一种多Agent多议题的协商模型

协商是多Agent系统实现协作、协调和冲突消解的关键技术。本文分析了协商问题的实质和协商过程,提出了一种支持多轮协商的多Agent多议题协商模型。模型中引入了Agent类型的概念,在信息不完全的条件下,协商Agent通过推测协商对手的类型来指导自身的提议策略和协商战术,使提议更具针对性,避免了盲目性,从而节约了协商时间,提高了协
商质量。     

多Agent的自动协商

协商是多Agent系统实现协调、协作和冲突消解的关键环节。如何构造有效的协商模型来提高Agent的协商能力，是多Agent系统研究中待解决的问题之一。文章主要讨论了双边多项目协商问题，提出了相应的协商模型、协议和协商算法，具有一定的通用性。     

基于熟人联盟及扩充合同网协议的多智能体协商模型

合同网协议可扩充性好，处理动态环境能力强，在多智能体系统协商中应用广泛．在分析了经典合同网协议的优缺点后，提出了基于熟人联盟及扩充合同网协议的多智能体系统协商模型．根据模型设计了适合扩充合同网协议的系统结构，引入了熟人联盟以及信任度参数，提出熟人联盟生成方法及信任度更新规则并构造了基于经典合同网协议的扩充合同网协议．最后通过对一个导弹防御例子的测试及分析，证实了该模型在保证协商质量的基础上，有效地降低了协商代价．     

多Agent多问题协商模型

在多agent环境中,协商是多agent系统能够成功运转的关键.根据参与协商agent的数目和协商问题的数目,多agent环境中的协商可以分为双边-单问题协商、双边-多问题协商、多边-单问题协商、多边-多问题协商.前3种协商是多边-多问题协商在不同维上的简化.利用协商-协商过程-协商线程的概念建立了一个多边-多问题协商模型MMN(multi-agent multi-issue negotiation).该模型通过提供一个灵活的协商协议支持多agent环境中的不同协商形式,并且支持agent在协商过程中的学习.     

Distributed conflict resolution among cooperating expert systems

Abstract: Cooperating experts approach attempts to integrate and coordinate the activities of multiple specialised problem solvers that come together to solve complex tasks such as design, medical diagnosis, business management and so on. Due to the different goals, knowledge and viewpoints of agents, conflicts may arise at any phase of the problem-solving process. Managing diverse expertise requires well-organised models of conflict resolution. In this paper, a model for cooperating experts is described which openly supports multi-agent conflict detection and resolution. The model is based on the idea that each agent has its own conflict knowledge which is separated from its domain level knowledge, and each agent has its own conflict resolution knowledge which is not accessible and known by others. Furthermore, there are no globally known conflict resolution strategies. Each agent involved in a conflict chooses a resolution scheme according to its self interest. The model is described by using an example in the domain of office design and it is compared with other systems.     

Negotiation in a knowledge-based concurrent engineering design environment

Abstract: Computational support for concurrent engineering design presents a number of issues in the design of knowledge-based systems. A fundamental concern is the need to provide the life-cycle perspective in recommending design alternatives. It is argued that such a complex knowledge-based system should be distributed, due to the inherent problems with large knowledge bases and the maintenance of consistency. Inconsistent local views of a problem and different priorities on design issues are expected between different knowledge-based design perspectives. These inconsistencies and different priorities will lead inherently to conflict which has to be resolved. This paper addresses the issues and key variables in conflict resolution and presents a strategy that can be applied for managing the conflict resolution process. We propose negotiation as the method of analysing a conflict situation, applying an appropriate conflict resolution strategy and monitoring its performance. We present an overview of the nature of conflict and some conflict resolution strategies, and see in what situations certain strategies are appropriate.     

An ontology based approach to organize multi-agent assisted supply chain negotiations

Effective supply chain management (SCM) comprises activities involving the demand and supply of resources and services. Negotiation is an essential approach to solve conflicting transaction and scheduling problems among supply chain members. The multi-agent system (MAS) technology has provided the potential of automating supply chain negotiations to alleviate human interactions. Software agents are supposed to perform on behalf of their human owners only when equipped with sophisticated negotiation knowledge. To better organize the negotiation knowledge utilized by agents and facilitate agents’ adaptive negotiation decision making ability, an ontology-based approach is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the multi-agent assisted supply chain negotiation scheme is presented to configure the general design components of the negotiation system, covering the agent intelligence modules, the knowledge organization method and the negotiation protocol. Then, the ontology-based negotiation knowledge organization method is specified. The negotiation knowledge is separated into shared negotiation ontology and private negotiation ontology to ensure both the agent communicative interoperability and the privacy of strategic knowledge. Inference rules are defined on top of the private negotiation ontology to guide agents’ reasoning ability. Through this method, agents’ negotiation behaviors will be more adaptive to various negotiation environments utilizing corresponding negotiation knowledge.     

