低碳锰钢强韧化机制的研究

在实验室对低碳锰钢进行了控轧控冷试验.利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜等测试手段,对试验结果进行了研究.结果表明,具有铁素体和贝氏体复相组织的低碳锰钢具有较高的强度和良好的韧性.贝氏体相变强化对低碳锰钢屈服强度的贡献可达30%,贝氏体铁素体板条的细化和铁素体亚晶的存在可以降低碳锰钢的脆性转变温度.具有铁素体和贝氏体复相组织的低碳锰钢除了固溶强化之外,主要强化机制为细晶强化和贝氏体相变强化.     

690MPa级高强韧低碳微合金建筑结构钢设计及性能

基于JMatPro热力学软件计算并考虑化学元素间相互影响,设计了690 MPa级抗震耐蚀防火功能结构一体化高强建筑用钢,其化学成分(质量分数,%)主要为:Fe-0.08C-0.3Si-1.1Mn-0.12(Nb+V+Ti)-1.6(Cr+Cu+Ni+Mo)-0.002B-0.004N。经实验室冶炼和控轧控冷工艺(TMCP)处理后,采用EPMA、EBSD等多种微观分析和性能测试手段对该低碳微合金钢的微观组织特征、强韧化机理和力学性能、防火性及耐蚀性等进行了表征和分析。结果表明,所设计的低碳微合金钢TMCP状态下的微观组织包含粒状贝氏体、板条贝氏体和贝氏体铁素体;室温下屈服强度达700 MPa,抗拉强度为878 MPa,屈强比为0.80,断后延伸率为20%,并具有良好的低温韧性。低碳微合金钢在600℃保温1~3 h时,均达到耐火性能要求;并对其在海洋环境下的耐蚀性进行了评价,发现粒状贝氏体对耐腐蚀性能具有积极作用。进一步分析表明,低碳微合金钢具有良好的强韧性源于析出强化、细晶强化、位错强化和固溶强化的综合作用;对低温冲击断口截面组织分析表明,裂纹会多次穿过板条贝氏体呈"Z"字型扩展以消耗更多的能量,也是该钢具有良好低温韧性的原因。     

控轧控冷工艺对X70级抗大变形管线钢组织与性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及力学性能实验等研究了控轧控冷工艺对X70级管线钢的组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:不同终轧温度下X70管线钢的显微组织主要由多边形铁素体、贝氏体和少量的珠光体组成,且随着终轧温度的升高,抗拉强度与屈服强度降低,硬度下降,冲击韧性提高,但屈强比变化不大,并且落锤性能较差;随着终轧温度的升高,晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,铁素体体积含量增多。在不同的终冷温度下,X70管线钢的显微组织主要由多边形铁素体和贝氏体组成,并且随着终冷温度的升高,抗拉强度大幅度降低,屈服强度则呈M形波动,硬度呈线性降低,冲击吸收能量大幅度升高且落锤性能较好,屈强比缓慢升高;随着终冷温度的升高,晶粒度等级基本保持稳定,铁素体含量呈线性增加。该大变形管线钢最优的轧制工艺为控制终轧温度为840℃,终冷温度为450℃。     

Nb-V复合微合金化高钢级管线钢的奥氏体连续冷却转变

利用热模拟试验机研究了3种不同成分的Nb、V微合金化高钢级管线钢的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变行为,绘制了动态CCT曲线,分析和比较了3种试验钢的显微组织、显微硬度值和动态CCT曲线。结果表明,0.05Nb-0.03V配比能提高多边形铁素体的开始转变温度,从Nb钢的650~700 ℃,提高到700~800 ℃,并缩小多边形铁素体温度转变区间,扩大贝氏体温度转变范围,从Nb钢的400~650 ℃,扩大到350~680 ℃,同时抑制多边形铁素体相变,使管线钢更易获得所需的贝氏体针状铁素体组织。     

The effect of relaxing on the grain refinement of low carbon high strength microalloyed steel produced by compact strip production

The microstructural characterization of a low carbon high strength microalloyed steel produced by compact strip production in conjunction with relaxation precipitation controlling the transformation technique was investigated. The microstructural observations were analyzed by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction. The microstructure of the investigated steel consisted of predominantly granular bainite and lots of acicular ferrite and polygonal ferrite. The average crystallographic grain size was approximately 4 mm. Relaxation before fast cooling facilitated the formation of dislocation cells and intragranular acicular ferrite grains. Lath-like or plate-like acicular ferrite partitioned the austenite grains into many smaller parts, and the transformation of granular bainite at lower temperatures was confined to the smaller zones, resulting in smaller grain sizes. The yield strength, elongation and low temperature (−60 °C) impact toughness of the steel plates were 614 MPa, 24.1 %, 116 J, respectively. The excellent combination of mechanical properties was attributed to the formation of fine grains and sub-cellular structures.     

