上海交通大学船舶及海洋工程流体力学研究室概况

上海交通大学船舶及海洋工程流体力学研究室主要研究领域包括船舶阻力、推进、适航性和操纵性,从七十年代初开始,海洋工程结构物的流体动力载荷及其运动性能也成为重点发展的研究领域之一。 研究室下设三个实验室,即船模拖曳试验池、空泡水筒和操纵模拟实验室。船模拖曳试验池建于1958年,其主尺度为长110米,宽6米,水深3米,可进行船舶及海洋工程结构物的流体动力性能试验研究。空泡水筒建于1978年,其技术特征为工作段直径0.6米、长2米、最大流速为每秒15米,可进行螺旋桨、水翼、舵等的空泡剥蚀、噪声及螺旋桨激振力的研究。参加国际船模试验池会议发起组织且作为实验室活动的一部份的各种比较性试验表明,试验结果具有高度准确性,各种设备及测试系统稳定而可靠。操纵模拟实验室有船舶运动模拟器、自航操纵船模和测量船舶及海洋工程结构物的流体动力系数的平面运动机构。     

基于重叠网格技术数值模拟船舶纯摇首运动

该文采用基于非定常RANS方程的黏性数值模拟方法,对标准船模DTMB5512裸船体在平面运动机构(PMM)控制作用下的纯摇首运动进行了数值模拟。文中数值计算采用基于开源CFD工具包Open FOAM和重叠网格技术开发的多功能水动力学求解器naoe-FOAM-SJTU。根据SIMMAN2014提供的标准算例,对同一运动频率下,在Fn=0.28工况下的3种不同运动幅值的纯摇首运动进行了数值计算,得出了船舶不同工况下的阻力、侧向力和转首力矩的历时曲线。并且根据操纵性数学模型(MMG)推导出相应的水动力导数值,所有计算结果同模型试验数据吻合较好,验证了采用当前处理方法数值求解纯摇首运动的可靠性。     

二维半理论的船舶运动及波浪增阻计算适用性研究

波浪增阻是计算船舶能效指标中气象因子w_f的关键。该文基于二维半理论(又称高速细长体理论)实现了船舶运动响应预报并采用辐射能量法开发了波阻增加计算程序。通过对不同航速下Wigley III和S175船的水动力、运动和波浪增阻的细致计算与分析,并与切片理论和三维航速修正法求解的结果及试验值进行了比较,验证该方法的可靠性和适用性。研究表明二维半理论适用于船舶运动与波浪增阻的计算,相较于工程上常用的切片理论和航速修正方法,计算结果准确性适用性更高,为船舶波阻增加预报提供了快速有效的手段。     

船舶大漂角斜航运动水动力数值预报

斜航是一种很常见的船舶航行状态,准确把握船舶斜航水动力特性对于船舶操纵性预报至关重要。该文以大型油轮KVLCC2船模为研究对象,基于CFD软件STAR-CCM+的多面体网格,采用SSTk-ω湍流模型,通过求解船体绕流的定常RANS方程,对船舶斜航黏性流场进行数值模拟。在完成网格无关性分析后,通过将数值结果与现有试验数据对比,验证了所采用数值方法的有效性。在此基础上,数值模拟了船舶在0o-180o漂角下的黏性绕流,得到了船舶斜航水动力系数随漂角的变化规律,其结果有助于更好地理解不同漂角下的船舶水动力特性。     

数值波浪水池中航行船舶辐射问题的数值模拟

基于CFD方法,建立了数值波浪水池,就Wigley-Ⅲ船模在不同航速下摇荡运动辐射问题进行了数值模拟,给出了一种求解航行船舶辐射运动的水动力系数的方法.计算分析了船体相关模态运动的附加质量与阻尼,与势流理论结果、DUT(Delft University of Technology)的试验数据进行了比较,吻合良好.对比和研究表明,本文的方法比实验更易实现和控制,能细致描述船舶周围的流场,在船舶水动力性能的分析预报等方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

三体船在斜浪规则波中运动响应预报方法研究

对于三体船在波浪中的水动力预报,航速效应和主体与片体间水动力干扰效应是水动力载荷合理预报的关键之处,需合理考虑.二维半势流理论可较为准确反映上述效应,已在三体船顶浪中垂向运动响应理论预报上获得了较为满意的结果.在此基础上,该文探讨了该方法在三体船斜浪中运动特别是横摇预报上的应用.为较准确获得三体船横摇运动时粘性阻尼贡献,采用三体船模静水中自由横摇衰减试验获得了自由横摇运动衰减曲线,并经能量法处理获得了船舶横摇阻尼系数.然后,结合二维半理论,获得了三体船运动数值解.数值解与斜浪规则波中运动响应模型试验结果符合较好,反映本文所采用的数值方法可较好地预测三体船斜浪中水动力载荷和运动,可用于三体船在波浪中耐波性评估.     

湍流模型在船舶计算流体力学中的适用性研究

采用CFD 技术研究船舶黏性流场,能提供迅速的、准确的和低成本的船舶水动力性能以及全面、精细的流场信息预报结果,将有望成为船舶航行性能预报和优化的主要手段之一.通过总结前人对各种湍流模型在流场计算中的应用研究,对船舶CFD中湍流模型的选择方法进行了讨论.并采用标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型、Realizable k-ε模型、标准k-ω模型及SST k-ω 模型分别对集装箱船、油船和散货船绕流流场进行了数值计算,通过对流场分析及与试验结果比较得到了一些有意义的结论.     

船舶在长峰和短峰不规则波中运动的三维时域数值模拟

船舶在真实海况中的航行性能越来越受到重视。此文在规则波中航行船舶运动的时域预报方法的基础上,发展了长峰和短峰不规则波的数值模拟技术,建立了航行船舶在长峰和短峰不规则波中运动的三维时域数值模拟方法,并应用该方法对一条10万吨油轮进行了数值模拟研究,计算了该油轮在长峰不规则波中的运动响应。试验和计算结果表明此文方法有一定的精度。最后还对该油轮进行了短峰不规则波中运动的数值模拟。长峰和短峰不规则波中的计算结果比较表明短峰不规则波对该油轮运动可产生较大影响。     

迎浪船舶的参数横摇分析

本文该文建立了三维非线性时域模拟运动方程;应用泰勒展开得到参数共振项系数;基于势流理论给出了非线性运动方程中来波影响项系数的确定方法.分析了发生参数横摇的范围和幅度;对船舶在不同波高、不同遭遇频率下的参数横摇幅值进行了系列预报,得到船舶参数横摇的发生区域图.     

基于数值波浪水池的波浪中船舶水动力计算

此文基于CFD方法建立了数值波浪水池,模拟了波浪的生成和传播,并对规则波浪中航行船舶的水动力进行了计算研究.文中讨论了适合船舶在波浪中航行的数值模拟的波浪环境表达,验证了参考坐标系下数值波浪水池中波浪生成和传播及消波等,模拟计算了多个航速项浪与斜浪航行的约束Wigley-Ⅲ船模的水动力以及项浪中航行船舶的波浪增阻.计算结果与DUT(Delft University of Technology)的试验数据及势流理论的结果吻合良好.对比和研究表明,本文的方法能细致描述船舶周围的流场,且比实验更易实现和控制,在船舶的水动力性能分析和运动预报等方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。