基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型

针对多轴联动数控机床加工精度误差补偿问题,从分析数控机床误差产生机理和建立精度误差补偿模型的角度,提出了基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型。分析了B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的拓扑结构关系、低序体阵列、各典型体坐标变换,推导出了B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床精度几何误差预测函数。采用平动轴十二线法误差参数辨识算法,测量并计算了某B-A摆头五轴数控机床21项空间几何误差,为精度几何误差预测函数提供有效参量。该几何误差参数建模方法,对不同拓扑结构和运动关系的数控机床具有通用性,为后续数控机床误差动态实时补偿并提高切削加工精度提供了理论依据。     

数控机床两种几何误差建模方法有效性试验研究

数控机床在制造行业中有着广泛的应用,数控机床精度对保证被加工零件质量起着关键作用,对机床平动轴几何误差进行补偿是进一步提升数控机床加工精度能力的重要手段。几何误差建模是几何误差补偿的基础,通常采用18项或21项几何误差建模方法,基于这两种建模方法,进行误差检测、辨识与补偿。但这两种建模方法对误差补偿的不同影响还没有系统的验证研究,根据验证结果指导采用更适宜的几何建模方法,对于改善误差补偿效果有着至关重要的意义。通过已经建立的数控机床的两种几何误差建模方法建模,开展了基于这两种误差模型的数控机床平动轴几何误差检测、辨识和补偿的仿真和试验研究,并对这两种误差补偿的有效性进行了系统性的分析比较。试验研究发现,18项几何误差建模方法能够精简地描述三轴数控机床的全几何误差项,21项几何误差建模方法则存在3项冗余角度误差项,造成精度预测模型的准确性降低。当通过建立精度预测模型进行机床空间误差补偿,试验研究发现采用18项几何误差建模方法的误差补偿效果优于采用21项几何误差建模方法的误差补偿效果,即18项几何误差建模方法更适用于三轴数控机床几何误差的软件补偿方法。该研究结论对于进一步提升数控机床加工精度的能力具有理论和实际的指导意义。     

双转台五轴数控机床的非线性误差补偿

针对双转台五轴数控机床因旋转轴与平移轴联动而产生的非线性误差,提出一种解析模型对非线性误差进行实时预测和补偿。选取刀位文件中的相邻点作为建立模型的刀位点,然后根据经典后置处理中的误差分布建立谐波函数解析的非线性误差模型;用该模型的解析表达式快速预测两刀位点之间的非线性误差,实现了对中间插补点的实时误差补偿。最后对一叶轮零件加工的刀位文件进行MALTLAB仿真分析,验证了所提算法的有效性。     

一种多轴数控机床几何误差补偿方法

多轴数控机床加工系统控制程序一直是影响工业加工精度的关键所在,鉴于此,构造了一种基于控制程序的多轴数控机床几何误差补偿方法,能有效降低制造过程产生的几何误差的影响。首先,通过干涉测量体积误差情况,可在机器无需机械调整的前提下提高加工和测量精度;再根据机器工作区的体积误差分布,设计基于映射的数控程序补偿策略,以便获得最小误差。误差补偿测试对比结果表明,该方法可有效降低三轴数控机床的误差,具有较好的误差补偿及精度分配效果。     

基于西门子840D数控系统的龙门五轴数控机床几何误差补偿软件开发

基于西门子840D数控系统垂度误差补偿功能,开发一种龙门五轴数控机床几何误差补偿软件。该软件通过导入给定检测策略下激光干涉仪与R-test的检测数据以及辅助工装的几何参数建立辨识方程组,通过十三线辨识方法实现平动轴几何误差辨识,通过偏置球心R-test方法实现转动轴几何误差辨识,以西门子840D数控系统垂度误差补偿文件为模板,输出可被数控系统自动识别的误差补偿文件,最后通过装载补偿文件实现机床几何误差的自动补偿。该软件内部集成几何误差检测策略,将辨识算法和补偿技术进行自动化封装,避免了误差辨识和补偿过程的繁琐性,有效提升了几何误差补偿效率。     

