山楂多酚含量的反相高效液相色谱法测定

建立同时测定山楂中绿原酸、表儿茶素和芦丁3 种酚类物质的反相高效液相色谱方法,并研究这三种酚类物质在山楂干果果肉、干果果核和鲜果果肉中的含量。经测定,表儿茶素在山楂鲜果果肉中含量最高,达到(1.661 ± 0.024) mg/g;绿原酸和芦丁在山楂干果果肉中含量最高,分别达到(0.550 ± 0.002) mg/g 和(0.498 ± 0.002) mg/g。本方法样品处理简单,具有良好的重现性和线性,相关性系数均达到0.999,绿原酸、表儿茶素和芦丁的回收率分别为91.8%～110.9%、94.6%～107.9% 和94.2%～108.8%;检出限分别为0.14、0.37 和0.68μg/ml (S/N ＝ 3)。     

货架温度结合1-甲基环丙烯处理对采后‘乔纳金’苹果酚类物质的影响

苹果含有多种功能性酚类物质,但对其采后货架期间的变化规律尚无系统研究。本实验以‘乔纳金’苹果 为材料,研究1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）处理后贮藏3 个月,货架时间和温度对果皮和果肉中 5 种单体酚含量的影响。结果表明：‘乔纳金’苹果果皮中金丝桃苷含量最高,果肉中绿原酸含量最高,随着货架时 间的延长,‘乔纳金’果实中金丝桃苷、绿原酸、槲皮素、芸香叶苷及总酚含量均呈现下降趋势,而根皮苷含量呈上 升趋势。1-MCP有效地延缓了贮藏期和货架期果皮、果肉中金丝桃苷、总酚含量的下降和根皮苷含量的上升。     

高效液相色谱法测定山楂黄酮的研究

对高效液相色谱测定山楂中主要黄酮类物质的方法进行了研究,建立了定性定量测定牡荆素、芦丁和槲皮素的方法。方法学验证结果表明,重复性试验相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.73%,稳定性试验相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.04%,加标回收率为99.63%～104.80%。对5个不同地区的山楂样品进行检测,其样品与对照色谱图谱相似度在0.772～0.993之间,说明不同地区山楂中的黄酮组成存在较大差别。5个不同地区山楂中牡荆素、芦丁、槲皮素3种主要山楂黄酮的总量在420.47～897.80 mg/kg之间,其中芦丁含量为产生差别的主要原因。     

东北6 种红树莓叶酚类化合物的鉴定及抗氧化活性分析

以东北地区6 种不同品种的红树莓营养叶片为原料,采用分光光度法测定总酚、总黄酮和原花青素含量;使用3 种方法评价体外抗氧化活性并分析抗氧化活性与总酚、总黄酮和原花青素含量的相关性;采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法鉴定多酚类物质。结果表明,6 种红树莓叶片总酚含量高于总黄酮与原花青素含量。欧洲红的总酚与总黄酮含量最高,分别为（5.56±0.06）mg/g和（3.77±0.06）mg/g;哈瑞泰兹的原花青素含量最高为（3.06±0.04）mg/g。3 种抗氧化能力评价方法中,红树莓叶提取物对2,2’-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸二铵盐)（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除能力与1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力具有极显著正相关性,相关系数为0.992;红树莓叶提取物中总酚含量和对ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力与对DPPH自由基清除能力的相关性显著,相关系数分别为0.886和0.891。超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检出红树莓叶提取物中的13 种多酚类物质,其中有6 种酚酸和7 种类黄酮,主要酚酸为鞣花酸、绿原酸、没食子酸等;主要类黄酮为芦丁、儿茶素、表儿茶素、金丝桃苷等。     

Comparison of phenolic compositions between common and tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum) sprouts

