石油烃的分析方法。以石油烃标准溶液进行外标校正,以色谱出峰总面积进行定量。对方法检出限、精密度、准确度进行了测定。该方法操作简单,结果准确。     

油污土壤中石油烃含量测定方法探究

为了解油污土壤中石油烃含量测量方法应用效果,分别用微波萃取、索氏萃取、超声萃取、快速溶剂萃取法,对污染样中石油烃类物质进行了萃取措施。并利用红外分光光度法,对石油及副产品污染土壤中石油烃含量进行了测试。得出快速萃取——红外分光光度法萃取率较高,且萃取剂用量少。可以为石油及其副产物污染土壤中石油烃含量的高效、精确测定提供依据。     

土壤中石油烃-重金属复合污染物的环境归趋及对修复效能的影响研究进展

综述了石油烃-重金属复合污染、特别是复合污染物在环境中的迁移转化及其对常规修复技术效能产生的影响。土壤中的石油烃在生物或非生物降解过程中均有可能产生中间产物,重金属在环境中也会发生赋存形态和可迁移性的改变,这些变化将影响污染物在土壤环境中的赋存形态与迁移方式,进而影响修复技术的效能。还讨论了本领域未来的研究方向。     

油污染海砂中石油烃含量的萃取测定方法研究

对振荡萃取法、超声萃取法、索氏萃取法和超声索氏萃取法萃取回收海砂中石油污染物(TPH)的效果进行了研究。对超声萃取法、索氏萃取法、超声索氏萃取法的影响因素进行了分析,优化条件。尝试采用灼烧法来测定海砂中的石油烃含量。研究表明,灼烧法仅适用于水分含量和有机质含量较少的海砂。超声萃取法和超声索氏萃取法可作为重量法测定海砂中总石油烃含量时的萃取方法。     

微生物降解石油烃研究进展

石油烃对环境产生的污染是目前全球普遍关注的焦点问题,生物修复是治理石油烃污染的最为有效的途径之一。探讨了石油烃降解菌的分类、细菌对烃的黏附性以及基因工程菌的开发,讨论了微生物降解石油烃的影响因素和新的技术方法,并进行了展望。     

优化超声萃取滩涂底质中石油烃总量的研究

根据海洋监测规范中沉积物中油类的检测方法(GB 17378.5—2007),应用超生萃取滩涂石油污染土壤中的石油烃,研究萃取剂、萃取时间、萃取次数、萃取温度以及液固比的影响。结果表明,超生萃取滩涂石油污染土壤的最佳条件为:萃取剂为二氯甲烷,萃取温度30℃,萃取时间15 min,液固比为6∶1 m L/g,萃取次数为2次。在此条件下,2%,1%,0.5%和0.1%的石油污染滩涂底质的萃取率分别达到90.09%,88.86%,82.65%和85.71%。     

优化超声萃取滩涂底质中石油烃总量的研究

根据海洋监测规范中沉积物中油类的检测方法(GB 17378.5—2007),应用超生萃取滩涂石油污染土壤中的石油烃,研究萃取剂、萃取时间、萃取次数、萃取温度以及液固比的影响。结果表明,超生萃取滩涂石油污染土壤的最佳条件为:萃取剂为二氯甲烷,萃取温度30℃,萃取时间15 min,液固比为6∶1 m L/g,萃取次数为2次。在此条件下,2%,1%,0.5%和0.1%的石油污染滩涂底质的萃取率分别达到90.09%,88.86%,82.65%和85.71%。     

石油烃类的微生物降解研究进展

石油作为重要能源之一已被世界各国广泛使用,随之而来的石油烃污染已经对人类生存的土壤及水体环境造成了严重的危害,微生物降解是一种处理石油烃污染的理想方法.综述了降解菌种类和不同烃类的微生物代谢途径,分析了包括温度、营养物、氧和pH值等环境因素对石油烃降解的影响,为进一步的研究应用提供参考依据.     

