两种烟用助燃剂对卷烟主流烟气中羰基化合物释放量的影响研究

以湿法按不同比例添加助燃剂柠檬酸钾、酒石酸钾钠到烟丝中,研究其对卷烟烟气中挥发性羰基化合物释放量的影响。结果表明：在添加量为2‰-15‰范围内焦油有下降趋势,其中：（1）加入柠檬酸钾,主流烟气中甲醛、丙醛、丙烯醛的释放量依次增加;丙酮的释放量变化不大;巴豆醛、2-丁酮释放量呈下降趋势,但随着添加量的增加,下降趋于零;丁醛的释放量呈先增加后减少的趋势;添加量为8‰时,乙醛释放量达到最低;（2）酒石酸钾钠的加入使得主流烟气中甲醛、丙烯醛、丙醛的释放量增加;乙醛和丙酮的释放量变化不大;巴豆醛、2-丁酮释放量呈下降趋势。     

植物添加剂降低卷烟烟气稠环芳烃的研究进展

卷烟烟气中的稠环芳烃是一种高致癌性有害物质,对人体有很大的毒害作用.文章简单地介绍了烟气中稠环芳烃的形成、性质及对人体的危害,并详细综述了植物添加剂降低卷烟烟气稠环芳烃的研究进展.降低清除卷烟中稠环芳烃含量及其机理的研究是一个长期且复杂的难题,至今国际上尚未彻底解决.研究开发无毒无副作用的高效针对性的新型植物添加剂,对缓解吸烟与健康的矛盾具有重要的意义,其发展前景广阔.     

纸质滤芯中三醋酸甘油酯添加量对卷烟主流烟气中苯酚释放量的影响

制备了4种不同三醋酸甘油酯添加量的纸质滤棒及相应的实验卷烟,并对其烟气常规化学指标、苯酚释放量进行了分析评价。结果表明:①三醋酸甘油酯的用量在8.0%~12.0%时,卷烟主流烟气中总粒相物、焦油、烟碱、一氧化碳等常规指标变化不大;②苯酚的释放量随着三醋酸甘油酯用量的增加逐渐降低,单位焦油苯酚释放量的降低率随着三醋酸甘油酯添加量的增加而增加,其最大降低率为34.59%;③三醋酸甘油酯添加量为12%时,纸质滤棒卷烟主流烟气中苯酚释放量较低。     

微波-吸波介质处理炼焦烟气中五环多环芳烃

五环多环芳烃苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽属于高环多环芳烃,降解难度高、危害大,其中苯并[a]芘危害性最大,具有很强的致毒性和致癌性。通过竖式电炉模拟制备炼焦烟气,采用微波和吸波介质协同处理的方法,以二氯甲烷和玻璃纤维对多环芳烃进行收集,通过超声波萃取、高效液相色谱法检测技术,定性、定量分析炼焦烟气产生的五环多环芳烃,研究了微波-吸波介质处理五环多环芳烃实验时微波温度,以及吸波介质的质量、粒径、种类等实验因素对4种多环芳烃各分量及总量降解效果的影响。实验结果表明,当微波温度400℃、碳化硅吸波介质6 g时,总的降解率为72%,苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽降解率分别为79%、75%、72%和48%,处理效果较好,尤其苯并[a]芘降解率最高。     

AlCl_3催化中温煤沥青制备中间相炭微球的研究

以中温煤沥青为原料,通过添加不同含量的无水AlCl_3,在高温下聚合制备沥青基中间相炭微球(MCMB),并使用偏光显微镜、SEM、XPS等方法对产物进行表征和分析。结果表明,氯化铝能有效地催化沥青中稠环芳烃的缩聚,当添加量为4%时MCMB产率相对于未添加时提高了24.1%;不同的添加量对MCMB粒径影响不同,当添加量为3%时,MCMB粒径最大(平均粒径达21μm),球形度和形貌较好;而随着AlCl_3的增加,MCMB的粒径分布逐渐变窄,故通过改变AlCl_3的含量制备特定粒径的MCMB。最后通过红外及XPS分析对AlCl_3催化稠环芳烃缩聚机理进行了探究。     

