多孔结构耐磨超疏水薄膜的制备及性能

为了获得持久稳定的超疏水材料,将聚偏二氟乙烯共六氟丙烯共聚物〔P(VDF-HFP)〕和十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷(HDTMS)改性的Al2O3纳米粒子进行复合并通过溶剂/非溶剂诱导相分离法制备了一种耐磨超疏水薄膜.采用SEM、能谱分析仪和接触角测量仪分别对薄膜的表面微观结构、化学组成、水接触角和滚动角进行了表征.结果表明,制备的薄膜呈多孔微纳米复合微观结构,具有优异的自清洁性和耐机械摩擦性,即使经过360个周期的砂纸(800目)磨损(100 g载重)后仍保持超疏水性,水接触角为155°±2°,滚动角为5°±2°;此外,薄膜具有优异的耐酸/碱溶液和紫外灯照射稳定性.     

具有耐久超疏水性的可降解聚乳酸膜的制备和自清洁性能研究

为了实现表面自清洁功能,材料通常需要进行疏水整理。但是,现有的疏水整理难以达到150°接触角的超疏水效果,且疏水效果很难持久,往往在使用或洗涤后迅速减弱。研究以可再生可生物降解的松香衍生物作为致孔剂,制备高表面粗糙度的聚乳酸微纳米多孔膜,随后使用十八烷基三氯硅烷进行纳米涂层,得到具有持久超疏水性和自清洁功能的聚乳酸疏水膜,水接触角最高为150.6°,具有自清洁功能。经过5个高强度的摩擦循环后,水接触角可以保持95%以上。     

硅橡胶超疏水涂料的制备及其防闪络性能

以端羟基聚二甲基硅氧烷、沉淀法SiO2、Al(OH)3等改性纳米无机粒子和硅烷偶联剂及其它助剂为原料,采用真空混炼法,制备出具有超疏水性能的新型室温硫化(RTV)硅橡胶涂层.该涂层具有较大的静态接触角和小的滚动角.采用AFM和SEM对涂层进行表征,并用接触角测定仪定量测定涂层的憎水性和憎水迁移性.结果表明,涂层表面的微纳米二级粗糙结构使涂层具有了类荷叶的优异疏水性能;同时,涂层也具有优良的憎水迁移性.并对超疏水RTV硅橡胶涂层和普通RTV硅橡胶涂层表面进行了污秽闪络对比实验,结果表明超疏水RTV硅橡胶涂层的防闪络性能得到了很大的提高.     

基于全氟硅烷/烷基SiO2协同效应的PTFE中空纤维膜表面超疏水改性研究

在聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微孔膜表面构建超疏水结构,有利于突破其在膜蒸馏、膜吸收等疏水膜应用过程中膜润湿的技术瓶颈。以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)为前驱体,水解-缩合制备疏水性烷基Si O_2纳米粒子,通过浸涂的方式将烷基Si O_2纳米粒子沉积组装到PTFE中空纤维膜表面;进一步应用全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷对烷基Si O_2纳米粒子进行低表面能修饰,构建膜表面超疏水结构,制备具有超疏水性能的PTFE中空纤维膜。考察了烷基Si O_2纳米粒子制备时间、前驱体MTES和TEOS的体积比R、不同质量分数的全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷溶液对PTFE中空纤维膜表面疏水性能和微孔结构的影响。结果表明,当烷基Si O_2纳米粒子制备时长为48 h,前驱体体积比R为4时,膜表面静态水接触角(WCA)出现最大值;当使用3%的全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷溶液为表面修饰剂时,膜表面接触角最大可达154°,疏水效果达到最佳。     

纳米二氧化硅改性超疏水性汽车蜡的研究

将表面修饰有高疏水链结构的纳米二氧化硅微粒加入到汽车蜡中,制备出了具有疏水性的纳米复合涂层,利用接触角测定仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)考察了其性能。结果表明,当纳米微粒添加到5%时,涂层的接触角达到了150°以上,具有超疏水性,SEM观察了表面形貌。     

改性SiO2/聚硅氧烷无氟超疏水涂层的制备及性能

为了提高基体材料的防污能力,在基体表面制备了一种无氟超疏水复合涂层。首先,使用十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷(HDTMS)对二氧化硅(SiO_2)微纳米颗粒进行疏水改性,其次,将改性后的SiO_2颗粒与有机硅烷混合,利用硅烷的水解、聚合在基体材料的表面得到一层稳定的无氟超疏水复合涂层。采用FTIR、TGA、SEM、AFM和接触角测量仪对涂层的化学组成、表面微观结构和疏水性能进行表征。结果表明:复合涂层表面具有微纳米尺度的粗糙结构,并具有优异的自清洁性和耐磨损性;未磨损前接触角达151°,磨损100周次后接触角进一步提高至161°。     

