索承式桥梁吊索钢丝腐蚀疲劳寿命评估

根据吊索镀锌钢丝腐蚀疲劳破坏特点,把镀锌钢丝腐蚀疲劳纹形成和扩展过程分解成镀锌层腐蚀失效、蚀坑萌生、蚀坑形成、短裂纹扩展、长裂纹扩展和断裂破坏等阶段,建立各阶段时间表达式,得到镀锌钢丝疲劳寿命表达式,提出基于断裂力学的吊索钢丝腐蚀疲劳寿命评估研究结果方法。通过算例分析复杂运营条件下腐蚀环境和应力幅等因素对吊索钢丝腐蚀疲劳寿命的影响,研究结果表明:吊索钢丝腐蚀疲劳寿命主要由钢丝镀锌层腐蚀、蚀坑发展和短裂纹扩展等3个阶段组成,为了准确地评估吊索腐蚀疲劳寿命,需要掌握大桥的运营环境和交通荷载。     

变幅荷载下钢桥疲劳裂纹扩展规律及长度预测方法研究

为探明变幅荷载对钢桥疲劳裂纹扩展的影响,该文以钢桥面板顶板-竖向加劲肋为构造细节,开展了9组常/变幅疲劳试验,对比分析常/变幅荷载下疲劳裂纹扩展行为,探讨载荷次序、过载比、高/低载循环次数对疲劳扩展行为的影响。在此基础上,采用Kujawski扩展模型对常/变幅疲劳扩展规律进行预测分析,并建议复杂变幅荷载下疲劳裂纹扩展的预测方法。结果表明,变幅荷载下的裂纹扩展存在迟滞和加速行为,其中由高应力幅变为低应力幅时会产生明显的扩展迟滞现象,并且过载比越大、高载循环次数越多,所产生的迟滞现象越明显。变幅荷载下各应力幅加载阶段的扩展速率与对应常幅扩展速率较为接近,可以将复杂变幅荷载下的疲劳裂纹扩展近似等效为多段常幅裂纹扩展,并利用Kujawski扩展模型实现对实际疲劳裂纹扩展长度的初步预测。现场测试及跟踪结果也验证了该文所提出裂纹长度预测方法的合理性。     

自然锈蚀钢筋的疲劳试验

为科学预测并适当延长既有服役混凝土桥梁的使用寿命,在考虑锈蚀率和应力幅值影响的基础上,对在服役老化混凝土构件中截取的25根锈蚀钢筋试件进行了轴向拉伸疲劳试验.经统计回归分析,建立了考虑锈蚀率影响的轻度、中度、重度自然锈蚀钢筋疲劳曲线方程,探讨了轻度、中度、重度自然锈蚀钢筋疲劳寿命的退化规律,给出了50％保证率不同预期疲劳寿命下轻度、中度、重度自然锈蚀钢筋容许应力幅值的建议值,并与轻度、中度加速锈蚀钢筋容许应力幅值的建议值进行了对比.结果表明:轻度、中度、重度自然锈蚀钢筋的应力幅值与疲劳寿命均呈对数线性关系,但疲劳寿命急剧下降,且应力幅值越大其降低幅度越大.     

HRB400钢筋材料疲劳裂纹扩展性能试验研究

以直径40mm的HRB400钢筋为研究对象,采用紧凑拉伸试件,裂纹扩展设计为沿钢筋径向和轴向两个方向,分别开展了应力比为0.02、0.1、0.2、0.3和0.5下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验以及疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的测定试验,得到了不同应力比、不同试件取向下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率参数,测得了疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值。对试件的疲劳断口进行了微观分析,对比了两种试件取向下疲劳裂纹扩展性能的异同。试验结果表明：铁素体/珠光体沿钢筋轴向呈条带状分布;疲劳裂纹扩展速率随应力比的增大而增大,疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值随应力比的增大而减小;径向疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线在裂纹扩展的初始阶段存在一个转折点,轴向疲劳裂纹扩展性能对应力比的变化更为敏感;钢筋在径向抵抗疲劳裂纹扩展的性能优于轴向方向;径向试件的韧性断裂特征明显,主要以穿晶断裂模式进行扩展,轴向试件脆性断裂形貌显著,主要以沿晶断裂模式进行扩展。     