高效石油降解菌筛选及其应用的研究

在污水处理厂中,从长期被石油污染的土壤和水体中采取样品,以石油烃为唯一碳源,通过富集培养分离进行高效石油烃降解菌的筛选;以革兰氏染色方法对其进行初步鉴定;确定最佳培养条件和环境,最后在温室内,通过研究高效石油烃降解菌对石油烃污染土壤的修复实验来评估高效石油烃降解菌的实际应用效果。     

石油污染水体的生物修复

生物修复是处理石油污染水体效果最好的一种方法，具有广阔的应用前景。本文简述了石油的组成、生物修复的概念及类型，对石油烃的微生物摄取、降解机制、生物修复的影响因素及强化途径等进行了详细论述，并对石油污染水体生物修复的现状及今后的发展趋势进行了讨论。     

石油降解菌在高矿化度采油污水处理中的应用

监测了孤岛油田污水处理站处理工艺生化段的运行效果，并借助GC－MS分析，描述了生化处理单元28种有机物浓度的变化。结果表明，生化曝气池为处理工艺的控制环节之一，其中投加的石油降解菌在高矿化度条件下对烃类物质具有很好的去除效果。     

Cell membranes and multilamellar vesicles: Influence of pH on solvent induced damage

Pigment leakage from sheep and horse erythrocytes and from red beet tissue induced by non-polar solvents was determined as a function of pH. The results were compared to disruption of multilamellar vesicles (MLV) composed of phospholipids with equimolar cholesterol under identical conditions of solvent exposure and pH. Solvent access to cholesterol was used to measure vesicle disruption. MLV were made from 1,2-dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine sphingomyelin (SP) and various phosphatidylcholines to simulate the major lipid components of membranes. Pigment leakage from erythrocytes caused by petroleum hydrocarbon (b.p. 60–80°C) was maximal at pH 2–4 and at pH 10, but minimal at pH 6.8; alcohols caused less pigment leakage than petroleum hydrocarbon. Betacyanin leakage from beet tissue induced by petroleum hydrocarbon was maximal at pH 2, with very little leakage at pH 4, 6.6 and pH 10. Alcohols caused minimal damage to beet tissue above pH 2. Cholesterol removal by petroleum hydrocarbon from MLV of mixed lipid composition was maximal at pH 2–4, reduced at pH 6.8 and minimal at pH 10. Lipid mixtures in which fatty acyl side chains of one phospholipid were of a different length than the other lost more sterol than mixtures in which the acyl side chains were of identical chain length. MLV with more than 25% SP lost more sterol than those with less or no SP. Results show that in mixtures of phospholipids, SP exposes the hydrocarbon phase of a bilayer to solvent extraction, a property that was also observed in native membranes. Erythrocyte membranes, which contain SP, were more severely damaged by petroleum hydrocarbon than beet cells, which have none. Membranes from erythrocytes were more prone to solvent disruption at pH 10 than MLV, but they were more resistant at physiological pH. It is suggested that conformational changes in membrane proteins due to shifts in pH cause exposure of hydrophobic portions of surrounding lipids to the environment. At neutral pH, the native conformation of proteins is expected to stabilize the bilayer of membranes.     

地下水有机污染的原位生物修复技术及其应用

文章介绍了世界范围内地下水的有机污染现状,并分析了地下水中有机污染物的来源。从地下水有机污染对环境及人类健康的危害,提出了地下水有机污染修复的必要性和紧迫性。随后着重介绍了地下水有机污染的几种原位生物修复技术,即生物注射法、有机黏土法、抽提地下水系统与回注系统相结合法、生物反应器法等,说明了它们修复流程及工作原理,并对各自的修复特点进行了比较。紧接着就常见的有机污染类型,如石油烃污染、多换芳香烃污染、氯代烃污染等,提出了相应的原位生物修复方法及其应用效果。最后文章对几种原位生物修复方法进行了总结,指出了生物修复方法存在的不足,并对其更好的应用提出了建议及展望。     

