鼓泡床内气体分布器设计及其对水力学影响

本文比较了目前常用的几种分布器，通过照像法观察了三种分布器（单孔板、多孔板和烧结金属板）上的气泡形成过程，然后测定了这三种分布器的干板压降和湿板压降，并就它们对水力学条件的影响进行了考察。其结果对鼓泡床内分布器的设计具有一定的参考价值。     

分布板开孔率对气固流化床流动特性的影响

在内径0.14 m,高1.6 m的气固流化床中,以空气和流化催化裂化颗粒为气相和固相,采用PV-6A型光纤测速仪和U形管压差计分别测定三种不同开孔率分布板时的颗粒浓度分布和分布板压降,同时应用流体力学软件Fluent 6.2分别对三种不同开孔率分布板压降,径向固含率分布进行了模拟计算,模拟结果与实验值吻合较好.研究结果显示,分布板压降随开孔率的增大而减小,分布板开孔率大于0.86%后对压降影响较小;径向固含率波动随开孔率的增大而增大,开孔率0.46%的分布板径向固含率分布曲线波动最小,气固分布最均匀.     

双切向环流气体分布器结构优化的研究

双切向环流气体分布器性能的优劣与导流板和套筒结构的密切相关。优化导流板和套筒结构可强化双切向环流气体分布器的稳流性能,改善塔内流场分布。文中利用CFD软件采用k-ε湍流模型,对分布器内不同环形通道宽度下的流场分布进行了数值模拟。考察了套筒与塔壁的间距L变化对分布器性能的影响,并得出了在既定塔径下分布器性能达到最优时L的尺寸。通过模拟不同导流板数目和结构下塔内的流场分布,考察了分布器性能随导流板数目、轴向及径向倾角的变化趋势。分析得出使分布器压降最小,流场分布最优时挡板的结构参数。为工程设计时预测分布器的速度场及能量耗散提供参考。     

组合约束型提升管出口气固分布器的压降

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,通过实验研究了不同操作条件下提升管出口气固分布器的压降,并与常规气体分布器压降进行了对比。实验结果表明,在零床层及有床层的操作模式下,气固分布器压降均随提升管内表观气速和颗粒循环强度的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较低时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较高时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而减小;随着开孔率及上部流化床层压降增加,气固分布器压降呈降低趋势,当流化床层压降达到一定程度后,分布器各孔方可实现有效布气,此后气固分布器压降趋于近似不变;在相同表观气速及开孔率下,气固分布器压降大于常规气体分布器压降。     

组合约束型提升管出口气固分布器的压降

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,通过实验研究了不同操作条件下提升管出口气固分布器的压降,并与常规气体分布器压降进行了对比。实验结果表明,在零床层及有床层的操作模式下,气固分布器压降均随提升管内表观气速和颗粒循环强度的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较低时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较高时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而减小;随着开孔率及上部流化床层压降增加,气固分布器压降呈降低趋势,当流化床层压降达到一定程度后,分布器各孔方可实现有效布气,此后气固分布器压降趋于近似不变;在相同表观气速及开孔率下,气固分布器压降大于常规气体分布器压降。     

自支撑型扭曲管中冷器强化传热特性研究

对自支撑型扭曲管中冷器壳程传热与压降性能进行了实验研究,结合实验室先前扭曲管单管实验的数据,通过与相同工况条件下的折流板中冷器和折流杆中冷器管、壳程传热与压降性能以及综合性能的对比,分析自支撑型扭曲管中冷器的强化传热特性。研究结果表明:在测量范围内,自支撑型扭曲管中冷器管程传热性能相比其他2种中冷器平均提高21.3%;壳程传热性能相比折流杆中冷器,平均提高20.6%;壳程压降相比折流杆中冷器,平均降低89.4%,相比折流板中冷器,平均降低93.9%。与传统中冷器相比,自支撑型扭曲管中冷器既有折流板中冷器传热效率高的优点,又有折流杆中冷器压降损失小的优点,在工业领域中,有很好的应用前景。     

槽式孔板的低含液率气液两相流测量特性

槽式孔板是一种新型气液两相流量传感器，目前尚未发现能够应用于槽式孔板的两相流压降相关式，结合空气/水两相流实验数据，比较了五类典型的标准节流元件两相流压降相关式对槽式孔板测量数据的计算结果，分析了这些相关式的适用范围和误差原因。基于不同的建模思想，综合考虑洛—马参数、介质压力、气相流量等参数的作用，建立了三种相对准确的槽式孔板两相流压降相关式，并将其应用于低含液率的凝析天然气计量技术研究，计算结果表明三种相关式均能达到工业计量的精度要求。     

倒锥形填料筐精馏塔板的性能研究

提出了一种新型高效塔板——倒锥形填料筐新型精馏塔板(RTPLT),在冷模塔内对该塔板的流体力学性能和塔内液体停留时间分布情况进行了研究。由实验数据关联得到了干板压降、湿板压降和漏液率的经验式。结果表明:RTPLT具有塔板压降低、雾沫夹带小、处理能力大等优点,其塔内液体停留时间分布的主要因素是液体流量。     