Correlation of Microstructure Feature with Impact Fracture Behavior in a TMCP Processed High Strength Low Alloy Construction Steel

The present article aims at elucidating the effect of thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP), especially the finish cooling temperature, on microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength low alloy steels for developing superior low temperature toughness construction steel. The microstructural features were characterized by scanning electron microscope equipped with electron backscatter diffraction, and the mechanical behaviors in terms of tensile properties and impact toughness were analyzed in correlation with microstructural evolution. The results showed that the lower finish cooling temperature could lead to a considerable increase in impact toughness for this steel. A mixed microstructure was obtained by TMCP at lower finish cooling temperature, which contained much fine lath-like bainite with dot-shaped M/A constituent and less granular bainite and bainite ferrite. In this case, this steel possesses yield and ultimate tensile strengths of ~ 885 MPa and 1089 MPa, respectively, and a total elongation of ~ 15.3%, while it has a lower yield ratio of ~ 0.81. The superior impact toughness of ~ 89 J at -20 °C was obtained, and this was resulted from the multi-phase microstructure including grain refinement, preferred grain boundaries misorientation, fine lath-like bainite with dot-shaped M/A constituent.     

氮含量对25Mn2CrVS贝氏体型非调质钢组织和性能的影响

研究了N含量(0.016wt%、0.029wt%和0.049wt%)对贝氏体型非调质钢25Mn2CrVS组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:3组试验钢均为板条贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和铁素体组织,当氮含量从0.016%增加到0.029%时,试验钢强度和韧性增加,组织发生细化,且板条束状贝氏体含量减少,M/A相由长条状变成块状且分布弥散,针状铁素体增加;而氮含量增加至0.049%时,试验钢强度基本不变,韧性急剧下降,组织明显粗化,晶界铁素体形成。固溶钒可以促进板条束状贝氏体在晶界上的形成,奥氏体中析出的VN能够促进针状铁素体的形成。     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Bearing Steels Modified for Preparing Nanostructured Bainite

Mo containing high-C-Cr bearing steel was modified with Si (0.8–1.5 wt.%) and 0.8Si–1.0Al to prepare nanostructured bainite by low-temperature isothermal heat treatment. The modified steels were isothermal held at 220 to 240 °C after partial austenitization in an intercritical gamma+carbide region, and the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. Carbide-free nanostructured bainite with plate thickness below 100 nm and film retained austenite, as well as a small amount of undissolved carbide particles, was obtained in the modified steels except in 0.8Si steel, in which carbides precipitated in bainitic ferrite. As Si content increased, the mean thickness of bainitic ferrite plates modestly decreased, whereas the fraction of retained austenite markedly increased. The thickness of bainitic ferrite plate and the fraction of retained austenite in Si-Al-modified steel were smaller than those in Si-modified steels. The hardness and elongation of the Si-Al-modified steel were lower than those of Si-modified steels. The yield strength of Si-Al-modified steel was superior to that of Si-modified steels. Mid-level ultimate tensile strength and impact toughness were achieved in Si-Al-modified steel. For bearing applications, Si-modified steels could provide higher hardness and toughness but lower dimensional stability. Meanwhile, Si-Al-modified steel could offer higher dimensional stability but lower hardness and toughness.     

Evolution of Microstructures of a Low Carbon Bainitic Steel Held at High Service Temperature

Low carbon bainitic steel derives the high strength mainly from high density of dislocations rather than carbon and alloy element content, so it tends to evolve into equilibrium microstructure with low density of dislocations under thermal disturbance. In the present investigation, granular bainite and lath-like bainitic ferrite were produced respectively in Mo-free low-carbon steels by changing cooling rate. It has been found that granular bainite possesses a lower strength at room temperature than bainitic ferrite, but it exhibits a slower decrease of strength with temperature increasing. Dislocation density in both granular bainite and bainitic ferrite decreases via recovery and recrystallization at high temperature.However, when reheating of bainite is carried out at temperature below 600 °C, a long time will be needed for incubation of recrystallization, during which the hardness of bainite maintains stable. The property makes bainite, especially granular bainite, become a potential microstructure for matrix of high strength fire-resistant steel.     

