一种单电机驱动多指多关节机械手的设计

为了使机械手灵巧、稳妥地抓取物体,设计了一种新型结构的单电机驱动4 指12 关节机械手爪．该手 爪由电机驱动一根十字连杆,其端部分别连接4 个手指的第1 动力连杆;每个手指有3 个指节,由2 个平行四边形 的指节结构确保手指末端做平移运动;每个手指的第2 动力连杆具有延伸滑槽,当第2 动力连杆运动时,经过特别 设计的滑槽在固定支点滑动,可使手指末端匀速运动．该新型的单电机驱动手爪设计方案实现了机械手控制简单、 抓握可靠的目的．     

基于踝关节处人机位姿误差的外骨骼摆动腿控制

提出了一种外骨骼整机运动控制策略,并重点介绍了外骨骼摆动腿的运动规划与PD(比例-微分)控制.作为外骨骼摆动腿运动规划的依据,踝关节处人机位姿误差检测仅需要在腰部与踝足部进行人机绑定,降低了对穿戴者运动的限制与控制系统的复杂性.通过Adams与Matlab验证了作为外骨骼摆动腿PD控制器设计基础的外骨骼动力学模型的正确性.引入卡尔曼滤波器预测穿戴者摆动腿的运动可以在有限的采样频率下改善控制精度.实验结果表明,该方法能有效识别穿戴者摆动腿的运动意图并驱动外骨骼髋、膝关节实现人机踝关节轨迹的跟踪,可用于下肢外骨骼摆动腿的控制.     

元宇宙多模态触觉感知与交互的数据手套技术研究

为了提升元宇宙虚拟手交互的逼真性,研发了一种多模态触觉感知与交互的数据手套系统,该系统具有硬件集成度高、响应速度快、数据采集精确和轻便易穿戴的特点。人手穿戴此数据手套后,系统能够采集人手操作时的温度、指尖按压力和手指弯曲程度等数据,并把这些数据实时赋予给虚拟环境中的虚拟手,让虚拟手具有类似人手的动作行为和感知。提出了一种多通道循环采集数据方法,该方法可以高效且准确地捕捉温度、指尖按压力和手指弯曲程度等异构多模态数据,减轻了数据手套的硬件电路复杂性。实验结果表明,此数据手套在获取实时手指动作信息方面精度较高,提升了虚拟手动作的灵活性、直观性和自然性。     

基于SMA驱动模块的腕部柔性外骨骼设计

针对外骨骼机器人在仿生性、便携性及人机交互性上的问题,提出了一种基于形状记忆合金(SMA)驱动模块的腕部柔性外骨骼.首先,研究SMA弹簧的最大可回复拉伸长度与相变温度特性,建立SMA驱动模块的SMA弹簧与锰钢片的混合模型.然后,根据人体腕关节运动范围和所需拉力,对该混合模型进行参数优化.最后,提出了一种弹性元件势能、风冷和高低电流切换混合的SMA弹簧冷却方法,设计了基于运动角度和相变温度反馈的控制方法.为了验证腕部柔性外骨骼的实际使用效果,进行穿戴训练和测温实验.实验结果表明,该外骨骼的仿生性和柔顺性符合人体腕关节运动特性,其轻质、便携性可提高日常生活活动辅助效果.     

基于光波导的传感驱动一体化软体康复手

针对刚性手功能康复外骨骼机器人适应性差,存在安全隐患问题,该文设计了基于光波导的传感驱动一体化软体康复手控制系统,用于辅助患者手部的康复。通过顺应性融入自制柔性光纤传感器使手指弯曲角度和气腔内压力的反馈信号更加精准。其次,采用一体化多腔室手指的设计方法,使不同手指不同关节弯曲,其结构简单、易于控制,具有良好的被动柔性。然后,结合柔性光纤传感器对软体康复手进行闭环反馈控制,使手部动作更加灵活。最后,实验结果验证了基于光波导的软体手部康复机器人控制系统整体结构小型化,且柔顺性高,患者穿戴更方便。     