基于多Agent的I-MES在烟草企业中的实现

本文以面向敏捷企业的智能制造执行系统(I-MES)为研究对象,采用多Agent技术作为系统的实现形式,对系统的多Agent组织结构、系统中多Agent间的通信和协作机制以及多Agent的基于事件和周期的动态调度策略等理论问题和关键技术进行了研究,针对可集成制造执行系统中最常见的资源冲突问题,提出了一种基于多Agent合作的冲突消解模型;在此基础上针对敏捷环境下传统的制造执行系统的不足,以烟草企业这类流程性工艺企业为背景,基于多代理技术,构建了一个基于多代理具有开放性、集成性、动态性、敏捷性和可互操作的敏捷制造智能执行系统,     

一种劝说式多Agent多议题协商方法

多Agent系统中的协商问题往往由许多议题组成，导致问题空间十分庞大．传统的协商方法通过对问题空间进行穷尽搜索来找到最优解，并不适合多议题协商．而且，传统的方法不考虑协商偏好变化的情况，使得Agent在不完全及不正确环境下找到的最优解并不合理．提出一种劝说式多Agent多议题协商方法．借助信念修正这一有效的推理工具，协商Agent能够在协商过程中接受协商对手的劝说，考虑对手对协商议题的偏好，并根据一种基于辩论的信念修正方法调整自身的偏好．这样就能够使协商Agent对变化的协商环境具备适应性，从而提高协商的效率及正确率，快速准确地达成协议．     

多议题协商服务平台的研究与实现

基于面向服务架构(SOA)的多Agent多议题协商模型融合了面向服务架构和多Agent多议题协商系统的特点.在协商服务平台中应用本体的基本概念和相关技术来定义协商的提议和议题,可实现协商议题的个性化和按需变化的动态性,提高了协商Agent的能力、效率和协商的有效性,让协商不再局限于某些特定协商对象.     

Conflict resolution in collaborative planning dialogs

In a collaborative planning environment in which the agents are autonomous and heterogeneous, it is inevitable that discrepancies in the agents' beliefs result in conflicts during the planning process. In such cases, it is important that the agents engage in collaborative negotiation to resolve the detected conflicts in order to determine what should constitute their shared plan of actions and shared beliefs. This paper presents a plan-based model for conflict detection and resolution in collaborative planning dialogs. Our model specifies how a collaborative system should detect conflicts that arise between the system and its user during the planning process. If the detected conflicts warrant resolution, our model initiates collaborative negotiation in an attempt to resolve the conflicts in the agent's beliefs. In addition, when multiple conflicts arise, our model identifies and addresses the most effective aspect in its pursuit of conflict resolution. Furthermore, by capturing the collaborative planning process in a recursive Propose–Evaluate–Modify cycle of actions, our model is capable of handling embedded negotiation during conflict resolution.     

基于多Agent客户识别的反洗钱系统研究

针对现行的反洗钱系统的缺陷，该文将模式识别Agent引入反洗钱系统设计，充分发挥Agent系统自主性、反应性、协作性的特点，构造了基于多Agent客户识别的反洗钱系统模型。并对多Agent通信、协商、实现与支持向量机模式识别等关键技术进行了研究。从而为反洗钱系统的实现提供了支持。     

Production planning, negotiation and coalition integration: A new tool for an innovative e-business model

Despite the positive expectations and although they are nowadays considered the most spread Business to Business (B2B) solution, e-marketplaces are still far from representing a real tool for the extended enterprise: as the dramatic down-turn in the e-commerce sector demonstrated, e-business initiatives require solid business models that clearly relate the services provided to the overall profitability of the company. In this paper, we take a particular but quite general e-marketplace business model as our point of departure and use that model to motivate the development of algorithms to support management of trade among buyers and sellers. Specifically, e-marketplaces profitability can be increased by an integration of production planning, negotiation and coalition support tools. Production planning tools allow to create a link between commercialization and production activities, supplying a better service for customer, negotiation tools allow to make transactions taking into account both buyers’ and sellers’ goals and, finally, coalition represent the proposed course of action for small and medium suppliers not able to fully respond to the customer requests. This paper presents an innovative approach, based on multi-agent system, and a concerning simulation test-bed conducted to demonstrate, in a quantitative way, the advantages arising by adopting the proposed approach.     

