刀具材料的研究与进展

刀具材料近年来取得了极大的发展,如氮化碳超硬涂层高速钢及一些新发展的陶瓷刀具材料等。本文对刀具材料的新成就和新进展作了综合评述。     

Self-lubricating ceramic cutting tool material with the addition of nickel coated CaF2 solid lubricant powders

A new type of self-lubricating ceramic cutting tool material with the addition of metal coated solid lubricant powders was developed. Nickel coated CaF₂ composite powders with core–shell structure were produced by electroless plating technique. The growth process of nickel coating on the solid lubricant CaF₂ powders was analyzed. The as-prepared self-lubricating ceramic cutting tool material made by adding nickel coated CaF₂ powders exhibited notable improvements in microstructure and mechanical properties, in comparison with the corresponding cutting tool material made by directly adding uncoated CaF₂ powders. Cutting tests show that the new type of self-lubricating ceramic cutting tool has better antifriction property and wear resistance than the corresponding cutting tool.     

An investigation of laser-assisted machining of Al2O3 ceramics planing

Laser-assisted machining (LAM), an alternative method of fabricating difficult-to-machine materials, uses primarily laser power to heat the local area (without necessarily evaporating or melting any material) before the material is removed. It not only efficiently reduces the cutting force during the manufacturing process but also improves the machining characteristics and geography with regard to difficult-to-machine materials, especially structural ceramics.This study on the application of laser-assisted machining to Al₂O₃ ceramics examines the measurements of cutting force and workpiece surface temperature as well as surface integrity and tool wear. Specifically, it uses the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to calculate the temperature distribution inside the ceramic workpiece during the LAM process and ensure that the laser energy causes no subsurface damage. The experimental results reveal that the LAM process efficiently reduces the cutting force by 22% (feed force) and 20% (thrust force) and produces better workpiece surface quality than conventional planing.     

Cutting temperature of ceramic tools in high speed machining of difficult-to-cut materials

This paper deals with an experimental and analytical investigation into the different factors which influence the temperature distribution on Al₂O₃---TiC ceramic tool rake face during machining of difficult-to-cut materials, such as case hardened AISI 1552 steel (60–65 Rc) and nickel-based superalloys (e.g. Inconel 718). The temperature distribution was predicted first using the finite element analysis. Temperature measurements on the tool rake face using a thermocouple based technique were performed and the results were verified using the finite element analysis. Experiments were then performed to study the effect of cutting parameters, different tool geometries, tool conditions, and workpiece materials on the cutting edge temperatures. Results presented in this paper indicate that for turning case hardened steel, increasing the cutting speed, feted, and depth of cut will increase the cutting edge temperature. On the other hand, increasing the tool nose radius, and angle of approach reduces the cutting edge temperature, while increasing the width of the tool chamfer will slightly increase the cutting ege temperature. As for the negative rake angle, it was found that there is an optimum value of rake angle where the cutting edge temperature was minimum. For the Inconel 718 material, it was found that the cutting edge temperature reached a minimum at a speed of 510 m/min, and feed of 1.25 mm/rev. However, the effect of the depth of cut and tool nose radius was almost the same as that determined in the turning of case hardened steel. It was also observed in turning Inconel 718 with ceramic tools that, cutting forces and different types of tool wear were reduced with increasing the feed.     

Wear behavior of Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/SiC new ceramic tool material when machining tool steel and cast iron

Design, fabrication and application of ceramic cutting tools are one of the important research topics in the field of metal cutting and advanced ceramic materials. In the present study, wear resistance of an advanced Al₂O₃/Ti(C,N)/SiC multiphase composite ceramic tool material have been studied when dry machining hardened tool steel and cast iron under different cutting conditions. Microstructures of the worn materials were observed with scanning electronic microscope to help analyze wear mechanisms. It is shown that when machining hardened tool steel at low speed wear mode of the kind of ceramic tool material is mainly flank wear with slight crater wear. The adhesion between tool and work piece is relatively weak. With the increase of cutting speed, cutting temperature increases consequently. As a result, the adhesion is intensified both in the crater area and flank face. The ceramic tool material has good wear resistance when machining grey cast iron with uniform flank wear. Wear mechanism is mainly abrasive wear at low cutting speed, while adhesion is intensified in the wear area at high cutting speed. Wear modes are dominantly rake face wear and flank wear in this case.     

