温敏性聚合物P（AM-Macromer）及其与表面活性剂的复合性能

以含氧乙基结构的烯类单体(Macromer)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,制备了具有温度敏感性的疏水缔合水溶性共聚物P(AM-Macromer).研究了P(AM-Macromer)溶液与不同表面活性剂的相互作用.结果表明,P(AM-Macromer)在水溶液中与表面活性剂存在明显相互作用,复合效应与聚合物浓度、表面活性剂结构及浓度有关.在较高浓度聚合物溶液中,少量表面活性剂的加入能显著提高溶液的黏度;在低浓度聚合物溶液中,表面活性剂的加入使溶液表观黏度下降.表面活性剂对共聚物P(AM-Macromer)溶液黏度的影响强弱顺序为:SDBSCTABOP-10.     

基于NIPAM和HEMA的温敏性共聚物水溶液性能研究

以N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)为原料,采用水溶液自由基聚合法制备了N-异丙基丙烯酰胺基温敏水溶性共聚物P(NIPAM-HEMA-AM)和P(NIPAM-HEMA-AM-NaAA)。研究了无机盐及聚合物结构对共聚物低临界溶解温度(LCST)的影响,考察了共聚物浓度、盐浓度、表面活性剂浓度对共聚物溶液流变性能特别是粘温特性的影响。结果显示,随着盐浓度的增加,共聚物溶液的LCST呈下降趋势。共聚物浓度较高时,在LCST附近表现出显著的升温增稠性。在P(NIPAM-HEMA-AM-NaAA)溶液中加入NaCl后溶液黏度增加,升温增稠效应明显。     

温敏聚合物正辛基苯乙烯/N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺/丙烯酰胺合成及溶液性能

采用实验室自制的疏水单体对正辛基苯乙烯(OBS)、温敏单体N,N-二乙基丙烯酰胺(DEAM)及亲水单体丙烯酰胺(AM),利用氧化-还原胶束聚合法共聚合成温敏聚合物,并对产物进行红外光谱、核磁共振结构表征,结果表明合成产物为目标聚合物。研究了聚合物溶液的温度敏感性,在不同盐浓度(NaCl,CaCl_2)中的敏感性及与阴离子表面活性剂的复合效应;聚合物溶液随温度的升高黏度出现先增加后降低再增加的变化特点,在45℃黏度达到了最大值;聚合物溶液随着NaCl浓度增加,黏度逐渐增加再逐渐下降又上升的特点,最大黏度处NaCl浓度为10000 mg/L;随着CaCaCl_2浓度的增加,出现黏度逐渐增加又下降的特点,最大黏度处为CaCaCl_2浓度500 mg/L;阴离子表面活性剂和聚合物溶液复合后溶液黏度增加,而且相同浓度的表面活性剂对溶液表观黏度的贡献为:十二烷基硫酸钠十二烷基磺酸钠十二烷基苯磺酸钠。     

聚醚树枝体改性和非改性聚丙烯酰胺的加和作用

用粘度法研究了聚醚树枝体疏水改性聚丙烯酰胺(PDAM)和非改性聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)在水溶液中的加和作用,实验结果表明存在着三个浓度区域:(1)稀溶液区域(CC*和CHC*和CH>CA区域,由于大量的疏水缔合作用使得聚合物溶液粘度急剧升高。     

AM/NVP二元共聚物的溶液性能

采用自由基水溶液共聚法制备了丙烯酰胺／N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮二元共聚物(AM／NVP),使用旋转黏度计测定了共聚物水溶液的表观黏度,详细研究了聚合物浓度、聚合物组成、电解质浓度、温度、剪切速率、表面活性荆浓度等因素对聚合物溶液表观黏度的影响。结果表明,丙烯酰胺／N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮二元共聚物的水溶液具有一定的疏水缔合作用,聚合物溶液具有一定的耐温性和耐盐性。     