具有触觉临场感和肌电仿生控制功能的遥控机械手研究

提出了一种结合触觉临场感和肌电仿生控制技术的遥控机械手控制方法．采集手臂皮肤表面的肌电信号（表面EMG）,结合AR模型和贝叶斯分类方法判断出手部的运动模式,控制机械手完成相应的动作．触滑觉组合传感器以压电材料PVDF为敏感体,安装于遥控机械手的手指上．机械手抓握或触摸物体时产生触滑觉,触滑觉信号经处理后通过电刺激来刺激操控人员,实现触觉临场感;操控者可根据触觉临场感来掌握自己的手部动作．实验表明,所提方法能提高遥控机械手的仿生控制能力．     

线驱无关节手指外骨骼的运动耦合方法

传统的无关节手指外骨骼线缆驱动方法在实施过程中会产生远端关节先于近端关节运动的错误动作顺序.为弥补该缺点,本文利用一对耦合的线缆,提出了一种面向无关节手指外骨骼的线缆驱动运动耦合方案——通过刚柔线缆的交叉使用避免了弯曲方向和伸展方向之间的运动干涉,并在保持传统无关节手指外骨骼驱动方案的简洁紧凑特点的同时使其能够输出正确的运动顺序.阐述了所提方案的工作原理,并对其进行了仿真分析;开发了实验假手并依照假手数据设计外骨骼零件,构建了实验平台,完成了运动耦合的运动学实验,验证了本文方法的正确性和可行性.     

基于实时意图识别的外骨骼机器人步态切换

根据外骨骼穿戴者的实时运动意图,切换外骨骼机器人的行走步态,是外骨骼机器人研究热点问题之一.针对外骨骼机器人能够根据穿戴者的运动意图控制步态切换问题,提出采集人体表面肌电信号进行解码,通过BP神经网络识别穿戴者的运动意图,实现外骨骼进行步态规划,利用关节角度与足底压力的相关性以及重心轨迹,对所规划的步态的稳定性进行分析,依据不同的运动意图完成步态进行实时切换,验证了基于实时意图识别控制的外骨骼步态切换的可行性.     

气动柔性五指机械手的运动学及抓持能力

根据人手仿生学结构,采用2种自主开发的柔性关节,研发了气动柔性仿人机械手.该机械手有5根手指,每根手指由关节本体和驱动装置复合一体的3个柔性关节组成.首先采用参数化齐次坐标变换矩阵,建立了机械手运动学方程.而且分析了机械手的工作空间,并对机械手摆出复杂手势和取物进行了仿真.相应的实物样机实验通过机械手气动平台完成,验证了该机械手的灵活性及其功能.测试了柔性手指在不同通气方式下手指各关节的夹持力.该机械手具有较高灵活性,能够完成抓、握、捏、夹和拧等13种取物模式,对物形变化具有较强的适应性.     

柔性外骨骼手的抓取力控制方法

为了辅助丧失手部运动功能的患者完成日常生活用品的抓取,研制了一种基于线张力反馈的柔性外骨骼机器人系统,其可实现手指指尖抓取力的稳定控制.首先介绍了柔性外骨骼手套的结构设计以及控制策略.然后建立了手指静态力学模型,通过套索入口侧线张力计算得到手指指尖与物体之间的接触力.针对套索传动过程中存在的摩擦损耗问题,通过物理方法将套索累计弯曲角度的变化范围限制在0?～90?范围内,并采用中值补偿的方法对摩擦损耗进行补偿.最后通过柔性外骨骼手套抓取力控制实验验证了手指静态力学模型以及摩擦补偿方法的有效性,手指指尖接触力的误差最大范围为±1 N.为了验证柔性外骨骼手套的实际使用效果,在丧失手部运动功能的患者身上进行了柔性外骨骼手套的抓取实验.实验结果表明,柔性外骨骼手套可以辅助患者完成对日常生活用品的可靠抓取.     

