钢框架整体结构的抗火极限安全分析

基于塑性极限上限分析,利用基本破坏机构迭加的方法,通过求解非线性规划问题对石油化工装置的钢框架结构进行了抗火极限分析研究。钢框架结构不仅包含了普通的平面框架结构,还有复杂的空间框架结构。并使用FORTRAN语言编制了钢框架的计算程序。与试验结果的对比和典型算例表明该方法简单有效,可以为钢框架整体结构抗火设计提供理论依据和计算方法。     

火灾引起的建筑物坍塌概率估算

为了研究不同防灭火安全措施下火灾引起的建筑结构整体坍塌的概率，对典型建筑物的火灾荷载进行了统计分析。利用建筑物火灾的规律及概率与统计理论，给出了典型建筑物的火灾荷载及火灾持续时间的概率分布函数。分析了由火灾引起建筑物坍塌的影响因素，并根据火灾统计结果，得到了写字楼在极端情况下由火灾引起的楼房坍塌概率与其耐火极限时间的关系，导出了一般建筑由于火灾引起的坍塌概率的简单估算方法。     

钢材高温材性模型对火灾下钢框架结构倒塌模拟的影响研究

“9·11”事件发生后,火灾下钢结构倒塌研究得到了世界各国学者的广泛关注。钢材的物理、力学性能在高温下会显著降低,从而钢结构极易发生倒塌。因此,该文基于平面钢框架在单柱受火条件下的倒塌试验,应用大型商业有限元软件ABAQUS的显式动力分析模块,并采用梁单元对试验进行数值模拟,重点研究了钢材高温材性模型对火灾下钢框架结构倒塌模拟的影响,提出了适用于火灾下钢框架结构倒塌模拟的钢材高温应力-应变本构模型和热膨胀系数模型的建议。该文列举了常用的三种高温应力-应变本构模型,同时考虑应变率效应的影响,通过模拟结果与试验结果的差异对比,分析了各个模型应用于火灾下钢框架结构倒塌模拟的有效性。理想高温应力-应变本构模型,会导致临界温度与失效模式模拟不准确,应用存在一定局限性;EC3高温应力-应变本构模型可较为准确地模拟准静态失效模式,但对于动力失效模式的模拟存在一定局限性;因此,对于准静态失效模式倒塌模拟,建议采用EC3或改进的EC3高温应力-应变本构模型;对于动力失效模式的倒塌模拟,建议采用改进的EC3高温应力-应变本构模型,并采用应变率效应增大系数（DIF）的方法以考虑应变率效应的影响。此外,通过四种钢材热膨胀系数模型的对比,进一步研究了钢材“相位变换”现象对火灾下钢框架结构倒塌模拟的影响。结果表明,虽然欧洲规范EC3给出了精细的热膨胀系数模型,但采用GB 51249取值的计算结果与试验符合更好,建议采用中国规范GB 51249的相关规定。     

基于多尺度建模的钢管混凝土组合框架耐火性能数值模拟

钢管混凝土组合框架在局部火灾作用下可能会出现由于受火柱破坏而引发的结构连续性倒塌破坏。在合理选取钢材与混凝土的热-力本构模型的基础上,合理选取了组合框架中梁柱构件单元模型及其相互作用模型,基于ABAQUS软件用多尺度建模方法建立了局部火灾作用下三层三跨钢管混凝土平面组合框架的数值模型,对4种典型火灾工况下结构整体变形、内力分布、破坏机制等进行了分析研究,并在此基础上进行了不同火灾工况下组合框架的耐火极限计算。结果表明:框架中间层受火时,由于周围构件的约束作用明显而使得其耐火极限最大。     

外包不锈钢中空夹层钢管混凝土柱耐火性能研究

为研究外包不锈钢中空夹层钢管混凝土柱的耐火性能，采用ABAQUS对该类组合构件的耐火极限进行了有限元分析。对比分析了外包不锈钢中空夹层钢管混凝土柱与普通外包碳素钢中空夹层钢管混凝土柱受火机理的不同。研究了截面直径、空心率、荷载比和材料强度对构件耐火极限的影响。研究结果表明:外包不锈钢中空夹层钢管混凝土柱比外包碳素钢中空夹层钢管混凝土柱具有更好的耐火性能；该类构件的耐火极限受截面直径和荷载比的影响较大，空心率和材料强度对构件的耐火极限也有一定影响。在参数分析基础上给出了外包不锈钢中空夹层钢管混凝土柱的抗火设计建议。     