Using alternative materials in the cutting tools applications

This paper is concerned with the use of new, alternative materials in the form of a functionally graded aluminium matrix composite when designing cutting tools. To determine the pros and cons of its use in cutting tools, a new inserted-tooth milling cutter was developed and produced at first using an aluminium base material reinforced with a composite core. Then several technical and economic properties of the developed tool were analysed. Finally, they were compared with the corresponding properties of geometrically equal milling cutters made of commercial materials.     

Active brazed ceramic cemented carbide compound drills for machining lamellar graphite cast iron

The optimum and efficient way of machining is linked to the choice of the most appropriate cutting tool and cutting tool material. High performance cutting ceramics are characterized by excellent hardness properties at elevated temperatures. For this reason, cutting ceramics meet the requirements for machining with high cutting speeds to increase process productivity. Whereas cutting ceramics are widely used in turning and milling operations, their use in drilling processes, using ceramic insert tipped tools, is limited to larger diameter applications due to design restrictions. Beyond small diameters, solid ceramic tools were of negligible interest for industrial applications owing to their excessive tool manufacturing costs. This paper presents a new tool concept which addresses this challenge and permits a more productive machining process for drilling small diameter holes using ceramics as the cutting material. An active brazed compound drill combines the advantageous properties of ceramics and cemented carbide as the cutting tool material and basic holder material, respectively. The investigations presented here describe the manufacturing chain as well as the application of a compound drill, and compares it to a widely used industrial reference tool.     

高温合金切削刀具的研究现状及进展

高温合金具有较高的强度、抗高温氧化性等性能,被广泛应用于各种领域中,其加工时切削温度高、加工硬化严重、刀具磨损严重,是最难加工的材料之一。本文综述了国内外高温合金切削刀具的研究现状。阐述了高温合金的切削特性,重点对高速钢、硬质合金、涂层硬质合金、陶瓷、PCVB这几类高温合金切削刀具材料的研究现状进行了分析;同时,也对国内外切削高温合金刀具的结构、切削加工工艺参数以及磨损机理的研究现状进行了概述。在此基础上,发现高温合金切削刀具虽然已经研发设计出了多种新刀具材料、新切削工艺参数,但仍然需要进一步了解影响刀具性能的因素及刀具磨损机理。因此,本文提出了建立评估刀具使用性能体系和研发高性能的刀具材料是高温合金切削刀具的主要研究方向。     

Tool grinding of end mill cutting tools made from high performance ceramics and cemented carbides

The paper presents different approaches to improve the process knowledge in tool grinding with a focus on ceramic shank-type end mills. The flute grinding operation was analyzed using a kinematical simulation to acquire an insight into the local distribution of the material removal rate or the microscopic chip parameters. Further investigations cover the cutting edge quality emerging in characteristic tool grinding operations on end mills with helical flutes made from advanced ceramics. Final machining test prove a reliable cutting behaviour without catastrophic failure and a gentle abrasive and adhesive wear observed on the ground cutting tools.     

Wear mechanisms of gradient ceramic nozzles in abrasive air-jet machining

The nozzle is the most critical part in abrasive air-jet machining equipment. Ceramics, being with high wear resistance, have great potential as abrasive air-jet nozzle materials. In this paper, a (W,Ti)C/SiC gradient ceramic composite was developed to be used as nozzle material. The erosion wear behavior of the (W,Ti)C/SiC gradient nozzle was investigated and compared with a conventional ceramic nozzle. Results showed that the gradient ceramic nozzles exhibited an apparent increase in erosion wear resistance over the conventional ceramic nozzles. The mechanism responsible was found to be that the tensile stresses at the entry region of the nozzle were greatly reduced when compared with the conventional nozzle. This effect may lead to an increase in resistance to fracture, and thus increase the erosion wear resistance of the gradient nozzle. It is indicated that gradient structures in ceramic nozzles are effective to improve the erosion wear resistance of conventional ceramic nozzles in abrasive air-jet machining.     