N,N-二丁基丙烯酰胺及其共聚物的合成

将丙烯酰氯与二丁基胺反应合成了N,N-二丁基丙烯酰胺(DBA),分别用红外光谱、碳谱分析了DBA的结构;DBA与丙烯酰胺(AM)经自由基微乳液聚合制备了水溶性疏水缔合共聚物P(AM-DBA),考察了共聚物中疏水单体含量、共聚物浓度、溶液温度对共聚物水溶液粘度的影响。结果表明,在试验范围内,P(AM-DBA)比聚丙烯酰胺具有更优异的耐温耐盐性能和明显的盐增稠现象。并解决了疏水缔合聚合物的水溶性与耐温耐盐性之间的矛盾。     

阳离子丙烯酸酯共聚物表面活性剂的结构及溶液性能

通过自由基溶液共聚合法合成了无规型阳离子丙烯酸酯共聚物表面活性剂,利用红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振谱(1H-NMR和13C-NMR)对聚合产物的结构和组成进行了表征,考察了浓度、温度等对聚合物丙酮溶液的增比黏度和聚合物水溶液表面张力的影响。结果表明,聚合物丙酮溶液的增比黏度随溶液浓度增加总体呈现上升趋势,在相同溶液浓度下,其增比黏度随温度升高呈先降低后升高再降低的趋势;聚合产物可将水溶液的表面张力降低到43mN/m,其临界胶束浓度为0.8 g/L;聚合物水溶液的表面张力随温升高而降低,且随溶液pH值增大而增大。     

离子型表面活性剂与疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺的相互作用

通过动态流变、幂律模型、动/静态激光光散射以及荧光光谱考察了丙烯酸十八酯(ODA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)经超声辅助(Ultrasonic assist)自由基共聚制得的疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺(UHAPAM)的动态流变性及其与阴阳离子型表面活性剂(十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB))之间相互作用关系。结果表明,这种假塑性流体的临界聚集浓度(CAC)为0.27%。当UHAPAM水溶液浓度高于CAC时,SDS影响分子间疏水缔合,使水溶液表观粘度下降;CTAB反而改善疏水缔合性,使表观粘度明显增加,但增粘效果越来越缓和。表面活性剂均使溶液触变性降低。同时,形状因子(〈Rg〉/〈Rh〉)在SDS-UHAPAM体系里随SDS浓度的增加而增加,聚合物分子线团变得相对舒展;而在CTAB-UHAPAM体系里则随CTAB浓度增加而出现最低值,聚合物分子链段历经一个卷缩然后舒展的过程。在SDS和CTAB胶束中加入UHA-PAM,SDS聚集数先减小后增大,而CTAB聚集数则持续增加。     

阴离子长链疏水缔合水溶性聚合物的合成及溶液性能

利用溶液聚合制备了离子型疏水缔合水溶性共聚物P(AM/AMPS/C11AM),在共聚物结构中引入了既带有疏水长链又带有可离子化的基团,红外光谱确认了所合成的共聚物为目标共聚物;P(AM/AMPS/C11AM)系列共聚物溶液的表观黏度与共聚物浓度有很大关系,即使在极低的共聚物溶液浓度下也具有很好的增粘效果;在一定温度,一定pH值和表面活性剂的条件下,研究了系列共聚物溶液行为,结果与接枝疏水单体改性的丙烯酰胺是不同的。荧光光谱研究证实了共聚物在水溶液中的缔合行为。     

AM-AMPS-DMDA水溶性疏水两性共聚物溶液性能的研究

采用自由基共聚合反应制备了水溶性丙烯酰胺（ＡＭ）／２－丙烯酰胺基－２－甲基丙磺酸钠（ＮａＡＭＰＳ）／２－甲基丙烯酰氧乙基－二甲基十二烷基溴化铵（ＤＭＤＡ）疏水两性共聚物。对共聚物稀溶液性质及聚合物组成、聚合物浓度、电解质浓度、温度、剪切速率等因素对共聚物溶液性能的影响进行了研究。结果表明，由于在同一聚合物中引入了疏水结构及两性离子结构，这类疏水两性聚合物表现出较好的耐温抗盐等性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.