Effect of high temperature creep on the fire response of restrained steel beams

At room temperature, and at service load levels, creep has little effect on the performance of steel structures. However, under fire conditions, creep becomes a dominant factor and influences fire resistance of steel members. Under fire conditions, significant forces develop in restrained steel beams and these forces induce high stresses in the steel section. The extent of creep deformations is affected by magnitude and rate of development of stress and temperature in steel. In this paper, the effect of high temperature creep on fire response of restrained beams is investigated. Current high temperature creep models are compared. Finite element model created in ANSYS was validated by comparing the predictions with fire test data. The validated model was applied to investigate the effect of load level, heating rate, fire scenario and fire induced axial restraint on the extent of creep deformations. Results from the parametric study indicate that the influence of high temperature creep increases with the increase in axial restraint, heating rate, and load level. Generally, neglecting high-temperature creep effect stiffens the structural response and leads to reduced deflections but larger restraint forces. Therefore, neglecting high temperature creep in fire resistance analysis of steel structures can lead to unconservative predictions.     

Load carrying capacity of 2D FRP/strengthened masonry structures

An adaptive discontinuous finite element model is formulated for limit analysis of masonry structures strengthened by fiber composites. The model is able to predict the effects of fracture damage and delamination on the load carrying capacity of the reinforced structures. A numerical investigation on the collapse mechanisms of masonry structures under plain strain/stress is presented, accounting for different mechanical properties of FRP–masonry interface and different placements of the reinforcement in the masonry structures.     

Limit analysis of flaws in pressurized pipes and cylindrical vessels. Part I: Axial defects

Within the theory of plasticity recently developed primal-dual limit analyses with the finite element method (FEM) give upper and lower bounds of the limit load. The method can be iterated until both bounds have converged to the same value which is then considered the exact plastic collapse load. This new numerical method is used in part I of the paper to derive improved lower bound limit load formulae for axial defects in pressurized cylinders for any defect geometry and loading. Based on the observation that even long slits in thick pipes have a residual strength a simple formula for the stress magnification factor is justified also for thick pipes. Global collapse loads are compared with primal-dual FEM limit analyses and with a large number of burst tests. For axial defects it is possible to find corresponding local collapse loads. Part II of the paper will discuss the FEM discretization of the limit load theorems and will consider circumferential defects.     

Plastic collapse load of corroded steel plates

Corrosion is one of the detrimental phenomena which reduces strength of structures. It is common practice to assume a uniform thickness reduction for general corrosion. Since the actual corroded plate has rough surfaces, to estimate the remaining strength of corroded structures, typically a much higher level of accuracy is required. The main aim of present work is to study plastic collapse load of corroded steel plates with irregular surfaces under tension. Non-linear finite element method by using computer code ANSYS was employed to determine plastic collapse load. By comparing the results with uniform thickness assumption, a reduction factor was proposed. It is found that by uniform thickness assumption, plastic collapse load of corroded plates are overestimated.     

基于钢塔架敏感性的连续倒塌分析与数值模拟

通过引入Pandey提出的敏感性指标,给出钢塔架关键杆件的识别方法。基于备用荷载路径设计法,对钢塔架结构在风荷载作用下的连续倒塌进行线弹性静力、非线性静力、线弹性动力、非线性动力等4种分析。结果表明:结构动力响应的大小取决于风荷载作用方向及关键杆件出现的位置;线弹性静力分析是偏于保守,非线性动力分析是更加精确的;建议采用非线性动力方法对钢塔架进行连续倒塌评估。通过失效杆件的等效反力卸载过程,模拟钢塔架连续倒塌的动力过程,提出了等效反力的初始持续时间t₀(考虑初始状态)和卸载时间t_p的计算方法。     

