吸湿排汗织物的开发和应用

介绍COOLPLUS吸湿排汗纤维与棉混纺织物的开发过程,关键技术和主要工艺参数的优选,织物的性能分析,以及产品的最终应用。     

面向21世纪的功能纤维

功能纤维是指具有某种特别功能的纤维，在化纤行业中已经不是什么新鲜的名词，抗静电纤维、阻燃纤维、远红外纤维、吸水纤维、抗菌纤维、导电纤维、光导纤维等已在实际工作中使用了多年。在21世纪即将来临的时候，功能性纤维前景如何?其潜在的经济效益如何开发是值得注意的一个问题。     

近期新型纤维综述

目前功能高分子材料迅速发展。至2000年,欧美、日本等国将有20～30%的合纤转为功能纤维。由此对一些新型及主要的纤维性能、研制开发、应用等方面进行了阐述。其中包括导电及抗静电纤维、抗菌防臭纤维、吸湿性纤维、医用纤维和高性能纤维。     

新型功能纤维及其应用

简要叙述了功能纤维的特殊功能及其分类，并就抗静电纤维、导电纤维、远红外纤维和医用功能纤维的性能和应用作了论述。     

感受蚕丝

蚕丝作为一种纯天然蛋白质纤维，仅占世界纤维总量的千分之一左右。棉、毛、丝、麻虽都属天然纤维，但要讲服饰的舒适性，当属蚕丝；若论外观的典雅华贵也莫过于蚕丝。随着科学技术的不断进步，化学纤维与合成纤维品种不断增加。且不说聚酯纤维、聚酰胺纤维、粘胶纤维、丙纶、氯纶等老品种产量和质量的日益提高，一些新纤维品种也层出不穷。诸如竹纤维、大豆纤维、甲壳质纤维、蛹蛋白纤维、海岛纤维等等等等。尽管各有千秋，被媒体描绘得天花乱坠，但真正服用起来没有哪一种纤维比得上蚕丝纤维。这并不是因为笔者对蚕丝的偏爱，实在是由于它自身的无与伦比的美德——漂亮华丽的外表与舒适保健的内质的完美统一。     

具有调温作用的新型纤维

介绍了亚麻纤维、牛奶蛋白空调纤维、相变纤维、腈纶型空调纤维、玉石纤维等具有调温作用的新型纤维，并对新型纤维的特点性能及应用作了相关阐述。     

几种新型纤维的特性及其在家纺面料中的应用

近年来，国内外流行面料大量采用功能化，差别化，复合化，超细化，环保化的新型纤维。基于这样的流行趋势涌现出了很多新型纤维。如以功能性为主的抗紫外线纤维，抗菌防臭纤维，阻燃纤维，导电纤维等。以舒适化为主的细化羊毛纤维，大豆蛋白纤维，Richcel纤维，     

面向21世纪的功能性再生纤维

介绍了维劳夫特纤维、丽赛纤维、纽代尔纤维、麦饭石纤维、珍珠纤维和海藻纤维的性能及应用。认为这些新型绿色纺织纤维及产品符合21世纪功能性纺织品的发展趋势。     

慈竹浆打浆过程中纤维细胞壁微细结构的变化

用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和多媒体显微镜观察慈竹浆纤维细胞壁的微细结构。用透射电子显微镜可以观察到:慈竹浆中含有薄壁纤维和厚壁纤维两种类型的纤维,厚壁纤维为多层结构,直径约为14μm,薄壁纤维为非多层结构,直径约为7μm;用扫描电子显微镜可以观察到:打浆前期,慈竹浆薄壁纤维和厚壁纤维细胞壁剥离出微纤维的难易相当;打浆中后期,薄壁纤维较容易剥离出微纤维,厚壁纤维难于剥离出微纤维。     

功能性及智能性纤维研究进展

介绍海斯摩尔纤维、咖啡炭纤维、Porel~?纤维、麻赛尔纤维、云母纤维5种功能性纤维和1种智能性纤维即丝维尔纤维的功能原理,阐述各纤维的生产方法及应用领域。其中海斯摩尔纤维天然抗菌,咖啡炭纤维除臭保暖,Porel~?纤维吸湿快干、手感柔软,麻赛尔纤维吸湿排湿、抑菌防霉,云母纤维导热,丝维尔纤维智能调温。这些纤维不仅在传统服装行业具有广泛应用,还可应用于医疗卫生、航空航天等领域。指出大力研发功能性及智能性纤维符合绿色环保的时代主题,对增加纤维品种以及提高我国国际市场竞争力具有十分重要的作用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.