A system for automatic animation of piano performances

Playing the piano requires one to precisely position one's hand in order to strike particular combinations of keys at specific moments in time. This paper presents the first system for automatically generating three‐dimensional animations of piano performance, given an input midi music file. A graph theory‐based motion planning method is used to decide which set of fingers should strike the piano keys for each chord. As the progression of the music is anticipated, the positions of unused fingers are calculated to make possible efficient fingering of future notes. Initial key poses of the hands, including those for complex piano techniques such as crossovers and arpeggio, are determined on the basis of the finger positions and piano theory. An optimization method is used to refine these poses, producing a natural and minimal energy pose sequence. Motion transitions between poses are generated using a combination of sampled piano playing motion and music features, allowing the system to support different playing styles. Our approach is validated through direct comparison with actual piano playing and simulation of a complete music piece requiring various playing skills. Extensions of our system are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a wearable exoskeleton for daily forearm motion assist

The paper presents a 2-d.o.f. wearable exoskeleton system designed for forearm motion assist in daily activity and rehabilitation. The proposed exoskeleton system is supposed to be directly attached to the lateral side of a patient's upper limb, and assist the forearm motion (elbow flexion–extension motion and forearm supination–pronation motion) of the patient for daily activity and rehabilitation. The proposed exoskeleton is controlled based on the activation patterns of the electromyogram signals of the patient's muscles, which directly reflect the motion intention of the patient, in order to realize natural automatic motion assist. A sophisticated real-time neuro-fuzzy control method, in which the effect of a muscle common to both motions is taken into account, is proposed. The proposed control method enables cooperative motion of the elbow and forearm of the patient by learning the muscle activation patterns of each patient. The effectiveness of the proposed exoskeleton system is evaluated by experiment.     

门架式机械手在低压电流互感器自动检定系统中的应用

介绍了一种已在低压电流互感器自动检定系统中成功应用的门架式机械手。该机械手采用PL C作为控制系统,利用伺服电机控制器和气动电磁阀分别控制机械手运动电缸和重载型平行气爪,实现了机械手直角坐标运动、腕部电缸旋转和气爪的张开和闭合,能够完成互感器抓取和搬运的动作。现场应用证明其可靠性高,运行平稳精准,能够满足低压电流互感器自动检定系统的使用要求。     

快速连续反应-避障作业环境下的七自由度灵巧臂轨迹规划

人类经长期学习训练后能对高速物体 (如棒球、乒乓球等)具有快速连续反应作业的运动技能, 从深层次上揭示是由于人体在其训练过程中不断学习优选了相应手臂的动作轨迹, 并储存了丰富的经验和知识. 受人体手臂动作此行为机制启发, 本文提出一种 7-DOF灵巧臂快速连续反应-避障作业的轨迹规划方法. 该方法将灵巧臂对高速物体目标作业的轨迹规划问题转化为动作轨迹参数化优选问题, 考虑作业过程中灵巧臂的机构物理约束和障碍约束条件, 以灵巧臂目标可作业度指标构建适应度函数, 采用粒子群优化 (Particle swarm optimization, PSO)方法优选作业轨迹中的冗余参数; 在此基础上 利用灵巧臂动作轨迹参数化优选方法构建相应作业环境下的知识数据库, 实现灵巧臂对高速物体目标的快速连续反应作业. 以仿人机器人乒乓球对弈作业为例, 将该方法应用于 7-DOF灵巧臂乒乓球作业的轨迹规划中. 数值实验及实际对弈试验结果表明, 该方法不仅能使灵巧臂所规划的轨迹 满足灵巧臂机构物理约束与障碍约束条件, 同时能实现灵巧臂对乒乓球体的快速连续反应作业, 验证了该方法的有效性.     

中职院校计算机维修技能培训模式探究

通过课题研究的形式,组织学生进行课外授课,以及一系列教学、实践,使学生掌握计算机维修前沿技能;通过比较这类培训模式与传统课堂教学对于学生知识技能掌握的有效程度,指出当前课堂教学模式与人才培养、就业市场存在较大偏差,提出了深化课程教学改革、强化维护维修技能培养的建议,具体的指导思想和实施方案,探索符合我校培养要求,迎合社会需求的计算机维修课程教学模式。     

Development of an underactuated exoskeleton for effective walking and load-carrying assist

This study proposed and developed an underactuated exoskeleton to support external load-carrying and partial assist for leg motion with level walking and ascending of slopes and stairs, which require positive energy generation. A strategy for active and passive joint combination are implemented on the underactuated exoskeleton, along with a quasi-passive mechanism to assist with vertical weight support and gait propulsion while minimizing hindrance to the wearer’s free motion. Further, muscle circumference sensors are directly matched with the active joint system, and insole sensors are applied to efficiently detect the wearer’s motion intension. Through experiments with the developed exoskeleton system, the considered performances were verified by analyzing the electromyography data from the rectus fremoris and gastrocnemius muscles while walking and ascending stairs. The developed underactuated exoskeleton can assist healthy people’s load-carrying and facilitate efficient ascension by utilizing the structural body weight support, leg swing, and lifting motion assist through motorized knee joints only. This kind of active joint minimization approach could be particularly helpful in field applications that require independent power sources such as batteries.     