Effect of cooling rate on microstructure and properties of microalloyed HSLA steel weld metals

Abstract

Two high strength Nb/Ti microalloyed S690QL steels were welded with identical filler material, varying welding parameters to obtain three cooling rates: slow, medium and fast cooling. As cooling rate increased, the predominantly acicular ferrite in Nb weld metal (WM) is substituted by bainite, with a consequence of obvious hardness increase, but in Ti WM, no great variation of acicular ferrite at all cooling rates contributed to little increment of hardness. The transition between bainite and acicular ferrite has been analysed from the point view of inclusions characteristics, chemical composition and cooling rate. Excellent Charpy toughness at 233?K was obtained with acicular ferrite as predominantly microstructure. Even with bainite weld of high hardness, the toughness was nearly enough to fulfill the minimal requirements. WM for Ti steel showed to be markedly less sensitive to the variations of cooling rate than that for Nb steel.     

High-strength structural steels with a structure of low-carbon bainite subjected to thermomechanical treatment

Conclusions The development of TMT for low-pearlite and pearlite-free steels has led to the development of steels containing 0.06% C, 1.8% Mn, 0.3% Mo, and 0.05–0.09% Nb. Depending on the type of TMT, the most important parameters of which are the final rolling temperature and the total deformation at temperatures below 900°, the transformation occurs partially or completely in the intermediate region. The high dislocation density of the bainite has a substantial effect on the increase of the yield strength.Large rolling reductions at temperatures below 870° favor the formation of ferrite nuclei. The polygonal ferrite formed in this case has a characteristic grain size of grade 13–14.Rolling under laboratory conditions showed that by selecting the conditions of TMT one can control the mechanical properties of the steel. A guaranteed yield strength of 70 kgf/mm² and transition temperature T₅₀=–25° can be obtained on plates 13 mm thick, while after rolling under other conditions the ductile-brittle transition temperature is –125° and the yield strength 45 kgf/mm². Numerous production tests indicate that a yield strength of at least 50 kgf/mm² in the hot rolled condition can be obtained for plates 20 mm thick. In rolling mills permitting substantial reduction at low temperatures these values can be improved. For example, a yield strength of 56 kgf/mm² and transition temperature of –60° can be obtained for plates 30 mm thick. The steel has substantial reserves of strength due to precipitation hardening, which amount to 8–12 kgf/mm² after tempering at 600–625°. The weldability of the steel is good due to its low carbon content.Stahl und Eisen,93, No. 22, 1041 (1973).Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 11–18, December, 1975.     

Notch toughness in hot-rolled low carbon steel wire rod

Charpy V-notch toughness has been investigated in four hot-rolled, low carbon steels with different grain sizes and carbon contents between 0.019 and 0.057%. The raw material was wire rod designed for drawing and possible subsequent cold heading operations and manufactured from continuous cast billets. In this study, the influence of microstructure, mechanical properties, and alloying elements on the ductile-brittle transition behavior has been assessed. A particular emphasis has been given to the influence of boron with contents up to 0.0097%. As a result, transition temperatures between −29 and +50°C explicated by the material properties have been obtained. The examination also shows that the transition temperature raises with circa 0.5°C for each added ppm boron most likely as a consequence of an enlargement of the ferrite grain size and the reduction of yield and tensile strength. The highest upper shelf energy and lowest transition temperature can be observed in a steel without boron additions and with maximum contents of carbon, silicon, and manganese.     

新型贝氏体装甲钢的组织和力学性能

研究了高强度新型贝氏体装甲钢板热轧、低温回火和热轧、正火、低温回火及不同温度回火的组织和性能,测试了不同低温的冲击韧度和焊接接头的力学性能.结果表明,轧态、低温回火和正火低温回火钢板的组织为贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组织,淬火低温回火钢板的组织为马氏体、贝氏体铁素体和残余奥氏体组织.不同状态的装甲钢板具有高的回火抗力、良好的强韧性及低温冲击韧度和焊接性能,及可作为车辆防护装甲.     

轧后冷速对低碳贝氏体钢组织性能影响

模拟两阶段控轧控冷工艺,进行了低碳贝氏体钢轧制实验,分析了轧后快速水冷和空冷对低碳贝氏体钢组织及性能的影响。结果显示,钢轧后,在两种冷速下得到的组织形貌差别较大,快速水冷得到强度较高的板条贝氏体组织,缓冷得到强度较低的粒状贝氏体组织,粒状贝氏体的形成温度较高,没有明显板条特征;板条贝氏体屈服强度比粒状贝氏体高出278MPa,抗拉强度高出307MPa;而粒状贝氏体的塑性和韧性指标明显优于板条贝氏体,延伸率和-20℃低温冲击功指标是板条贝氏体的近3倍。     