Sound conflict management and resolution for virtual-enterprise collaborations

For fulfilling customer requests, enterprises are increasingly part of collaboration networks with peers. Such collaborations, also known as virtual enterprises (VE), are governed by pre-defined contracts that restrict the behaviour of each participating enterprise. However, since each enterprise is autonomous, the potential arises for conflicts during collaboration. In this paper, we extend our earlier work on virtual-enterprise modelling and address the existing gap of conflict modelling, management and resolution in VEs. Our approach works as follows: first, to detect a conflict by analysing the exceptions reported during execution; second, to uncover the conflict type, origin and impact of an exception; and third, depending on the nature of an exception, to implement the appropriate conflict negotiation and resolution strategy among the participating entities of a VE. Crucial to this approach, and serving as one of the key contributions of this paper, is the conflict ontology. This ontology helps to model conflict types along with related exceptions, negotiation and resolution strategies, thereby enabling conflict management and resolution. Throughout this paper, we illustrate our ideas with a running example and also present a detailed evaluation based on a case study from the automotive production domain.     

The design of a collaborative interface for narration to support reconciliation in a conflict

This paper is about the development of a face-to-face collaborative technology to support shifting attitudes of participants in conflict via a narration task. The work is based on two cultural elements: conflict resolution theory and the design of a collaboration enforcing interface designed specifically for the task. The general claim is that participants may achieve a greater understanding of and appreciation for the other’s viewpoint under conditions that support partaking in a tangible joint task and creating a shared narration. Specifically, a co-located interface for producing a joint narration as a tool for favoring reconciliation is presented and discussed. The process based on this technology implicitly includes classical steps in conflict resolution approaches, such as escalation and de-escalation. Our goal is to show that this interface is effective and constitutes an alternative to a typical face-to-face moderated discussion.     

一种劝说式多Agent供应链协商模型研究

好的协商模型对提高供应链协商效率有着重要的意义。提出了一种基于劝说式的多Agent供应链协商模型。对供应链协商模型框架和协商Agent的状态信息进行了形式化的定义,阐述了协商中的劝说方法、让步原则和提议交互过程。实践表明利用该模型建立起供应链协商支持系统能提高供应链伙伴协商效率和协商成功率。     

基于SOA的多Agent协商服务及其应用

在简述一种融合了面向服务架构和多Agent协商系统特点的新的协商模型——基于面向服务架构的多Agent协商模型的基础上，设计了该协商模型的多Agent协商服务端，阐述了Agent中协商推理机在协商中的基本过程。面向服务架构的协商服务端与协商Agent管理平台组合起来，搭建起支持开放环境并开展协商的软件应用环境，实现了基于面向服务架构的多Agent协商模型在电子商务中的 应用。     

一种基于信任的多Agent供应链协商关系网

Agent技术已被广泛用于供应链伙伴的协商。协商前如何选择协商Agent对提高协商效率有着重要的意义。提出了一种基于信任的多Agent协商关系网及其形成和更新算法,并对该协商关系网的特点进行了深入的研究。模拟表明,提出的协商关系网能有效地促进Agent之间的协商,提高协商成功率。     

多Agen t 协商行为的效用分析

给出多Agent协商行为的一种统计模型以及效用函数的表达式，从统计的角度分析了多Agent协商行为的行为效用，并给出了相关参数的定性分析，从而为更好地设计多Agent系统的协商组织规则和协商策略提供了效用依据．     

Compositional Verification of a Multi-Agent System for One-to-Many Negotiation

Verification of multi-agent systems hardly occurs in design practice. One of the difficulties is that required properties for a multi-agent system usually refer to multi-agent behaviour which has nontrivial dynamics. To constrain these multi-agent behavioural dynamics, often a form of organisational structure is used, for example, for negotiating agents, by following strict protocols. The claim is that these negotiation protocols entail a structured process that is manageable with respect to analysis, design and execution of such a multi-agent system. In this paper this is shown by a case study: verification of a multi-agent system for one-to-many negotiation in the domain of load balancing of electricity use. A compositional verification method for multi-agent systems is applied that allows to (1) logically relate dynamic properties of the multi-agent system as a whole to dynamic properties of agents, and (2) logically relate dynamic properties of agents to properties of their subcomponents. Given that properties of these subcomponents can be verified by more standard methods, these logical relationships provide proofs of the dynamic properties of the multi-agent system as a whole.