基于商空间的五轴数控机床几何误差标定与补偿算法

提出了一种基于商空间和指数积的五轴数控机床几何误差标定与补偿算法。首先,利用提出的机床几何误差标定模型可以快速、准确识别出机床各运动轴的实际旋量坐标,采用商空间法去除伴随变换冗余参数,避免了旋量坐标重复正交化和归一化。其次,采用基于微分法的雅克比矩阵补偿算法,可以在不求取机床运动学逆解的情况下,对机床几何误差进行补偿。最后,通过MATLAB仿真对误差标定模型和补偿算法模型进行验证。     

基于G代码修改的数控机床几何误差补偿方法

为减小数控机床的空间运动定位误差,研究了一种基于G代码修改的几何误差补偿方法。以多体系统理论为基础,构建起多轴数控机床的通用误差模型,并据此建立了三轴数控机床空间误差模型。提出三维空间内任意直线轨迹的直线插补补偿算法和可提高圆心位置精度的平面内圆弧插补补偿算法,且这2种补偿算法都可分别设定不同的插补精度。采用修改G代码方式实现补偿方法的通用性,在XZOY型三轴数控机床上开展了误差补偿实验,验证了其有效性。     

基于微分变换的多轴数控机床几何误差解耦研究

基于几何误差可等效为微分运动的原理,提出了基于微分变换的多轴数控机床几何误差建模的方法;运用雅可比矩阵建立了补偿值与刀具位姿误差之间的映射关系,矩阵中的元素可通过微分变换进行求解,由此利用雅可比矩阵的广义逆建立误差解耦模型。在此基础上,设计了多轴数控机床通用的自动化解耦计算流程。最后进行了五轴联动测试轨迹的误差补偿实验,补偿后的轨迹精度得到了显著的提高,验证了误差模型及解耦算法的有效性。     

基于模拟退火算法的数控机床热误差补偿方法

为提高数控机床的精度,基于模拟退火算法设计数控机床热误差补偿方法,分别建立机床内部零件沿X轴、Y轴、Z轴方向做平移与旋转运动时的变化矩阵,计算电动机与轴承的发热量,二者相加后就可以得到高速运动下机床发热量。基于模拟退火算法建立热误差偏移补偿模型,获得系统温度的状态参量,得到温度下降后求和单元的传递函数,计算偏移补偿模型内X轴、Y轴、Z轴上经过多次迭代后的位置。设计数控机床热误差补偿算法,得到数控机床热误差补偿结果。实验结果显示,该数控机床在Y轴上的热误差值较小,但是在X轴与Y轴上的热误差较大,经过误差补偿后,其热误差分别降低至1～2 m m和0～1 m m,可见该热误差补偿方法效果较好。     

多轴数控机床几何误差的软件补偿技术

论述了在“华中Ｉ型”数控系统中开发的数控机床几何误差的软件补偿技术。分析了各轴的误差元通过运动链传播的建摸问题和其对切削刀具在机床工作空间中的姿态误差的影响;建立了机床结构的每个误差元和切削刀具相对工件位置误差相联系的通用数学模型;采用激光干涉仪直接测量的方法来获取误差模型中各个误差元参数,提出了一种测量机床运动部件滚摆角的新方法;测量点的误差参数被存储在计算机内,在测量点之间采用线性插值来获得补偿点的误差参数。数控系统每８ｍｓ中断一次,读取与补偿点相关的位移和转动误差参数以及刀具的参数,利用误差模型计算刀具相对工件的误差在各个运动轴上的误差分量,该误差分量被数控系统叠加到各运动轴的指令位移上,使各个运动轴产生附加的运动,从而实现数控机床几何误差的软件补偿。对比试验表明该补偿技术能使数控机床的几何误差减小７０％。     

A methodology for systematic geometric error compensation in five-axis machine tools

To enhance the accuracy, an efficient methodology was developed and described for systematic geometric error correction and their compensation in five-axis machine tools. The methodology is capable of compensating the overall effect of all position-dependent and position-independent errors which contribute to volumetric workspace. It was implemented on a five-axis grinding machine for error compensation and for the check of its effectiveness. Error compensation algorithm was designed, and a routine was written in Matlab software. The developed technique and software are based on an error table which interprets the function of axis through cubic spline technique and synthesis modeling of a machine tool. Recursive compensation methodology was used to remove the machine errors from the actual tool path and inverse technique was implemented to find the corrected positions of prismatic and rotary joints. Moreover, it can convert the corrected tool paths into practical compensated NC codes. The generated, corrected and modified NC codes directly fed to the controller of a five-axis machine tool. Validation of the technique was preceded by repeated experimentation of measurement and through machining of typical standard workpieces with some additional specific features. Experimental results exhibit effective compensation and remarkable improvement in the parametric and volumetric-workspace accuracy of the five-axis machine tool.     