The phenolic compositions of non-germinated/germinated seeds and seed sprouts (at 6–10 day-old) of common (Fagopyrum esculentum Möench) and tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) buckwheats were investigated. Phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, four C-glycosylflavones (orientin, isoorientin vitexin, isovitexin), rutin and quercetin, were determined in the seed sprouts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the edible parts of common buckwheat sprouts, individual phenolics significantly increased during sprout growth from 6 to 10 days after sowing (DAS), whereas in tartary buckwheat sprouts they did not. While the sum contents of phenolic compounds in the edible part (mean 24.4 mg/g DW at 6–10 DAS) of tartary buckwheat sprouts were similar to those of common buckwheat sprouts, rutin contents in the non-germinated/germinated seeds (mean 14.7 mg/g DW) and edible parts (mean 21.8 mg/g DW) of tartary buckwheat were 49- and 5-fold, respectively, higher than those of common buckwheat. Extracts of the edible parts of both species showed very similar free radical-scavenging activities (mean 1.7 μmol trolox eq/g DW), suggesting that the overall antioxidative activity might be affected by the combination of identified phenolics and unidentified (minor) components. Therefore, buckwheat seed sprouts are recommended for their high antioxidative activity, as well as being an excellent dietary source of phenolic compounds, particularly tartary buckwheat sprouts, being rich in rutin.     

Effects of Germination on the Nutritional Properties,Phenolic Profiles,and Antioxidant Activities of Buckwheat

Germination is considered to be an effective process for improving the nutritional quality and functionality of cereals. In this study, changes of nutritional ingredients, antinutritional components, chemical composition, and antioxidant activities of buckwheat seeds over 72 h of germination were investigated, and the reasons for these changes are discussed. With the prolonged germination time, the contents of crude protein, reducing sugar, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins increased significantly, while the levels of crude fat, phytic acid, and the activity of trypsin inhibitor decreased. Phenolic compounds, such as rutin, vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isoorientin, chlorogenic acid, trans‐3‐hydroxycinnamic acid, and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid increased significantly during the germination process, which may be due to the activation of phenylalanine ammonialyase. The improvement of flavonoids led to significant enhancement of the antioxidant activities of germinated buckwheat. Germinated buckwheat had better nutritional value and antioxidant activities than ungerminated buckwheat, and it represented an excellent natural source of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, especially rutin and C‐glycosylflavones. Therefore, germinated buckwheat could be used as a promising functional food for health promotion.     

Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacities of 10 Common Edible Flowers from China

The free and bound phenolic compounds in 10 common Chinese edible flowers were investigated using reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. Their antioxidant capacities were evaluated using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity, 2,2'‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical‐scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA). Free factions were more prominent in phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than bound fractions. Paeonia suffruticosa and Flos lonicerae showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) 235.5 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents/g of dry weight and total flavonoid content 89.38 mg rutin equivalents/g of dry weight. The major phenolic compounds identified were gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin. P. suffruticosa had the highest antioxidant capacity in the DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC assays, which were 1028, 2065, 990 μmol Trolox equivalents/g of dry weight, respectively, whereas Rosa chinensis had the highest FRAP value (2645 μmol Fe²⁺ equivalents /g of dry weight). The P. suffruticosa soluble phenolics had the highest CAA, with the median effective dose (EC₅₀) 26.7 and 153 μmol quercetin equivalents/100 g of dry weight in the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and no PBS wash protocol, respectively. TPC was strongly correlated with antioxidant capacity (R = 0.8443 to 0.9978, P < 0.01), which indicated that phenolics were the major contributors to the antioxidant activity of the selected edible flowers.     

Determination of anthocyanins,flavonoids and phenolic acids in potatoes. I: Coloured cultivars of Solanum tuberosum L

The major anthocyanins, flavonoids and phenolic acids in the tubers (skin and flesh), flowers and leaves of 26 cultivars of Solanum tuberosum L with coloured skins and/or flesh have been identified and quantified using analytical HPLC. Red tubers contained mostly pelagonidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-rutinoside)-5-glucoside (200–2000 μg g⁻¹ FW) plus lesser amounts of peonidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-rutinoside)-5-glucoside (20–400 μg g⁻¹ FW). Light to medium purple tubers contained petunidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-rutinoside)-5-glucoside (1000–2000 μg g⁻¹ FW) plus small amounts of malvidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-rutinoside)-5-glucoside (20–200 μg g⁻¹ FW) whilst dark purple–black tubers contained similar levels of petunidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-rutinoside)-5-glucoside together with much higher concentrations of malvidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-rutinoside)-5-glucoside (2000–5000 μg g⁻¹ FW). Tuber flesh also contained chlorogenic acid (30–900 μg g⁻¹ FW) and other phenolic acids plus low concentrations of flavonoids (0–30 μg g⁻¹ FW). Tuber skins showed much higher levels (1000–4000 μg g⁻¹ FW) of chlorogenic acid. The major anthocyanins in flowers were present as the rutinosides or other glycosides of pelargonidin, petunidin and malvidin whilst glycosides of cyanidin and delphinidin were found in some flowers, together with many of the same phenolic acids as found in tubers. The commonest flavonoids included rutin, kaempferol-3-rutinoside and two quercetin-rhamnose-glucosides. Flowers and leaves contained higher concentrations of flavonoids which fell into two patterns, with some cultivars containing high concentrations of quercetin-3-glycosides, whilst others had much lower concentrations. © 1998 SCI.     