四效逆流蒸发结晶系统分布器的研究

本文对四效逆流强制内循环蒸发结晶系统分布器孔径大小与压降的关系、分布器孔径大小与传质的关系进行了研究,得出了分布器孔径越小,其压降越大,当小到一定程度时,分布器会被流体顶翻移位;分布器孔径越大,液体中各相间传质系数越小,晶体生长速率越慢的结论。提出了最佳分布器孔径应综合以上两方面的影响予以确定,即当晶体传质系数较大,压降较低时,分布器的孔径为最佳值。     

气液鼓泡床泡罩式气体分布器流场的CFD模拟

采用ANSYS FLUENT商用CFD软件对气液鼓泡床内泡罩式气体分布器单体进行了数值模拟。以Ug=12.34m/s的入口速度对计算模型进行单相三维稳态模拟。研究了泡罩内径、泡罩齿片和入口管开孔分别对塔内不均度和泡罩式气体分布器的压降影响规律。研究表明,随着泡罩内径的增加,塔内不均度和分布器压降减小;泡罩齿片加宽,齿片对气体的阻力增加;齿片间距增加,齿片对气体的阻力减小;入口管开孔数对塔内不均度没有任何影响。开孔数很少时,开孔数量的增加使分布器的压降减小,然而开孔数增加到一定数量时,开孔数对分布器的压降影响甚微。对泡罩式气体分布器进行了结构优化。     

Effect of gas distributor on hydrodynamics in shallow bubble column reactors

The effects of gas distributor on hydrodynamics in an air–water shallow bubble column reactor are investigated. Three types of distributors, namely, single nozzle, perforated plate and porous plate are being studied. The overall gas holdup, bubble size distributions and bubble rise velocity distributions are studied over a range of superficial gas velocities. The results show that single nozzle is not suitable for shallow bed operation. While perforated plate and porous plate distributors have comparable behaviour in the absence of solids, the addition of solids particles causes the two distributors to behaviour differently. The presence of solids promotes bubble coalescence for perforated plate distributor while the same inhibits bubble coalescence for porous plate distributor.     

再分布板和径向挡板对淤浆鼓泡床流体力学特性的影响

研究了在以空气-水-石英砂为实验体系的淤浆鼓泡床中加入内构件?再分布板和径向挡板对床层气含率和固含率的影响,并与不加内构件的情况进行了对比. 实验结果表明,再分布板可明显提高床层的平均气含率,且开孔孔径越小,作用越显著;但径向挡板的作用不明显;再分布板和径向挡板均可改善气含率和固含率的轴向分布,且不会大幅度增加压降. 通过对Smith关联式进行修正,得到了带有再分布板的淤浆鼓泡床中床层平均气含率的经验关联式.     

Gas holdup in homogeneous and heterogeneous gas—liquid bubble column reactors

The velocity‐holdup relationship is the most important design parameter for gas—liquid bubble column reactors, providing the basis for the prediction of heat and mass transfer coefficients and information on hydrodynamic conditions. A summary of the literature on gas holdup in bubble columns is supplemented by new experimental results which extend the data range. A criterion for the gas velocity leading to the transition between homogeneous and heterogeneous regimes for perforated plate gas distributors has been developed. Correlations for gas holdup in both regimes are developed and verified against both new and existing data.     

锥形鼓泡床内气含率特性的研究

本文分析了锥形鼓泡床内流型过渡、平均气含率及气含率轴向分布特性，考察了入口气体速度、静止液体（或淤浆）高度及淤浆浓度的影响，比较了与圆柱床的差异，结果表明对于鼓泡床内气体体积收缩的反应，用锥形床的冷态试验可以较精确地模拟其实际结果。     

浆态床反应器内固体轴向悬浮特征的实验研究

实验研究了浆态床内固体的轴向悬浮特征。为了实现气体均布和优化固体悬浮效果,在浆态床内设置辐射式锐孔气体分布器和内部构件。实验以空气-水-玻璃微珠系统为研究对象,考察了初始固体质量含率(固含率)为0～30%,表观气速1～25 cm/s,液体循环量0～230 L/h对固体浓度均布的影响。从固体轴向分布的均匀性分别比较辐射式锐孔气体分布器和1 mm多孔板气体分布器的性能以及有/无内部构件的性能。结果表明,高表观气速下,辐射式锐孔气体分布器明显优于1 mm多孔板,内部构件明显优于无内部构件。由实验结果得知,该反应器适用于操作气速大于等于10 cm/s,最佳循环量为80～150 L/h,临界悬浮气速为10～12 cm/s,催化剂装填量的增加对临界悬浮气速影响不大。     