五轴数控机床几何误差建模方法研究

五轴数控机床是实现工件复杂表面精密加工的重要设备,而机床本身精度是保证加工精度的重要前提。以一台大型五轴数控加工机床为研究对象,分析各项误差,应用多体系统运动学理论,建立移动轴与旋转轴的几何误差数学模型,推导出刀具相对工件坐标系的位置与姿态误差表达式,为误差补偿提供精确数学模型,提高机床加工精度。     

A new high-efficiency error compensation system for CNC multi-axis machine tools

To enhance the accuracy of CNC machines for the request of modern industry, an effective static/quasi-static error compensation system composed of an element-free interpolation algorithm based on the Galerkin method for error prediction, a recursive software compensation procedure, and an NC-code converting software, is developed. Through automatically analyzing the machining path, the new error prediction method takes into consideration the fact that the machine structure is non-rigid, and can efficiently determine the position errors of the cutter for compensation without computing a complex error model on-line. The predicted errors are then compensated based on a recursive compensation algorithm. Finally, a compensated NC program will be automatically generated by the NC-code converting software for the precision machining process. Because of the advantage of the element-free theory, the error prediction method can flexibly and irregularly distribute nodal points for accurate error prediction for a machine with complex error distribution characteristics throughout the workspace. To verify the algorithm and the developed system, cutting experiments were conducted in this study, and the results have shown the success of the proposed error compensation system.     

Position error reduction of tool center point in multi-tasking machine tools through compensating influence of geometric deviations identified by ball bar measurements

A method to compensate the influence of geometric deviations on tool center point (TCP) for a multi-tasking machine tool is proposed in this paper. Some methods to compensate geometric deviations of a rotary axis in five-axis machining centers have been proposed. However, due to the special topological structure of multi-tasking machine tools, the identification and compensation methods for geometric deviations are different from those of the five-axis machining centers, which have been seldom researched until now. In this paper, the main attention is paid to analyze the eccentricities of the trajectories measured by a ball bar under simultaneous three-axis motions and to reduce the influence of the identified geometric deviations on the position error of TCP by the compensation method. It is divided into two sequential subtasks. At first, the geometric deviations are identified by using the eccentricities of measured trajectories. A simple and practical measuring procedure is proposed to identify geometric deviations of rotary axes existing in a multi-tasking machine tool. For the second step, a method is proposed by modifying the original NC code according to the kinematic chain model of the targeted machine tool to compensate the influence of the existing geometric deviations on TCP. An experiment is conducted on a multi-tasking machine tool with a swivel tool spindle head in the horizontal position. The repeatability of the measured eccentricities based on three experimental results is also investigated to reduce the influence of measuring error on the identified results. As a result, the corresponding values of geometric deviations after the compensation are less than 2.2 arcseconds or 2.4 μm. It is concluded that the influence of geometric deviations on TCP is compensated effectively, and the position error of TCP is reduced significantly.     

基于HEIDENHAIN数控系统主轴轴向热变形补偿技术

分析HEIDENHAIN数控系统实现机床热变形误差补偿的原理,介绍将其应用于数控机床主轴轴向热变形误差补偿的方法和步骤,以及一种自行设计PLC控制程序,识别温度变化过程,自动计算补偿值的原理和方法。经过在某大型加工中心上应用验证,证实基于数控系统的主轴轴向热变形补偿具有显著效果,并且通过识别温度变化过程控制补偿值计算方法具有更加稳定的效果。     