UPLC-MS/MS同时测定铁皮石斛茎、叶、花中酚类组分的含量

建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时、快速分析18 种酚类物质的方法,测定比较铁皮石斛茎、叶、花部位含量差异。样品用甲醇-水溶液提取,提取液中的目标化合物经Waters T3 C18柱梯度洗脱分离,电喷雾串联三重四极杆质谱仪正、负离子扫描方式多反应监测模式检测。结果表明：以18 种酚类物质标准品作为对照,在铁皮石斛样品中共检出15 种酚类组分,分别为3,5-二羟基苯甲酸、橘皮素、绿原酸、槲皮素、芦丁、对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、丁香酸、香草酸、山柰酚、对香豆酸、芥子酸、阿魏酸、3-羟基肉桂酸、水杨酸。铁皮石斛不同部位多酚组分含量为花＞叶＞茎,相对于其他酚类组分,芦丁在铁皮石斛茎、叶、花中的含量均为最高。铁皮石斛不同部位主要酚类组分表现出一定的差别：铁皮石斛花中主要含有芦丁、咖啡酸、阿魏酸和对羟基苯甲酸,铁皮石斛叶中芦丁和阿魏酸的含量相对较高,而铁皮石斛茎部主要酚类组分则为芦丁、阿魏酸与香草酸。实验结果可为铁皮石斛不同部位酚类组分的利用提供一定的科学依据。     

Microwave‐assisted extraction optimised with response surface methodology and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) fruit

Microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) of polyphenols from hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.) fruit was investigated, and the best combination of extraction parameters was obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimised procedure was achieved by soaking the sample powder with 83% ethanol for 90 min at solid–liquid ratio of 1–20, and then microwave irradiation for 13 min at power of 440 W. Under this condition, an extraction yield of 23.5% was obtained and the percentage of phenolic compounds in the extract reached 41.2%. The total content of polyphenols in hawthorn fruit was 96.9 ± 4.3 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight measured by Folin‐Ciocalteu reagent method, and the main phenolic compounds were determined as procyanidin B₂, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, procyanidin C₁ and rutin. Biological studies showed that the extract possessed a strong inhibitory effect against DPPH, hydroxyl radicals and lipid peroxidation, as well as strong reducing power.     

Antioxidant and antiinflammation capacities of some pear cultivars

Abstract: Five commercial pear cultivars were investigated for total phenolics and flavonoids contents, the main phenolic compounds, and their antioxidant and antiinflammation capacities. Four in vitro oxidant and 2 in vivo antiinflammation models were used to evaluate the pharmacological activities of the different pears. The main phenolic compounds were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detector, which result indicated that gallic acid ranged from 5.23 to 10.72 μg/g, catechin from 0.41 to 28.83 μg/g, chlorogenic acid from 485.11 to 837.03 μg/g, caffeic acid from 0 to 1.16 μg/g, epicatechin from 6.73 to 131.49 μg/g, and rutin from 0.92 to 104.64 μg/g. The total antioxidant capacity was in descending order: Shuijing > Fengshui > Xuehua > Ya > Xiang pear, which was consistent with the total phenol and flavonoid contents. Thus, the antioxidant capacity of pears may be attributed to their high contents of phenolics and flavonoids. However, the antiinflammation activity was in decreasing order: Xuehua > Xiang > Ya > Fengshui > Shuijing pear, which indicates that compounds other than antioxidants may be responsible for the antiinflammation effect. Practical Application: The importance on antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds in foods and vegetables as natural antioxidants has reached a new high in recent years. In this study, the total phenol and flavonoid contents, and the antioxidant and antiinflammation activities of 5 different types of commercial pears in China were investigated, which may be the experimental basis for the further development and utilization of the pears.     