CFRP-OFBG板加固损伤钢梁抗弯疲劳试验及其寿命预测研究

为研究采用碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)加固后钢梁的疲劳性能,采用自主研发的具有自监测性能的智能碳纤维-光纤光栅板(CFRP-OFBG板)加固受损钢梁,在完成常幅荷载四点弯曲疲劳试验的基础上,研究不同应力幅作用下CFRP-OFBG板加固钢梁的疲劳性能。借助有限元方法,建立“三维实体”有限元模型,结合J积分计算方法求解得到加固钢梁裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,基于线弹性断裂力学理论建立疲劳裂纹扩展模型,对CFRP-OFBG板加固钢梁的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行预测。研究表明：CFRP-OFBG板的加固作用可有效提高受损钢梁的疲劳寿命,延缓裂纹扩展速率,改善裂纹尖端的受力状态,降低裂纹尖端的应力强度因子;在循环荷载作用下,CFRP-OFBG板加固试件的疲劳寿命均随着应力幅的增大呈现递减趋势。将试验结果与预测结果相比较,发现加固试件疲劳寿命预测值比试验值略高,分析认为,这主要是因为在有限元模拟时没有考虑到试验中CFRP-OFBG板的局部剥离。     

酸雨环境下Q420B钢材腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展试验与模型研究

为研究特高压输电塔所用Q420B结构钢在酸雨环境下的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为,开展了Q420B的CT试样在人工酸雨喷雾腐蚀环境下的腐蚀疲劳试验。试验采用背面应变法监测裂纹长度,研究喷雾方式、pH值、应力比对裂纹扩展速率的影响。试验现象及断口分析表明,CT试样的断裂类型主要为穿晶疲劳断裂,腐蚀疲劳机制主要为阳极溶解机制。对于各工况,基于Paris模型推导了考虑模型参数随机性及da/dN数据波动性的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率P-da/dN-ΔK模型。结果表明,腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的离散性随应力强度因子幅的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,该现象与Paris模型参数的线性相关性有关;相较于浸泡腐蚀,喷雾腐蚀下的裂纹扩展阶段存在明显的裂纹闭合效应,导致在ΔK较低阶段喷雾工况裂纹扩展速率均低于纯疲劳工况;腐蚀液pH值越低,裂纹扩展速率曲线斜率越大,但其初始速率也越低;应力比方面,增大应力比能明显缓解裂纹闭合效应,且裂纹扩展速率随应力比的升高而升高。     

锈蚀钢筋疲劳后静力力学性能试验研究

通过对疲劳试验后的锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁中锈蚀钢筋的静力拉伸试验,获取相应锈蚀钢筋的力学性能参数,经分析得到钢筋锈蚀率与疲劳寿命和名义屈服强度之间的定性关系以及钢筋静力力学性能随疲劳应力幅和锈蚀率的变化规律。     

混凝土梁内坑蚀钢筋的疲劳断裂特性及其压磁表征研究

文章开展带蚀坑纵筋的混凝土梁疲劳试验,实时测量和分析坑蚀钢筋的压磁信号。研究结果表明：纵向钢筋在跨中蚀坑处的脆性断裂引发梁的疲劳失效,蚀坑会严重降低混凝土梁的疲劳寿命;跨中挠度、混凝土压应变和压磁信号均符合疲劳三阶段的变化规律,压磁滞回曲线变幅能够反映梁中坑蚀钢筋的疲劳损伤进程。基于断裂力学方法预测了梁内坑蚀钢筋的疲劳裂纹扩展过程,并通过建立压磁信号和钢筋蚀坑处应力强度因子的定量关系获取混凝土内坑蚀钢筋疲劳裂纹扩展速率,发现断裂力学方法和文章压磁方法预测的裂纹扩展结果基本一致且压磁信号对混凝土梁内坑蚀钢筋疲劳裂纹扩展很敏感。研究结果有望为基于压磁方法评估锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁疲劳损伤提供依据。     