轧制工艺对460 MPa级低屈强比耐火耐候钢组织性能的影响

利用热模拟方法测定低屈强比耐火耐候钢不同速率冷却后的组织。对比轧后弛豫工艺与未弛豫工艺以及终冷温度对试验钢性能的影响,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜分析不同工艺对钢轧后显微组织的影响。结果表明,随冷却速度的增加,钢板组织由多边形铁素体变为针状铁素体+粒状贝氏体复相组织;由于弛豫处理过程中过冷奥氏体部分转变为多边形铁素体,钢板屈服强度和屈强比均下降;随着终冷温度的降低,钢板的屈服强度和屈强比上升,与钢中针状铁素体的细化与M/A组元的弥散强化有关;轧后直接水冷,并控制终冷温度至500~560 ℃,可获得高强度与低屈强比的良好匹配。     

感应加热回火对X120管线钢组织和力学性能的影响

为进一步探索改善X120管线钢的韧塑性,用X120工业连铸坯在实验室采用TMCP和TMCP后立即感应加热至500和550℃回火工艺进行模拟轧制试验,并检测其力学性能,采用扫描电镜、透射电镜分析了不同工艺下钢的组织及析出物形貌、尺寸及分布,用X射线衍射方法分析了残留奥氏体。结果表明:X120钢组织为下贝氏体、少量针状铁素体以及微量MA。感应加热回火后,板条贝氏体和针状铁素体粗化,小尺寸析出物数量明显增加。这种回火使X120钢韧塑性改善,伸长率达到17.24%,-60℃下冲击功达到232.7 J;不利的是,钢的屈服强度提高和抗拉强度下降导致屈强比更高。性能变化是回火后贝氏体组织粗化、α-Fe基体上大量析出细小弥散碳氮化铌以及残留奥氏体体积分数的变化引起的.     

INFLUENCE OF MORPHOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF FERRITE ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF LOW-CARBON STEEL AT LOW TEMPERATURE

本文根据轧后控制冷却过程中,16MnR钢组织和性能的变化规律,着重讨论了魏氏组织中,针形铁素体分布状态对低碳钢低温韧性的影响。试验及分析结果表明,与块状铁素体组织相比,魏氏组织中针形铁素体的影响,主要取决于针形铁素体的分布状态.交叉分布针形铁素体组织具有较优越的抗冷脆性能;而平行排列针形铁索体则会使钢的低温韧性恶化。     

板条M/B组织对低碳马氏体钢强韧性的影响

采用ANSYS有限元模拟、彩色金相技术并利用背散射电子衍射(EBSD)的方法分析板条M/B混合组织对10CrNi5Mo低碳马氏体钢强韧性的影响。结果表明,特厚板厚度方向各部位冶金质量差别很小。淬火冷却条件下,钢板表面获得单一马氏体组织,1/4部位和心部得到板条M/B混合组织。板条M/B混合组织较单一马氏体组织具有更小的亚结构和更长的大角晶界是造成心部获得优良低温韧性的原因。板条M/B混合组织能显著提高10CrNi5Mo钢的低温韧性,降低韧脆转变温度,但对强度影响不明显。     

低碳高强舰船用钢的CCT曲线及其组织性能

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机、光学显微镜和扫描电镜等研究了低碳高强舰船用钢的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线)及热轧后终冷温度对组织性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢连续冷却转变只发生了铁素体、贝氏体相变。试验钢轧后快速冷却至不同终冷温度立即空冷工艺下,室温组织主要为贝氏体和多边形铁素体,且随着终冷温度降低,贝氏体的含量增多。与直接空冷至室温相比,随着终冷温度提高,试样的强度呈先降低后增加趋势,然而,终冷温度提高到650 ℃时,试样强度却降低。终冷温度为600 ℃时,屈服强度和抗拉强度最高,分别为644.28 MPa和为679.71 MPa,－20 ℃的冲击吸收能量最优,为112 J。     

Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,and Unlubricated Sliding Wear Behavior of Air-Cooled MnSiCrB Cast Steels

Two medium carbon low-alloy MnSiCrB cast steels containing different Si contents (0.5 and 1.5 wt.%) were designed, and the effects of Si contents on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and unlubricated sliding wear behavior of the cast steels after air-cooling from 850 °C and subsequent tempering at 220 °C was studied. The results show that the microstructure of the cast steel containing 0.5 wt.% Si consists of granular bainite and lower bainite/martensite multi-phase. In the cast steel containing 1.5 wt.% Si, granular bainite was not observed. The microstructure consists of carbide-free bainite/martensite multi-phase. Excellent hardenability can be obtained at both low and high Si levels. The cast steel containing 0.5 wt.% Si exhibits excellent combination of strength, ductility, and impact toughness superior to the cast steel containing 1.5 wt.% Si. Also, the wear-resistance of the former steel is better than that of the latter in the unlubricated sliding wear condition. The air-cooled MnSiCrB cast steel containing low Si levels, with excellent mechanical properties and wear-resistance, is a potential high-performance and low-cost wear-resistant cast steel for unlubricated sliding wear condition.