地震作用下钢框架落层倒塌效应模拟分析

为了研究地震作用下钢框架结构的落层倒塌效应,根据相关文献提供的9层钢框架模型,利用非线性显式动力有限元程序LS-DYNA分析其在地震作用下的结构响应,同时模拟相关文献中的振动台结构倒塌试验,分析结果同文献对比较为吻合,验证了模型的合理性。对该钢框架在强震作用下的倒塌效应进行仿真,分析表明强震作用下首先由于结构中部薄弱层层间位移角发展达到1/10并持续增大,发生落层倒塌,上部楼层碰撞作用于下部楼层,使下部相邻楼层柱轴力突增,加剧该层P-Δ效应,导致下层倒塌;此外第1层层间位移角亦发展达到1/10并持续增大,继而导致钢框架整体发生连续倒塌破坏。分析了落层倒塌碰撞作用下,薄弱层相邻下层柱总轴力变化规律,其动力放大系数可能大于规范取值。加强薄弱层抗侧刚度可有效防止钢框架发生倒塌破坏;合理设计的钢框架结构当薄弱层层间位移角超过规范限值但未出现持续增大现象时,不出现倒塌破坏。     

基于能量的局部火灾引起钢结构连续倒塌简化分析方法

为研究局部火灾引起多高层钢结构倒塌的破坏机理以及多高层钢结构在火灾下的抗倒塌性能,基于结构初始倒塌破坏机制,建立了单柱受火的火灾引起多高层钢结构倒塌分析的单自由度简化分析模型,模型将受火柱上部结构简化为三折线弹塑性弹簧模型,将受火柱简化为集中塑性铰模型,并推导了基于能量的结构反应计算公式,建立了能量的计算方法。最后通过整体结构的数值对比分析,验证了此方法用于火灾引起钢结构连续倒塌分析与计算的合理性与可行性。     

钢管混凝土柱-钢梁平面框架耐火性能的参数研究

该文建立了局部火灾下钢管混凝土柱-钢梁平面框架耐火性能分析的有限元计算模型, 计算结果与实测结果吻合较好. 考虑火灾发生位置及蔓延范围、钢梁高度、钢梁加劲肋的设置、梁荷载大小、柱轴压比等参数变化, 对钢管混凝土框架结构的变形和内力重分布规律、破坏形态、破坏机理和耐火极限进行了详细的参数研究. 研究表明:火灾作用位置对框架耐火极限有影响, 梁荷载对框架耐火极限影响较大, 而轴压比对框架耐火极限影响 不大.     

混凝土框架结构火灾连续倒塌数值分析模型

连续倒塌是整体结构的力学行为,为了研究火灾作用下混凝土框架结构整体抗倒塌性能,建立了用于分析钢筋混凝土构件火灾反应的杆系纤维梁模型和板构件的分层壳模型。在构件层次,模型将各积分点的截面划分为若干纤维(层),纤维(层)被赋予不同的材料属性以考虑钢筋和混凝土的贡献,并通过平截面假定来定义构件变形和纤维(层)应变之间的协调关系;在材料层次,模型将温度-应力路径离散为若干加载步,然后在每个加载步内计算纤维(层)在温度和应力耦合作用下的各种应变分量。通过与一系列试验对比,说明了该模型在模拟混凝土梁、柱和楼板时的准确性和高效性。为了模拟整体结构倒塌过程中的不连续位移场,在模型中引入了构件破坏准则和单元生死技术,可以考虑构件破坏造成的内力重分布对整体结构力学响应的影响。最后,通过一个整体框架结构的火灾倒塌模拟,分析其连续倒塌过程和机理。     

火灾后型钢混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

该文进行了8个大比例型钢混凝土柱试件温度场和火灾后抗震性能试验,研究了升降温作用下柱试件的温度场分布规律以及火灾后受低周反复荷载时破坏规律。同时,考虑受火时间、轴压比、栓钉、含钢率等参数的影响,对火灾后型钢混凝土柱试件的典型破坏形态、滞回曲线的形状、加卸载刚度、承载能力等特性进行了系统的试验研究。研究表明:火灾升降温作用下,试件内部升温呈现出较大滞后性;火灾后柱试件出现了塑性铰区的破坏,受火时间越长,塑性铰长度越长;滞回环总体上呈梭形,耗能能力较好,滞回环有轻微的捏拢效应;随受火时间增加,试件承载能力降低;随轴压比增加,承载能力增加,延性降低;栓钉对试件承载能力影响不大。     