动力荷载作用下杆系钢结构节点疲劳裂纹扩展断裂破坏的分析方法

基于ANSYS有限元计算软件,提出杆系钢结构节点疲劳裂纹扩展断裂破坏的分析方法。首先介绍杆系钢结构节点子结构的多尺度有限元计算方法的原理和含三维裂纹节点子结构的有限元建模方法。其次提出疲劳裂纹扩展实时应力强度因子的计算方法及通过对节点子结构荷载边界条件采用分组的方式计算出多轴非比例加载情况下的应力强度因子幅的方法。再次通过Paris裂纹扩展公式完成裂纹扩展的疲劳寿命计算。最后通过一个铁路钢桁架桥工程实例的详细分析,得到其节点区疲劳裂纹扩展的全过程,并对此桥的疲劳寿命进行预测。     

桥梁钢疲劳断裂性能比较研究和统计分析

基于早年桥梁钢的常规疲劳断裂试验结果 ,比较研究了早年桥梁钢的断裂性能 ;应用概率统计方法分析了早年桥梁钢的疲劳裂纹扩展特性。结果表明 :2 0世纪 5 0年代前生产的铁路桥梁钢材断裂韧性较低 ,低温下 (0℃以下 )裂纹张开位移 (COD)值为 0 0 12～ 0 0 2 9mm ,断裂韧性 (K1C)值为 36 8～ 6 0MPa·m1/ 2 ;其钢材的疲劳裂纹扩展规律相关性较好。运用双随机变量描述了疲劳裂纹扩展过程 ,表现了真实裂纹扩展规律相对Paris公式的偏离程度。给出的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN =7 78× 10 -13 (ΔK) 4 92 (m/周 )可用于现役钢桥的疲劳寿命评估和预测     

外贴CFRP板加固锈蚀钢板疲劳性能试验研究

为研究外贴CFRP板对锈蚀钢板疲劳性能的影响,开展16个CFRP板加固锈蚀钢板试件的疲劳拉伸试验,研究锈蚀程度、CFRP刚度、CFRP预应力度、端部锚固及疲劳应力幅对CFRP板加固锈蚀钢板疲劳破坏模式、疲劳寿命及裂纹扩展规律的影响。研究结果表明,外贴CFRP板可以显著提升锈蚀钢板疲劳寿命,对质量损失率为9.38%、13.39%、16.61%及21.24%的锈蚀钢板,端部锚固条件下双面粘贴CFRP板加固试件疲劳寿命相对于未加固试件分别提高了18.4倍、9.3倍、8.9倍及11.4倍;加固方式对疲劳加固效果影响显著,端部锚固可以有效延缓黏结界面失效,增大CFRP板加固刚度或采用预应力加固均可显著降低裂纹扩展速率。     

CFRP加固疲劳损伤钢结构的断裂力学分析

金属结构,特别是承受反复荷载作用的在役钢结构,通常存在不同程度的缺陷和疲劳损伤。在钢结构的损伤部位粘贴FRP对其疲劳损伤进行加固具有很多优势。对含中央疲劳损伤裂纹钢板粘贴CFRP加固,改善其剩余疲劳寿命进行了理论分析。基于线弹性断裂力学理论,采用有限元计算模型对裂纹前端的应力强度因子进行了计算。并根据Paris_Erdogan裂纹扩展模型,计算了加固前后疲劳损伤钢板的剩余疲劳寿命,验证了这一加固方法的有效性。     

Fatigue Behavior Investigation and Stress Analysis for Rib-to-Deck Welded Joints in Orthotropic Steel Decks