陶瓷刀具材料的研究现状

文章重点综述了纳米陶瓷、梯度复相陶瓷、氧化锆陶瓷等多相复合陶瓷刀具材料的研究现状,全面分析了陶瓷刀具材料的颗粒弥散增韧补强、纤维(或晶须)增韧、相变增韧及多种机理协同增韧等机制的研究动态.     

Preparation and preliminary testing of cermet inert anode for aluminum electrolysis

1　INTRODUCTIONAluminumhasthelargest productivityamongthenonferrousmetals ,2 4Mtperyearintheworld .Whilegreatprogresshavebeenmadeintheprimaryaluminum production ,theindustrycontinuestopur sueresearchtosolvesomeformidablechallenges ,suchas quitealargeenergyintensity(14 0 0 0 15 0 0 0kW·hpertonaluminum) ,highcon sumptionofcarbonanode(5 0 0 6 0 0kgpertonalu minum) ,significantemissionsofgreenhousegas(1.71tpertonaluminum )andotherdetrimentalgases ,highcapitalinvestmentandcost[1] .Inertelectr…     

Cutting performance and failure mechanisms of an Al2O3/WC/TiC micro- nano-composite ceramic tool

An Al₂O₃-based composite ceramic tool material reinforced with WC microparticles and TiC nanoparticles was fabricated by using hot-pressing technique. The cutting performance, failure modes and mechanisms of the Al₂O₃/WC/TiC ceramic tool were investigated via continuous and intermittent turning of hardened AISI 1045 steel in comparison with those of an Al₂O₃/(W, Ti)C ceramic tool SG-4 and a cemented carbide tool YS8. Worn and fractured surfaces of the cutting tools were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results of continuous turning revealed that tool lifetime of the Al₂O₃/WC/TiC ceramic tool was higher than that of the SG-4 and YS8 tools at all the tested cutting speeds. As for the intermittent turning, tool life of the Al₂O₃/WC/TiC ceramic tool was equivalent to that of YS8, but shorter than that of the SG-4 at lower cutting speed (110 m/min). However, tool life of the Al₂O₃/WC/TiC ceramic tool increased when the cutting speed increased to 170 m/min, becoming much longer than that of the SG-4 and YS8 tools. The longer tool life of the Al₂O₃/WC/TiC composite ceramic tool was attributed to its synergistic strengthening/toughening mechanisms induced by the WC microparticles and TiC nanoparticles.     

TiB2/42CrMo连续梯度材料力学分析与结构设计

在以往超重力场合成梯度材料的基础上优化制备的工艺参数,制备出TiB₂-TiC-Fe组分呈连续梯度变化的TiB2/42CrMo复合材料。经XRD、SEM观察其梯度层间陶瓷/合金相界呈连续梯度变化。通过硬度测试,得出硬度自陶瓷部分至金属部分呈梯度递减变化,中间梯度层的弹性模量变化形式更趋近于三角函数。在相关参数提取研究的基础上,建立层状强度解析模型。之后采取ANSYS有限元仿真的方法,模拟分析了在施加外部位移载荷的条件下,层状模型的正应力与切应力分布,得出了梯度材料底部金属所承受的最大拉应力为造成该型材料损伤失效的主要原因,与实际材料的三点弯曲实验现象相对应。最后通过研究材料长厚比对应力分布的影响,得出在一定的尺度范围内,梯度材料的力学性质不会随长厚比的增大而线性无限增大,对下一步工程材料设计具有一定指导意义。     