Pollution of Musts and Wines: A New Method for the Determination of Petroleum By-Products Using Fluorescence

Pollution of musts and wines by petroleum by-products may happen accidentally by mechanical machines, particularly during harvests. A new method for detecting and determining this type of pollutant, using fluorescence, has been developed in the present work. The principal pollutant investigated was diesel fuel which exhibits a characteristic fluorescence spectrum, whichever its origin. Fluorescence is principally emitted by traces of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), principally polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), contained in most petroleum by-products. The method involves a liquid-liquid extraction of PAHs using cyclohexane and fluorescence measurements were performed on the resulting “cyclohexane extracts.” Some natural compounds extracted from must and wine samples may also exhibit an intrinsic fluorescence emission which interferes with the characteristic fluorescence of pollutants. This is the case, in particular, of tannins contained in red wines and in wood. Thus, this prevents any reliable determination of pollutants. Natural compounds were efficiently separated from PAHs using solid phase extraction by elution of the cyclohexane solution on the florisil phase. The corresponding fluorescence was totally eliminated at the characteristic emission wavelength of pollutants. Thus, the presence of any pollution by diesel fuel could be characterized unambiguously and determined accurately. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be around 0.3 and 1.0 μL L^?1, respectively. Uncertainties on determinations were estimated at less than 20% for diesel fuel, provided a reference spectrum of the pollutant is available. If not, the pollutant concentration can be estimated within a factor two. The evolution of the pollution with time was also investigated over several weeks, particularly during the time of fermentation. The method is fairly simple to implement, quick and reliable.     

用热模拟图版校正法计算高成熟烃源岩油气资源量——以南华北盆地济源凹陷为例

以济源凹陷为例对高成熟烃源岩油气资源量计算方法进行了探讨 ,对热模拟实验的原理与干酪根演化的地质过程进行比较分析。提出实际应用热模拟产烃率图版及镜质体反射率 (R0 )—排烃效率法计算高成熟烃源岩资源量时 ,应考虑液态烃“死亡线”及地质体中烃源岩热演化过程的开放性、阶段性和排烃效率 ,并分析构造运动对油气资源的破坏等因素对热模拟实验产烃率图版进行校正 ,利用校正后产烃率图版计算油气资源量能较客观地反映成熟烃源岩盆地的油气资源潜力。     

Prediction of Liquid Viscosities of Petroleum Fractions

A general equation is proposed for predicting the liquid viscosities of petroleum fzac-riots based on a generalied pseudocompound method in which pure hydrocarbons and undefined hydrocarbon mixtures or petroleum fractions are treated as a hypothetical pure substance called pseudocompound which is chaxacterized only by a boiling point and a density. The equation is tested by using the liquld viscosities of the petroleum fractlons of typical American crude oils and crude oils from major oil producing sreas. Good agreement between the predicted and experlmental viscosities for the petroleum fractions is obtained.     

Prediction of Liquid Viscosities of Petroleum Fractions

   A general equation is proposed for predicting the liquid viscosities of petroleum fractions based on a generalized pseudocompound method in which pure hydrocarbons and undefined hydrocarbon mixtures or petroleum fractions are treated as a hypothetical pure substance called pseudocompound which is characterized only by a boiling point and a density . The equation is tested by using the liquid viscosities of the petroleum fractions of typical American crude oils and crude oils from major oil producing areas. Good agreement between the predicted and experimental viscosities for the petroleum fractions is obtained.     

乙烯裂解原料等效分子组成的预测方法

石油烃的组成分析是建立石油烃热裂解的自由基机理反应模型的前提。本文将作为乙烯裂解原料的石油烃组成分子的结构特征以及石油烃的常规物性数据,如平均分子量、氢碳比、PIONA值、模拟蒸馏馏程等,与信息熵理论相结合,建立了预测其等效分子组成的方法。以预测石脑油、加氢尾油的等效分子组成为例,所产生的等效分子组成的常规物性计算值与实验值吻合较好,验证了该方法的有效性。