Tool path optimization in postprocessor of five-axis machine tools

Generally, tool path is generated in a computer-aided manufacturing software considering only the geometry of machining parts. It is converted into numerical control (NC) codes in the postprocessor based on the particular machine kinematics. For some special types of five-axis machine tools, e.g., non-orthogonal five-axis machine tools, the generated NC codes may produce unqualified parts because of the existence of the non-linear error. Conventional commercialized postprocessors usually do not have the function of non-linear error checking. Observing that the tool path is a non-smooth trajectory full of corners and a series of connected line segments, cubic spline interpolation is applied to smooth the tool path at regular points in this study. The cutter tip center points are computed by the cubic spine interpolation, while the cutter posture vectors are obtained via linear interpolation. At the splines (for regular points) and the line segments (feature points), more points are chosen to be converted into NC codes to reduce the non-linear error, which is called data densification. Using the cubic spline to smooth the tool path and the data densification to reduce the non-linear error, a novel tool path optimization algorithm in postprocessor is proposed. Experiments were carried out on an inclined rotary spindle axis non-orthogonal five-axis machine tool. It shows that the proposed tool path optimization provides improved accuracy and surface quality.     

Research on an algorithm for an NC machining hypoid pinion

Based on the flexibility characteristics of the NC machine tool, which means that various motions can be performed arbitrarily on NC machine tools, a new algorithm for manufacturing a hypoid pinion is proposed. This gets rid of the limitation of traditional mechanical machine tools and their algorithms. When the cutter tilt method is combined with the modification method, a method of manufacturing the pinion with a prescribed-size cutter on an NC machine tool can be realised. This helps to simplify cutter specifications and realise the error compensation of the cutter size. In this paper the algorithm is derived. According to the equations of cutting, the machine settings are calculated.     

数控随动磨床加工凸轮方法及其精度补偿策略

针对凸轮随动磨削中因工件轴转速差、伺服系统响应偏差、硬件制造误差等重复性误差影响因素造成的零件制造精度下降问题,将在线测量技术和Sinumerik 840D数控系统的插补表与电子齿轮功能应用到机床运动控制系统中,开展了随动磨削工艺的运动轨迹和控制方案分析,提出了由内嵌在系统PCU上的VB程序来处理在线测量获得的360个离散误差补偿数值,自动生成带插补表与电子齿轮功能的专用加工程序,利用同轴运动叠加控制方法,把补偿值叠加到进给轴上,使带误差补偿数据的凸轮加工NC程序不断根据实际加工状态更新,最后在工程样机上进行了磨削试验。试验结果表明,发动机凸轮轴的廓型最大加工误差降到了2.6μm以下,残余误差主要来源为机械振动、非线性摩擦扰动等随机性偏差。该运动控制和误差补偿方法能在实际加工中较好地补偿重复性误差因素对工件精度产生的影响。     

我国高速加工技术现状及发展趋势

高速加工是以较快生产节拍进行加工 ,提高切削和进刀速度是高速加工技术的重要环节。高速加工技术的发展涉及到零件毛坯、刀具、机床、自动控制与检测等多种技术的综合优化 ,需要变革传统的机加工工艺路线。我国引进的轿车零部件数控自动生产线上已广泛应用高速加工技术 ,其主要目的是在确保产品质量的前提下 ,尽量缩短零件的机加工工艺路线 ,加快生产节拍 (轿车发动机生产节拍已缩短为 30秒 ) ,满足轿车高质量、高速率、低成本、大批量、社会化生产的技术要求。高速加工技术必将带动零件毛坯制造、刀具 (工具 )、数控机床、自动控制、在线检测、材料等技术的发展与进步。随着我国制造业加快融入全球化生产制造体系 ,预计高速加工技术将在信息化、柔性化机械加工领域得到进一步发展和推广应用     

新型双闭环高精度数控机床

针对制造工业对高精度数控机床的需求,研究开发出新型双闭环高精度数控机床系列产品。其特点是,采用转角—线位移双闭环位置控制和信息化精度创成技术,既具有高档全闭环机床的加工精度,又具有半闭环机床的稳定性和环境适应性,并且其造价与普及型数控机床相当。实际应用证明,双闭环机床在复杂精密零件加工方面具有良好效果