Phenolic content,antioxidant and physico‐chemical properties of Sardinian monofloral honeys

In this study, fifty‐one monofloral Sardinian honeys from ten various floral origins were screened for their phenolic content, antioxidant activity, colour and electrical conductivity. The total phenolic amounts have been evaluated by Folin–Ciocalteu method, whereas quantification of several phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids) has been carried out by HPLC‐DAD technique. The richest sample in phenolic compounds resulted strawberry tree honey with about 40 mg GAE/100 g, as well FRAP test and DPPH˙ test confirm that antioxidant activity of strawberry tree honey extract exceed both honey extracts and synthetic antioxidants like BHA and BHT. Among the studied phenolic compounds a total of five phenolic acids (ferulic, syringic, trans‐cinnamic, chlorogenic and p‐hydroxycinnamic) and nine flavonoids (catechin, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, galangin, pinocembrin and pinobanksin) were identified. Our results show good correlations between total polyphenol amount and antioxidant activity and between colour and electrical conductivity.     

Phenolic acids and flavonoids profiles of extracts from edible wild fruits and their antioxidant properties

In this study, the total phenolic, total flavonoids, phenolic compounds, the mineral content, and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts of seven wild species (Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Prunus spinosa L., Rosa canina L., Hippophaë rhamnoides L., Rubus fruticosus L., Prunus padus, Cornus mas L.) were investigated. The results indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in the total phenolics and total flavonoids content, between the seven analyzed species. These ranged from 184.69 to 727.29 mg GAE/100 g FW and 17.27 to –165.55 mg QE/100 g FW, respectively. The antioxidant activity found in fruits was not directly affected by the total phenolic content (TPC). This activity was linked to a larger extent to the type of individual phenolic compounds and to a lesser extent to the TPC, because fruits with higher TPC have not always presented the highest values of antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis of methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolic acids (i.e. gallic, vanillic, chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, salycilic, elagic, and trans-cinnamic) and flavonoids (i.e. catechin, epicatechin, rutin, myricetin, and quercetin). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in each individual mineral between fruits from wild flora. The fruits tissues of wild species turned out to be a good source of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and boron (B). The results demonstrated that wild species possessed great potential for food production as sources of bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and minerals, for food supplements or functional foods.     

Antioxidant properties and involved compounds of daylily flowers in relation to maturity

The antioxidant properties of methanol extracts from daylily flowers during maturation were determined with antioxidant assays, including antioxidant activity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and reducing power. Antioxidant compounds, such as phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and β-carotene were also analysed. Significant variation in antioxidant properties and involved compounds was observed between different maturity stages of daylily flowers. The highest antioxidant activity was observed at stage III (flower opening) accompanying the highest content of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, while no significant difference of β-carotene contents was observed among the four maturity stages. Four individual phenolics, such as (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin and quercetin were identified and quantified by HPLC. (+)-Catechin was the main phenolic compound identified in daylily flowers, accounting for about 74.11% of total phenolics. Overall, daylily flowers at opening stage possess the highest functional benefit and thus would be the appropriate harvesting stage in view of the nutritional consideration.     

新疆产大叶白麻不同部位黄酮类成分含量分析

采用高效液相色谱法测定新疆产大叶白麻不同部位金丝桃苷、异槲皮苷、芦丁及总槲皮素的含量;以NaAc-A1C13体系为显色剂,用分光光度法于波长420 nm处测定大叶白麻不同部位总黄酮的含量。结果表明：大叶白麻叶、花、根和茎中的总黄酮含量分别为1.39%、0.89%、0.30%和0.13%。在所检测的3 个主要黄酮类成分中,异槲皮苷含量最高,除根外,在叶、花和茎中均可检测,含量分别为0.4%、0.15%和0.07%;芦丁和金丝桃苷含量较低。采用高效液相色谱法检测叶片和花中酸水解后总槲皮素含量,结果表明,叶和花中槲皮素含量分别为0.63%和0.34%。     

Identification of Some Phenolic Compounds in Bilberry Juice Vaccinium myrtillus

The phenolic compounds of the ethyl acetate extractable fraction of bilberry juice–Vaccinium myrfillus—were separated and collected by semi-preparative HPLC. Three flavonoids [quercetin-3-rhamnoside (quercitrin), quercetin-3-galactoside (hypersoide), quercetin-3-gluco-side (isoquercitrin)], six phenolic acids [caffeic, chlorogenic, paracoumaric, ferulic, syringic, hydroxybenzoic derivative] previously reported, and other phenolic acids [gallic, protocatechic, p-hydroxy-benzoic, m-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, m-coumaric, o-coumaric] were detected by analytical RP-HPLC, TLC procedures, acid and alkaline hydrolyses and spectral characteristics examination. Some of these compounds have not yet been reported for bilbenies. The absence of flavan-3-ols and their weakly condensed derivatives, which have already been identified in this fruit, would be attributed to the maturity stages of bilberries and to the strong reactivity of monomeric and dimeric flavan-3-ols.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定砀山酥梨中的酚类物质