The fatigue problems in orthotropic steel decks have raised widely concerns in recent years. This study focused on the root crack mechanism at rib-to-deck welded joints, based on the previous test results of sectional specimens and the matching FE analysis, the fatigue behaviors of structure detail were investigated by considering the effect of root gap shapes, weld penetrations, and plate thicknesses on crack initiation. Besides, various root crack depths were simulated in models to clarify the stress variations occurring during the propagation stage under cyclic loading. The results showed that the root gap shape and penetration rate have an impact on the root cracking direction and fatigue life at the initiation stage, but seem not directly related to the crack propagation mechanism; the higher penetration rate is advantageous for the prevention of root crack initiation. However, although the stiffness increased with the increase in plate thickness, the fatigue life of crack initiation might be reduced owing to the low fatigue strength of the thick deck plate, whereas the U-rib thickness has limited effect on the stress response of the root tip. Moreover, the significant difference between the 8 mm-crack model and other crack models is the high stress concentration around the crack tip. The stress conditions of root tip would be changed under loading cycles when a root crack propagated into half of deck plate thickness. Finally, the effect of structural dimensions on fatigue strength were also compared according to test results and FEA.     

Probabilistic deterioration model of high-strength steel wires and its application to bridge cables

Bridge inspections reveal that severe corrosion and fatigue are the main failure mechanisms of bridge stay cables. This paper presents an empirical modelling of the long-term deterioration process of steel wires in cables with consideration of the simultaneous occurrence of uniform corrosion, pitting corrosion and fatigue induced by a combined action of environmental aggression and cyclic loading. Accelerated corrosion experiments are conducted to determine the different corrosion levels of high-strength steel wires, and time-dependent statistical models are developed to quantify uniform and pitting corrosion depth. Corrosion-fatigue process of steel wires is subsequently simulated using the corrosion models and cyclic stress obtained through cable force monitoring data. The mechanical properties of corroded steel wires, including yield stress, ultimate stress, ultimate strain and modulus of elasticity, are experimentally characterised, and the statistical models are established through regression analysis. Finally, the deterioration models of high-strength steel wires (including crack depth, ratio of broken wires, and remaining strength, among others) is extended to probabilistically assess the time-variant conditions of bridge cables (sectional area loss and remaining capacity). The presented study on the long-term deterioration of bridge cables would provide guidance to future decision-making regarding the maintenance and replacement of bridge cables.     

A comparison of the fatigue behavior between S355 and S690 steel grades

The use of higher strength steels allows the design of lighter, slenderer and simpler structures. Nevertheless, the increase of the yield strength of the steels does not correspond to a proportional increase of fatigue resistance, which makes the application of high strength steels on structures prone to fatigue, a major concern of the design. This paper presents a comparison of the fatigue behavior between the S355 mild steel and the S690 high strength steel grades, supported by an experimental program of fatigue tests of smooth specimens, performed under strain control, and fatigue crack propagation tests. Besides the cyclic elastoplastic characterization, the fatigue tests of smooth small size specimens allow the assessment of the fatigue crack initiation behavior of the materials. Results show that the S690 steel grade presents a higher resistance to fatigue crack initiation than the S355 steel. However, the resistance to fatigue crack propagation is lower for the S690 steel grade, which justifies an inverse dependence between static strength and fatigue life, for applications where fatigue crack propagation is the governing phenomenon. Consequently, the design of structural details with the S690 steel should avoid sharp notches that significantly reduce the fatigue crack initiation process.     

重复荷载下高强钢筋与混凝土黏结性能的试验研究

随着预应力钢筋强度的提高及钢筋外形的变化,加之抗震设计必须考虑的黏结退化,钢筋与混凝土之间的黏结锚固问题愈显突出。通过光圆钢棒、异形钢棒和螺旋肋钢丝拉拔试件在重复荷载作用下的拔出试验,比较了3种不同外形高强预应力钢筋的黏结特性,研究了螺旋状预应力钢筋与混凝土界面间的黏结锚固机理,并讨论了影响黏结锚固性能的主要因素。根据试验结果,给出3种高强预应力钢筋在等幅重复荷载作用下的特征荷载值与应力水平上限的关系式。结果表明光圆钢棒在重复荷载作用下与混凝土的黏结性能较差;而异形钢棒和螺旋肋钢丝具有较好的黏结性能,且螺旋肋钢丝的黏结性能优于异形钢棒。研究成果为承受重复荷载的此种高强预应力钢筋混凝土结构的设计提供了依据。     