滤嘴通风对卷烟主流烟气释放量的影响

应用单因素分析法研究了滤嘴通风率对卷烟主流烟气中9种成分释放量的影响。结果表明:随着滤嘴通风率的增大,焦油、烟碱、CO、HCN、氨和苯并[a]芘的释放量呈显著降低趋势,巴豆醛和苯酚释放量呈一定的降低趋势,而NNK(尼古丁代谢衍生物)的释放量变化不显著;滤嘴通风率与NNK,苯并[a]芘及HCN单位焦油释放量呈显著相关关系,但与巴豆醛、苯酚和氨的单位焦油释放量不相关。     

枣庄褐煤催化热解特性研究

在格金反应器上对一种枣庄褐煤添加镍基催化剂(Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O)进行催化热解,并对其添加催化剂前后热解产物焦油、半焦和气体等通过全二维气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC×GC-MS)、热重分析仪(TGA)、拉曼光谱仪和气相色谱仪(GC)等进行表征分析。催化热解产物分析结果表明,相较于原煤,添加镍基催化剂后半焦收率降低,焦油收率提高,其中半焦收率由82.72%降低到81.51%,焦油收率由8.21%增加到10.06%。焦油馏分分析结果表明,添加镍基催化剂后焦油品质提高,其中沥青含量由18.29%降低到13.88%,蒽油含量由9.39%增加到12.87%。拉曼光谱分析结果表明,添加镍基催化剂后半焦中3～5个芳环的芳香烃结构含量增加,六元以上芳香烃结构含量降低。综上分析结果推测出镍基催化剂在煤热解过程中促使煤大分子结构上连接稠环芳香结构(3～5个芳环)的脂肪桥键断裂,断键后的稠环芳香结构被CH₃·或H·稳定下来生成焦油或半焦。     

煤焦化固废的污染特征与环境风险研究

为研究煤焦化过程中焦化固废的潜在环境风险，利用GC-MS和ICP-MS等高精度测试技术研究了某煤焦化企业产生的煤焦化固废(焦油和焦油渣)中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)和7种典型有害元素的浓度特征，分别评价了PAHs和有害元素的潜在健康风险。结果表明：煤焦油和焦油渣中PAHs的总量为174650 mg/kg和69010 mg/kg，并主要以萘、苊烯、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽和芘为主；煤焦油和焦化渣中的PAHs组成结构较为相似，均以2-4环的PAHs为主，占比分别为91.5%和93.2%，其中3环的PAHs的占比分别达41%和48.5%；单体PAHs的等效致癌毒性中，致癌毒性贡献较大的主要有苯并[a]芘、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和二苯并[a,h]蒽这些中高环的PAHs；与土壤环境质量标准GB36600-2018规定的有害元素风险筛选值相比，发现煤焦油和焦油渣中有害元素的含量远低于国家标准规定的风险筛选值。     

滤棒长度对卷烟主流烟气中7种有害物质的影响研究

为研究滤棒长度对卷烟主流烟气中一氧化碳（CO）、氢氰酸（HCN）、NNK、氨、苯并[a]芘、苯酚及巴豆醛等7种有害物质的影响,制造出滤棒长度分别为30,27,24,21 mm的4种卷烟,测定其主流烟气中单位焦油的7种有害物质含量。结果表明,卷烟主流烟气中单位焦油苯并[a]芘、巴豆醛、CO的含量随滤棒长度减小而减少;HCN、NNK、NH3、苯酚的含量则有相反的变化规律;而卷烟主流烟气中单位焦油的危害性变化不大。     