本文研究了高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱定性、定量检测砀山酥梨及其制品中的酚类物质。样品中的酚类物质在70min内得到分离,酚类物质由色谱的保留时间、质谱信息和参考文献确定。质谱检测在负离子模式下,利用全扫描模式、多反应检测模式和中性丢失模式进行。本研究在砀山酥梨中共检出酚类27种,主要酚类物质是绿原酸,含量为180mg/L,其次为熊果苷、没食子酸、咖啡酸、咖啡奎宁酸、表儿茶素、儿茶素、柚(皮)苷、芦丁、槲皮素-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-半乳糖苷、槲皮素-鼠李糖苷、香豆酸-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-戊糖苷、鼠李糖素-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素等。     

Characterization of phenolics in different parts of selected <Emphasis Type="Italic">Capparis</Emphasis> species harvested in low and high rainfall season

The stem bark, shoot, fruit, flower and root from Capparis spinosa and Capparis decidua, harvested in April and September (corresponding to low and high rainfall season, respectively), were investigated for variations in the contents of total phenols, flavonoids and individual phenolics. Aqueous methanol (80%) soluble extracts from different parts of the selected species, were evaluated colorimetrically for total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC) and inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation. Relatively, a higher extract yield (5.57–42.43%), TPC (157.3–348.6 GAE mg/100 g), TFC (229.2–584.9 CE mg/100 g) for both the species were recorded for September samples. Among the parts tested of both the species, fruits offered higher content of total phenolics (235.1–455.3 GAE mg/100 g) whereas flowers contained greater amount of flavonoids (96.7–269.9 CE mg/100 g). A notably variable content of phenolic compounds (0.24–94.22 mg/100 g) such as gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and sinapic acid were detected by RP-HPLC in different parts of the selected species; however, sinapic acid was not detected in the flowers of both the species. It can be concluded from the findings of the present study that season has significant effect on the phenolics profiling of Capparis plants and thus collection of different parts of the selected species in an appropriate season can be beneficial towards maximizing their functional food and nutraceutical benefits.     

A Rapid High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Photodiode Array Detection Method to Determine Phenolic Compounds in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

A fast method was developed for simultaneous detection and quantification of 12 phenolic compounds in mung bean, using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The method was optimized for mobile phase combination, elution gradient, detection wavelength, and solvent extraction. All the phenolic compounds (gallic acid, neochlorogenic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, t-ferulic acid, vitexin, isovitexin, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol) were eluted for 18 min and recovered within a limit as per International Council for Harmonization guidelines. The method showed good linearity with correlation coefficient of 0.998. The limit of detection and quantification of all the compounds ranges from 0.27 ± 0.01 to 3.65 ± 0.3µg/mL and 0.91 ± 0.1 to 12.17 ± 0.9µg/mL, respectively. Vitexin (28.10 ± 0.20 to 29.60 ± 0.6 mg/100 g raw material) and isovitexin (34.09 ± 0.14 to 36.83 ± 0.82 mg/100 g raw material) were the major phenolic compounds along with other phenolic compounds found in mung beans.     

Green method for determination of phenolic compounds in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) based on near‐infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

Mung bean grains exhibit high level of antioxidant activity due the presence of phenolic compounds. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), in conjunction with chemometrics, was used to develop a rapid, nondestructive, chemical free and easy‐to‐use method to determine these compounds in sixty genotypes of mung bean. NIRS calibration curve with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as reference method was used to determine phenolic compounds (catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p‐coumaric acid, t‐ferulic acid, vitexin, isovitexin, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol). It was observed that partial least square regression (PLSR) model in the wavelength range of 1600–2500 nm with standard normal variate (SNV) and linear baseline correction (LBC) as preprocessing techniques can measure phenolic compound accurately (R² > 0.987) with root‐mean‐square error less than 1.82%. This study shows that NIRS along with chemometrics is an accurate method to estimate the phenolic compounds rapidly and nondestructively.