基于纤维模型的钢管混凝土组合框架连续倒塌非线性动力分析

基于非线性纤维梁-柱单元理论建立了钢管混凝土空间框架有限元模型,分析其在非正常荷载作用下(火灾、爆炸、撞击等)的抗连续性倒塌性能。以ABAQUS软件为求解平台进行了钢材和混凝土材料模型的二次开发,并采用已有研究者的试验结果进行了模型验证,在此基础上采用抽柱法进行了一典型的12层钢管混凝土空间框架体系在不同初始损伤模型下的连续性倒塌非线性动力分析。分析结果表明,不同抽柱工况下,框架梁柱内力由于失效柱破坏将发生内力重分布,相邻构件弯矩和轴力变化较大,其卸载后传力路径遵循就近原则;底层中柱失效后,其上部节点竖向位移最大,底层角柱失效后,上部节点竖向位移最小。总体上钢管混凝土空间框架在竖向荷载作用下具有较好的抗连续倒塌性能。     

Mixed Mode Brittle and Ductile Fracture of a High Strength Rotor Steel at Room Temperature

The mixed mode fracture of a high strength rotor steel has been investigated at room temperature using single edge notched specimens. In mode I, and for limited amounts of shear loading, the steel exhibited cleavage fracture. For conditions near mode~II ductile fracture occurred. A transition from brittle to ductile fracture occurred for mixed mode loading. Finite element analysis provided estimates of the extent of near crack tip yielding and elastic-plastic stress intensity factors. Test results agreed with the maximum tensile stress (MTS) criterion for small scale yielding for limited amounts of shear loading. The load for mode II fracture was lower than predicted from the MTS criterion, but higher than predicted from plastic collapse predictions. Observed fracture angles where in broad agreement with the predicted fracture mechanisms. The load for the transition from brittle to ductile fracture was found to agree approximately with the predicted load. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Computation of limit loads

For computing the collapse state of a perfect plastic continuum we suggest a mixed finite element approximation to the infinite dimensional mathematical programming problem of limit analysis. The convergence of the limit load to the exact solution is discussed, as well as solution methods for the discrete problem. Finally the method is applied to a classical problem in plane strain.     

墙角火灾环境下钢构件温度分布及响应行为的实验研究

利用ISO9705标准火灾实验系统，模拟墙角火灾环境，以薄壁方管钢梁为研究对象，对钢构件在热、力耦合作用下的行为进行实验研究。对火灾的热释放速率与室内温度场，钢构件及其表面气体的温度、构件在火灾作用下的挠度进行测量，分析真实火灾下钢构件温升及温度分布的特点与火灾发展对构件挠度的影响。研究结果表明钢构件在长向上存在着很大的温差，而构件的挠度变化也并不对称，这说明以往研究中往往假设钢构件在长向上温度一致并不恰当，这种非均匀温度场对构件的行为有着重要影响，它使得构件高温区部分更易发生局部屈服而失效，在相同规模的     

Parametric study of the post-buckling strength of structural core sandwich panels

Post-buckling strength of simply supported orthotropic corrugated board panels subjected to edge compressive loading has been investigated using geometrically non-linear finite element analysis (FEA). Adjustments of the transverse shear stiffnesses in the FEA were necessary and performed by comparing the critical buckling load calculated by FEA with a closed form solution. The collapse load of the sandwich plate was calculated based on material failure of the facings predicted from Tsai-Wu failure theory. Parametric studies were performed to investigate the sensitivity of the collapse load to changes in the transverse shear stiffnesses of the core, initial out-of-plane imperfections, asymmetry in board construction, slenderness ratio and eccentric loading of the plate. It was found that a reduction of the transverse shear stiffnesses of the core below a certain limit produces a significant reduction in the collapse load. Panels are said to be insensitive to imperfections and this holds true when the imperfections are the same as or lesser than the thickness of the panel, but a 40% reduction of the collapse load is observed for imperfections that are ten times the panel thickness. From a design point of view it is shown that a symmetrical board is preferred because an asymmetric board as well as eccentric loading of the panel significantly reduce the collapse load. It is also shown that the critical buckling load is directly related to the slenderness ratio of the panel whereas the collapse load is not.