陶瓷刀具高速干切削加工数值仿真研究

陶瓷刀具在高温作用下会产生自润滑现象,可起到减摩、抗磨作用.论文以Al2O3陶瓷刀具为例,在高温下刀具表面产生自润滑薄膜,利用有限元分析软件DEFORM-3D,建立高速切削AlSI——1045模型,分析Al2O3陶瓷刀具在高速切削加工时,产生自润滑现象所需切削速度,以及在高速切削时,刀具表面的主切削力、应力分布、温度分布和刀具的磨损状态等.研究表明:当切削速度为270m/min,时,刀具表面温度高达842℃,能够产生自润滑现象.     

Mechanical property and cutting performance of yttrium-reinforced Al2O3/Ti(C,N) composite ceramic tool material

Effects of yttrium on the mechanical property and the cutting performance of Al₂O₃/Ti(C,N) composite ceramic tool material have been studied in detail. Results show that the addition of yttrium of a certain amount can noticeably improve the mechanical property of Al₂O₃/Ti(C,N) ceramic material. As a result, the flexural strength and the fracture toughness amount to 1010 MPa and 6.1 MPam^1/2, respectively. Cutting experiments indicate that the developed ceramic tool material not only has better wear resistance but also has higher fracture resistance when machining hardened #45 steel. The fracture resistance of the yttrium-reinforced Al₂O₃/Ti(C,N) ceramic tool material is about 20% higher than that of the corresponding ceramic tool material without any yttrium additives.     

高速切削加工刀具材料

介绍了高速切削加工技术及模具高速切削所使用的陶瓷刀具、金刚石刀具、立方氮化硼刀具、涂层刀具的性能特点及应用,探讨了模具高速切削刀具材料的发展方向.     

The impact of the tool material and the cutting parameters on surface roughness of supermet 718 nickel superalloy

The objective of the present work is to assess the effect of the tool material and the cutting parameters on surface roughness of supermet 718 nickel-base superalloy, under dry cutting conditions and a constant nose radius (0.5 mm). The tool materials used were ceramic (Sandvik CC680)and CBN (Sandvik CB5O) inserts. These variables were investigated using a 2^k factorial design.The present work demonstrates a favorable effect for ceramic inserts on surface roughness, when compared with CBN inserts. The work also showed that the feed-rate has the dominant effect on surface roughness amongst the parameters studied, irrespective of the tool material used.     

Machinability of hardened steel using alumina based ceramic cutting tools

Alumina based ceramic cutting tool is an attractive alternative for carbide tools in the machining of steel in its hardened condition. These ceramic cutting tools can machine with high cutting speed and produce good surface finish. The wear mechanism of these ceramic cutting tools should be properly understood for greater utilization. Two types of ceramic cutting tools namely Ti[C,N] mixed alumina ceramic cutting tool and zirconia toughened alumina ceramic cutting tool are used for our investigation. The machinability of hardened steel was evaluated by measurements of tool wear, cutting forces and surface finish of the work piece. These alumina based ceramic cutting tool materials produce good surface finish in the machining of hardened steel. In this paper an attempt is made to analyse the important wear mechanisms like abrasive wear, adhesive wear and diffusion wear of these ceramic cutting tool materials and the performance of these ceramic cutting tools related to the surface finish is also discussed here.     

Material design method for the functionally graded cemented carbide tool

The aim of this study is to apply the concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs) to tool materials and to develop high-performance cutting tools. The requirement of the graded structure is that the surface is highly wear resistant cermet, and the inside is tough cemented carbide. Compressive residual stress was introduced to the material surface by grading the composition. To develop the new material, the cutting condition of broken cermet was investigated and their cutting temperature distribution was measured by a newly developed measuring method. Then Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) analysis was performed to calculate the generated thermal stress. The new material was developed with the aim to introduce the compressive residual stress over the calculated thermal stress. As a result developed tools demonstrated higher wear resistance, breakage resistance, thermal crack resistance and peeling resistance over those of conventional tools in the market.