Effects of hand span size and right-left hand side on the piano playing performances: Exploration of the potential risk factors with regard to piano-related musculoskeletal disorders

This study used biomechanical techniques to objectively investigate the effects of the size of hand span and right/left hands on the kinematic and kinetic performances when playing the piano. Twenty pianists were recruited and assigned to two hand-size groups. The parameters of interest, such as ratio of maximal digit-to-digit abduction angle (RD-D_abd), range of motion (ROM) of finger and wrist flexion-extension (F/E), radial-ulnar deviation (R/U), and movement units of F/E of finger joints (MU_F/E), were measured while striking the piano keys. The fingertip force was also estimated by a kinetic model. The RD-D_abd was significantly larger for the small hand-span pianists when playing both chords and octaves. The ROM of wrist F/E was significantly larger for small hand-span pianists when playing chords. There was no significant difference in the fingertip force between two groups. However, the values for MU_F/E and fingertip force of the right hand were significantly larger than those of left hand. Pianists with a small hand-span should aware that they have higher exposure risks for hand injuries while playing the piano.Relevance to industry: Hand anthropometric issue might be one of potential risk factors which result in piano-related musculoskeletal disorders. This study provides preliminary evidence that can be used to aid in injury prevention and music education for pianists as well as to reconsider issues with regard to the piano design.     

基于张拉整体结构的连续型弯曲机械臂设计与研究

为实现对目标物体的缠绕捕获，利用张拉整体结构质量轻、变形大等特点，提出一种基于张拉整体结构的连续型机械臂的设计．本文首先设计连续型机械臂的结构，建立其力学模型．通过准静态和动态分析，对不同驱动形式下的连续型机械臂运动进行仿真，并在实验平台上验证所建力学模型的准确性，最后分析了其工作空间及奇异位姿．实验结果表明本文设计的连续型机械臂可以实现弯曲缠绕变形，满足对不同大小物体进行缠绕捕获的需求．     

Robo-Erectus: a low-cost autonomous humanoid soccer robot

An exoskeleton robot can replace the wearer's motion function by operating the human's body. The purpose of this study is to propose a power assist method of walking, standing up and going up stairs based on autonomous motion of the exoskeleton robot suit, HAL (Hybrid assistive Limb), and verify the effectiveness of this method by experiment. In order to realize power assist of tasks (walking, standing up and going up stairs) autonomically, we used the Phase Sequence control which generates a task by transiting some simple basic motions called Phases. A task was divided into some Phases on the basis of the task performed by a normal person. The joint moving modes were categorized into active, passive and free modes according to the characteristic of the muscle force conditions. The autonomous motions which HAL generates in each Phase were designed corresponding to one of the categorized modes. The power assist experiments were performed by using the autonomous motion with a focus on the active mode. The experimental results showed that the wearer's muscle activation levels in each Phase were significantly reduced. With this, we confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed assist method.     

上肢康复外骨骼机器人的模糊滑模导纳控制

为了辅助上肢运动功能障碍患者进行不同模式的康复训练,基于上肢康复外骨骼机器人系统,提出了一种模糊滑模导纳控制策略,实现训练过程的人机协调控制.首先,介绍了康复外骨骼的整体结构和实时控制平台.然后,分析了模糊滑模导纳控制算法的推导过程,并根据李亚普诺夫稳定性判据证明系统的稳定性.最后,在不同系统导纳参数条件下,分别进行被动训练模式和主动训练模式实验,并对比分析了实验过程中运动偏差、人机交互力以及肱二头肌表面肌电信号的变化特点.实验结果表明,选择合适的目标导纳模型可以优化康复训练强度与难度,提高人机交互柔顺性与患者参与度,满足不同瘫痪程度和康复进度患者的训练需求.