Improved gas holdup in novel bubble column

This investigation reports the experimental and theoretical results carried out to evaluate the gas holdup for air–water system in a novel hybrid rotating and reciprocating perforated plate bubble column under countercurrent condition. The response of this hybrid column is found to be similar to that of reciprocating plate column (RPC) showing mixer‐settler, transition, and emulsion regions. The effect of agitation level, superficial gas velocity, superficial liquid velocity, perforation diameter, and plate spacing on gas holdup is studied and found to be significant. The gas holdup is found to be least in the range of agitation level of 1.3–1.5 cm/s. For all the superficial gas and liquid velocities considered in this present investigation, the critical agitation level at minimum gas holdup remains nearly same. The gas holdup in this hybrid column is 1.2–1.7 times higher in mixer‐settler region and 2.1–2.7 times higher in emulsion region than that of RPC. Correlations have been developed and found to concur with the experimental values. It can be used with 95% accuracy. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Hydrodynamics and simulation of air–water homogeneous bubble column under elevated pressure

A gas–liquid Eulerian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled with a population balance equation (PBE) was presented to investigate hydrodynamics of an air–water bubble column (1.8 m in height and 0.1 m in inner diameter) under elevated pressure in terms of pressure drop, gas holdup, mean bubble size, and bubble surface area. The CFD-PBE model was modified with three pressure correction factors to predict both the total gas holdup and the mean bubble size in the homogeneous bubbly flow regime. The three correction factors were optimized compared to experimental data. Increasing the pressure led to increasing the density, reducing the bubble size, and increasing the gas holdup. The bubble size distribution moved toward a smaller bubble size, as the pressure increased. The modified CFD-PBE model validated with experimental data and empirical models represented well hydrodynamics of the bubble column at P = 0.1, 1.5, and 3.5 MPa.     

浆态床鼓泡反应器中气含率的分布

为了解浆态床鼓泡反应器中气含率的分布规律,在浆态床鼓泡反应器冷模试验装置中,以空气-液体石蜡-氧化铝微球为试验介质对装置内部的气含率进行研究。利用压差法研究了表观气速、浆液固含量等操作条件对反应器床层总体气含率的影响,利用光纤探针法研究了浆态床反应器不同操作条件对局部气含率的影响,总结了反应器内部气含率的分布规律,并由此对工业浆态床鼓泡反应器的设计进行了研究。结果表明:浆态床反应器的总体气含率随表观气速的增大而增大,固体细颗粒的加入能适当降低总体气含率;在反应器底部,分布器对气体的均布作用明显,但表观气速的增大能够弱化分布器的作用;在反应器的中上部气含率不受分布器的影响,沿反应器径向呈现"中间高,边缘低"的分布趋势;在工业费托浆态床中,表观气速不宜低于0.12 m/s,内过滤系统适宜设置于反应器中上部靠近器壁的位置。     

Distributor effects near the bottom region of turbulent fluidized beds

The distributor plate effects on the hydrodynamic characteristics of turbulent fluidized beds are investigated by obtaining measurements of pressure and radial voidage profiles in a column diameter of 0.29 m with Group A particles using bubble bubble-cap or perforated plate distributors. Distributor pressure drop measurements between the two distributors are compared with the theoretical estimations while the influence of the mass inventory is studied. Comparison is established for the transition velocity from bubbling to turbulent regime, U_c, deduced from the pressure fluctuations in the bed using gauge pressure measurements. The effect of the distributor on the flow structure near the bottom region of the bed is studied using differential and gauge pressure transducers located at different axial positions along the bed. The radial voidage profile in the bed is also measured using optical fiber probes, which provide local measurements of the voidage at different heights above the distributor. The distributor plate has a significant effect on the bed hydrodynamics. Owing to the jetting caused by the perforated plate distributor, earlier onset of the transition to the turbulent fluidization flow regime was observed. Moreover, increased carry over for the perforated plate compared with the bubble caps has been confirmed. The results have highlighted the influence of the distributor plate on the fluidized bed hydrodynamics which has consequences in terms of comparing experimental and simulation results between different distributor plates.     

Hydrodynamics of a Tapered Bubble Column

The hydrodynamic behavior of a single‐stage tapered bubble column using an air‐water two‐phase system has been studied. The experimental results indicate that the holdup increases with increasing superficial gas velocity and bubble slip velocity, while it remains constant with increasing superficial liquid velocity. The gas flow rate has a subtle effect on pressure drop owing to the dynamic pressure recovery stemming from the increase in flow area in the axial direction. The results further suggest that the tapered bubble column shows higher holdup with lower energy dissipation than the conventional bubble columns under similar hydrodynamic conditions. The experimental values of the holdup are in excellent agreement with the well‐known Akita and Yoshida correlation available in the existing literature. Also, the performance of the tapered system has been shown to be much better than that of conventional columns under similar conditions in water/alkaline scrubbing of fly ash and SO₂ either alone or in combination.