Q690高强钢疲劳损伤后力学性能试验研究

服役结构材料疲劳损伤后的残余力学性能对结构可靠性的评估有着至关重要的作用。为此,对Q690高强钢经不同疲劳损伤后的残余力学性能进行了试验研究。根据Q690高强钢在不同疲劳荷载作用下的疲劳寿命,设定了3级疲劳荷载和9组损伤振动次数,并将Q690高强钢试件在各疲劳荷载下进行不同次数的预损伤疲劳振动。然后,对这些具有不同疲劳损伤的试件进行静力拉伸试验,观察试件的断裂模式并获得应力-应变曲线,对比分析具有不同疲劳损伤试件的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率等力学性参数的变化规律。结果表明：Q690高强钢经疲劳损伤后的断口位置和截面形貌均发生明显变化;疲劳损伤后Q690高强钢在静力拉伸作用下的应力-应变关系曲线均无屈服平台,拉伸过程中出现位移不变、拉力突然减小的卸载现象,造成应力-应变关系曲线出现振荡;Q690高强钢的弹性模量受疲劳损伤影响相对较小,但是屈服强度、抗拉强度、伸长率、屈服应变和极限应变却随疲劳损伤增加而减小。根据试验结果,建立了Q690高强钢力学性能参数与疲劳损伤之间的拟合公式,利用该公式可对具有不同疲劳损伤的Q690高强钢结构的力学性能进行有效评估。     

Hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion fatigue of corroded bridge wires

Cables of old suspension bridges and stays of cable-stayed bridges often suffer from steel corrosion. Corroded galvanized steel wires on different corrosion levels were produced at laboratories, and their mechanical properties and remaining strength were investigated. Actual tensile strength of corroded wires did not decrease with corrosion levels, whereas elongation decreased sharply after the zinc layer was partly depleted and the steel started to corrode. As the accumulated amounts of diffusive hydrogen of corrosion level-2 wires-with and without added tension-were almost the same and less than 0.2 ppm, the applied tension of steel wires did not affect the amount of diffusive hydrogen which was well below the critical concentration of 0.7 ppm to cause brittleness. This indicates that hydrogen embrittlement is unlikely to occur. Fatigue tests showed that fatigue strength did not change when only the galvanized layer was corroded, but it significantly decreased after corrosion of the steel below the galvanized layer progressed. Fatigue strength further lowered when the steel wire was cyclically stressed under wet environments when compared with the fatigue strength under dry environments. The broken wires of an old suspension bridge were also investigated. The fracture surface was similar to that caused by corrosion fatigue rather than hydrogen embrittlement. It was estimated that the wires were fractured by the mixed effects of corrosion, cyclic stresses and hydrogen.     

钢筋蚀坑对其疲劳断裂特性的影响

基于降载勾线法,对人工钻孔模拟蚀坑的3根HPB300钢筋试件开展了疲劳裂纹扩展试验,并结合FRANC3D软件对钢筋疲劳裂纹扩展规律进行了数值分析.在此基础上,以不同应力幅值对12种尺寸的半椭圆形蚀坑钢筋模型的裂纹扩展过程进行了数值分析.结果表明:钢筋裂纹扩展速率前期缓慢增长,后期迅速增大;初始裂纹深度较大的钢筋疲劳寿命明显缩短;初始裂纹深宽比越大的钢筋疲劳寿命越短;应力幅值增大会使缺陷钢筋疲劳寿命缩短,并且初始裂纹深宽比越大的钢筋,其后期裂纹扩展速率增长越快,疲劳寿命缩短越明显.