过渡金属修饰的碳纳米管降低烟气中氢氰酸

分别制备了高产率的修饰铁、钴、镍的碳纳米管,将铁、钴、镍修饰的碳纳米管添加到卷烟嘴棒中可提高烟气中有害成分氢氰酸的吸附效果。实验结果表明：添加了修饰铁、钻、镍的碳纳米管的卷烟嘴棒,可明显选择性降低烟气中有害成分氢氰酸的含量,其中铁修饰碳纳米管降低氢氰酸和焦油的效果最好,随着铁修饰碳纳米管的添加量增加,烟气中氢氰酸和焦油的量减少,烟气中氢氰酸的含量减少16．8％-32％,焦油的含量降低9．8％～26％。     

不同加热模式对山茶油中多环芳烃累积的影响

采用凝胶渗透色谱净化,结合气相色谱-质谱法对山茶油加热过程中累积的18种多环芳烃残留进行了检测。对不同加热模式(加热时长、加热次数、加热温度)对山茶油中多环芳烃累积的影响进行了考察,结果表明:当加热时长为6 h,重复加热次数为12,加热温度200℃接近山茶油烟点时,山茶油中的PAHs总量为183.389μg/kg,其中苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘和苯并[g,h,i]苝这三种高致癌性PAHs含量达到本实验的最大值。加热时长延伸、重复加热次数增多或加热温度提升均对山茶油中PAHs的累积有明显促进作用。     

溶剂效应对脱除煤沥青中3,4-苯并芘的影响

研究了单种溶剂、混合溶剂对3,4-苯并芘的溶解选择性及煤沥青溶解量。并以顺丁烯二酸酐为改性剂、硫酸为催化剂,考察了溶剂效应对降低煤沥青中3,4-苯并芘的影响。研究表明,环己烷、甲苯,环己烷、乙酸丁酯组成的混合溶剂具有较好的3,4-苯并芘溶解选择性和合适的煤沥青溶解量。当环己烷∶甲苯=2∶1（体积比）和环己烷∶乙酸丁酯=2∶1（体积比）为反应溶剂时,能够高效地脱除煤沥青中3,4-苯并芘,煤沥青中3,4-苯并芘降低率分别达到88.26%和90.83%。其原因认为是此类溶剂能使包裹在沥青颗粒内部的3,4-苯并芘释放出来,且3,4-苯并芘与改性剂能够形成均相反应体系,大部分不具有致癌性的高相对分子质量环芳烃与改性剂之间形成两相体系,从而提高了改性剂与3,4-苯并芘的有效反应。     

化学机械抛光中Co/Ti电偶腐蚀与去除速率选择性研究

通过电化学测试研究了pH、配位剂(柠檬酸钾)和缓蚀剂[包括1,2,4-三氮唑(TAZ)和3-氨基-5-巯基-1,2,4-三氮唑(AMTA)]对Co/Ti电偶腐蚀的影响.结果表明,溶液pH升高会增大Co与Ti之间的腐蚀电位差.当pH=8时,加入0.5％(质量分数)柠檬酸钾会加剧Co和Ti之间的电偶腐蚀,而再加入缓蚀剂TA...     

菊花精油化学成分分析及其在再造烟叶加香中的应用

采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对菊花精油的化学成分进行分析。结果显示,从菊花精油中检测鉴别出43种物质,其中酮类5种、醇类14种、酯类6种、酸类3种、烃类及杂环类15种。加香试验发现,在每100 g烟草浓缩液中加入1．5‰～2．0‰（质量分数）菊花精油能够有效改善造纸法再造烟叶的刺激性和灼烧感,改善吸味并提高香气质量,在添加比例为2．0‰（质量分数）时效果最佳。     

