某发电机前联轴器联接结构应力分析与改进

某电厂600MW发电机前联轴器与轴联接结构采用了过盈和周向均布圆锥键的联接结构型式,在运行中出现了多处裂纹.本文采用线弹性有限元法对其进行了应力计算,计算考虑了多种载荷工况,计算结果准确地反映了裂纹产生的位置.文中分析了结构受力特点及应力分布规律,探讨了裂纹产生的原因,提出修改结构尺寸并作应力计算,结果表明尺寸改进后该结构体应力状况明显改善.本文可为此类联轴器与转轴联接结构强度设计提供参考.     

兆瓦级风力发电机轴电压现场测量与分析

阐述了风力发电机轴电压产生的原因以及危害。结合兆瓦级风力发电机的现场实际安装,设计了相应的试验测量方案,并实测了轴电压和轴电流波形。采用专业软件对实测波形进行分析,通过比较其有效值、峰峰值以及FFT波形,结果显示出在不同接地方式下轴电压和轴电流存在差异;发电机转轴2侧接地电刷均接地时轴电压最小,电刷均不接地时轴电压最大;且轴电流在1 000 Hz和2 000 Hz处有明显的电流分量。在风力发电机运行期间,保证发电机的总体绝缘状况良好和转轴2侧的接地电刷可靠接地,以确保发电机正常可靠运行     

废包壳倾倒装置万向联轴器及固定销断裂故障分析

为了对中试厂首端系统废包壳倾倒装置在运行过程中可能出现的翻转轴万向联轴器及其固定销断裂故障原因进行分析并避免事故发生。本文采用数值模拟手段建立了废包壳倾倒装置的翻转轴万向联轴器及其固定销模型,并进行了多体动力学分析和故障原因分析。研究发现固定销与万向节接触区域在凸轮开始上升的阶段存在最大应力点,而翻转轴的最大应力集中在销孔与阶梯轴截面变化之间的位置。因此,现有的翻转轴不能满足振荡工况下的扭矩,而固定销可能会发生断裂故障,需要进行改进设计。     

某发电机前联轴器与轴连接结构应力的有限元分析

某600MW发电机前联轴器与轴过盈连接结构体在运行期间出现了多处裂纹.采用线弹性有限元法,对该结构体进行了应力计算.计算考虑了多种过盈量和多种载荷,得到了该结构体相应工况下的应力分布,分析了此结构在运行状态下的受力特点及应力分布规律,探讨了产生裂纹的原因.可为此类联轴器与转轴连接结构的强度设计提供参考.     

基于均匀设计的风力机塔架结构参数优化研究

针对大型水平轴风力机塔架结构优化过程中主要影响要素不显著问题,以塔架塔顶与机舱底座连接处为研究对象,采用均匀设计法对连接处2要素(厚度、高度)进行U*9(92)静强度试验设计并进行数值仿真模拟。研究结果表明:塔架最大变形值与最大应力值与连接处2要素(厚度、高度)呈线性与双曲抛物面函数关系,其中高度变化较厚度变化对塔架的应力值变化影响更大,优化塔顶结构参数后比原塔架最大应力值减小0.89%,最大位移值减少0.22%,质量降低0.24%,该研究为风力机塔架多目标结构优化设计提供理论依据。     

单轴压缩下加载速率对石膏波速变化影响的试验研究

为研究单轴压缩下加载速率对石膏波速变化的影响,在4种不同加载速率下对石膏试样进行了单轴压缩试验,测试了加载过程中试样横向的纵波波速随应力的变化关系。结果表明,随着加载速率的增大,试样弹性模量和单轴抗压强度增大,峰值波速增大明显,与加载速率呈二次方关系;随加载速率增大,试样微裂纹更发育,材料更破碎,试样破坏类型向锥形破坏演变,使破坏点的波速明显随加载速率增大而减小;应力—波速曲线的斜率在峰值前随加载速率增大而减小,在峰值后则呈相反规律;随加载速率增加,在应力—波速曲线破坏点前,存在波速缓慢减小的过渡段与应力—应变曲线上由线弹性区向塑性区的转变段（损伤阈值出现段）相对应,其应力值占单轴抗压强度的60%~70%。     

喷雾降温对燃气轮机涡轮叶片损伤的影响

建立了燃气轮机高温涡轮叶片损伤评估模型,包括热力学性能计算模型、应力评估模型、热评估模型和交互损伤分析模型,无法测量参数由热力学性能计算模型计算,作为应力评估模型和热评估模型的输入。根据蠕变与疲劳损伤模型分析结果,对进气道内使用喷雾冷却降温的燃气轮机高温涡轮叶片进行损伤评估,比较了燃气轮机在不同转速以及负荷下,使用喷雾冷却系统前后,高温涡轮叶片损伤的变化,定量评估喷水量对高温叶片寿命的改善。结果表明:启用喷雾冷却系统可以大幅减小因蠕变造成的叶片损伤,在低负荷(30%)时损伤减小的幅度尤为明显,其预期寿命从40 000 h延长到50 000 h以上,可以大幅延长叶片的使用寿命;在夏季运行时(53%负荷),如果以减少蠕变损伤为目标,可以考虑增加喷水量,从40%～100%,叶片各级蠕变损伤最高可减小13.5%。     

混流式水轮发电机转轴结构应力分析方法

结合理论计算、现场应力测试和有限元数值模拟3种方法对某电站混流式水轮机发电机转轴的应力状态进行分析,实现对转轴各工况下应力状态的模拟计算和实时监测.转轴最大应力位置位于下部变截面处,其扭转切应力的应力集中系数约为1.30,等效应力的应力集中系数约为1.32.     

混流式水轮发电机转轴结构应力分析方法

结合理论计算、现场应力测试和有限元数值模拟3种方法对某电站混流式水轮机发电机转轴的应力状态进行分析,实现对转轴各工况下应力状态的模拟计算和实时监测.转轴最大应力位置位于下部变截面处,其扭转切应力的应力集中系数约为1.30,等效应力的应力集中系数约为1.32.     

大型水平轴风力机叶片应力特征分析

基于ANSYS软件,对某款1 500 kW大型水平轴风力机叶片的应力特征进行了分析.该水平轴风力机叶片在极限挥舞载荷的作用下,叶片大梁和叶根的整体应力水平比较高,而剪切腹板和翼板上的整体应力水平比较低,这说明叶片大梁和叶根是叶片的主要承力部件,而剪切腹板和翼板主要作用是维持叶片结构的稳定性.另外,在叶根与剪切腹板相接的角点上存在应力集中现象,其最大应力为228 MPa,但是,剔除应力集中点后,叶片大梁上的应力比叶根高,叶片大梁中部约1/3区域的应力都比较高,其最大应力为211 MPa,平均应力为180 MPa左右.此外,该叶片的最大应力仅为所采用的玻纤,环氧复合材料拉伸强度的34.8%,说明该叶片的铺层结构设计是偏于安全的,可以适当提高叶片挂机运行时的额定发电功率.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.