铝基超疏水表面的制备及其耐蚀性

对铝基进行恒电流阳极氧化后,采用正辛基三乙氧基硅烷化学改性,制得超疏水膜。采用接触角测试仪、扫描电镜、红外光谱仪、电化学工作站等,研究了所得超疏水膜的静态接触角、表面形貌、结构及耐蚀性。结果表明,经阳极氧化后,铝基构建了粗糙的微纳米结构,再硅烷化处理后,铝基表面的疏水性增强,静态接触角大于150°。超疏水膜使铝在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中的自腐蚀电位正移0.11V,腐蚀电流密度降低4个数量级,有效地提高了铝的耐蚀性。     

环氧树脂偶联纳米颗粒制备超疏水表面

利用激光加工在钛合金表面构建微米级粗糙结构,采用环氧树脂溶液和纳米二氧化硅分散液对该表面进行涂覆处理,对得到的微/纳分级粗糙表面进行全氟硅烷修饰,得到具有超疏水性的复合膜层,并采用扫描电子显微镜、三维形貌仪、接触角测量仪评价膜层的形貌结构和润湿性。结果表明,激光加工构建的微米级结构和纳米二氧化硅颗粒组成的微/纳二元粗糙结构对超疏水表面的构建具有重要作用;复合膜层表面的接触角随二氧化硅分散液溶度的提高呈现先增加后减小趋势,并最终逐渐稳定在150 °左右;在二氧化硅分散液溶度为12.0 g/L时,复合表面的接触角最大,可达159 (°)。     

辊式涂布法构建纸基牢固超疏水表面

采用辊式涂布的方法在纸基材料上构建超疏水表面，并对超疏水表面的牢固性、自清洁性和疏水性能进行评价。用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷和1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷（POTS）对微米级和纳米级两种尺寸的TiO₂粒子进行疏水改性处理，然后将改性后的微/纳米TiO₂涂布在纸基材料表面。采用红外光谱（FTIR）对改性后的微/纳米TiO₂的化学组成进行了分析，采用扫描电镜（SEM）对涂布纸表面结构进行了表征，通过接触角、耐磨性和自洁净测试评价了涂层表面的超疏水性、牢固性和自清洁性。改性TiO₂的FTIR分析显示在1000～1500cm^-1之间出现多个C—F键的伸缩振动峰，表明POTS通过化学键与TiO₂表面发生了结合。涂布纸表面的SEM分析可以看出，纸基材料表面上均匀分布了微米和纳米尺寸的TiO₂颗粒，具备了类似荷叶表面微-纳结构的粗糙表面。涂层表面的水接触角为153°±1.5°，滚动角为3.5°±0.5°，水滴在涂层表面呈球形，极易滑落，涂层在水中浸泡7天后，接触角没有发生明显变化，表明纸张表面具备了优异的超疏水性能，且疏水稳定性较好。涂层表面经过10次循环磨损试验后，接触角仍能达到150°，滚动角为9°，表明机械摩擦没有对涂布纸表面的化学成分和粗糙结构造成明显的破坏，超疏水表面的牢固性较好。自洁净测试表明，涂布纸表面具有良好的自清洁和防污性能。该工艺过程操作简单，易于实现工业化生产，为在纸基表面构建综合性能优异的超疏水表面提供了一种新的便利途径。     

道路排水板用超疏水性聚氯乙烯复合材料的制备及性能研究

采用乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷（VTES）对纳米氧化锌颗粒进行有机改性,以聚氯乙烯为基体,通过热塑法制备复合材料,研究了不同VTES改性纳米氧化锌添加量对复合材料疏水性能、力学性能及稳定性的影响。结果表明：经过硅烷偶联剂VTES改性纳米氧化锌颗粒制备的聚氯乙烯复合材料,表现出优秀的超疏水性能和机械破坏稳定性。在VTES改性纳米氧化锌添加量为3%时,聚氯乙烯超疏水复合材料的性能达到最佳,复合材料的接触角为156°,蠕变柔量最低,应力松弛模量最高,经历1 kPa磨损、弯折等机械破坏后,接触角仍然超过150°,表现出优秀的稳定性。因此,通过3%VTES改性纳米氧化锌颗粒制备的聚氯乙烯超疏水复合材料能够用于道路排水板。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。