柠檬酸三钠对低钠光卤石分解制备氯化钾晶体粒度影响研究

针对光卤石分解制备的氯化钾晶体平均粒径小导致过滤、洗涤损失大以及干燥能耗高的问题,以柠檬酸三钠为成核抑制剂,考察了柠檬酸三钠添加浓度、加入光卤石溶液的浓度、搅拌速率、停留时间、加入光卤石溶液的体积、加液速率对氯化钾晶体粒度的影响。在单因素实验的基础上采用3因素3水平的Box-Behnken响应面优化设计方法做了研究。结果表明：在柠檬酸三钠添加浓度为0.007 mol/L、加入光卤石溶液质量浓度为0.759 g/mL、搅拌速率为372.52 r/min、停留时间为40 min、加入光卤石溶液体积为100 mL、加液速率为2 mL/min的条件下可制得平均粒径为595.892 μm的氯化钾晶体,是未添加柠檬酸三钠、其他实验条件不变时所得氯化钾产品的平均粒径（351.607 μm）的1.69倍,并且氯化钾产品纯度为95.82%,符合GB/T 7118—2008《工业氯化钾》质量标准要求。实验结果为提高氯化钾产品的粒度提供参考。     

Characterization of Gaseous and Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air of Delhi,India

Three seasonal sampling campaigns were undertaken at an urban site of Delhi for collection of PAHs in particulate and gas phase. Sampling was done by using modified Respirable Dust (PM ≤10μm) sampler attached with polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs and compared with conventional Respirable Dust (PM ≤10 μm) sampler. Total 16 EPA PAH (gaseous + particulate) were determined by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS). The 3-ring PAH constitutes approximately 90% of the gaseous PAHs with phenanthrene, fluoranthene, acenapthylene, and acenaphthene being the most abundant gaseous PAHs. PAHs with 4- to 6- rings accounted for 92%, 87% and 78% in samples collected during winter, summer and monsoon season respectively. Gaseous PAHs, particulate PAHs and total PAHs were higher during winter as compared to summer and monsoon seasons. The contribution of particulate PAHs were 1.4, 2.1, and 2.5 times higher in winter, summer and monsoon, respectively than of gaseous PAHs. Indeno[123-cd]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene, dibenzo[ah]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene and chrysene were found to be the most abundant PAH compounds in the particulate PAHs during all the seasons. The result from application of diagnostic ratio suggests that the higher particulate PAHs emissions were predominantly associated with vehicular emissions along with emissions from biomass burning during winter season.     

Zn（MAA）_2添加方式对CM性能的影响

考察了甲基丙烯酸锌（Zn（MAA）2）添加方式对CM性能的影响。结果表明,Zn（MAA）2用量相同时,原位生成Zn（MAA）2的胶料力学性能优于直接添加Zn（MAA）2的胶料;随着Zn（MAA）2用量的增大,胶料硫化程度明显提高,力学性能得到明显改善,老化后的拉伸性能保持率也得到改善;Zn（MAA）2用量在30～40份之间时,拉伸强度可达到19.7MPa,撕裂强度提高3倍以上。     

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN BALTIC SEA SEDIMENTS

Present concentrations of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in bottom sediments of the Baltic Sea. Sediments were collected in 2001 and 2002 from the Gulf of Finland, the Northern Baltic Proper, the Eastern Gotland Basin, the Southern Baltic Proper, and Kattegat. Parent PAHs were quantified by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The sum of 13 PAHs in 1 cm slices in the first 5 cm varied between 64 and 5161 ng/g (dw) depending on the bottom type. The most contaminated area was in the Eastern Gotland Basin, and the most abundant PAH components found in sediments were fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. The studied PAHs were both pyrolytic and petrogenic in origin. In addition, the concentrations of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]perylene indicated a contribution from diesel engines, which may indicate pollution caused by the steadily increased shipping in the Baltic Sea.     

DETERMINATION OF DIBENZO[A,L]PYRENE AND OTHER FJORD-REGION PAH ISOMERS WITH MW 302 IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occur in the environment as complex mixtures including compounds with mutagenic and carcinogenic activity. The PAH profile routinely determined in environmental samples at present encompasses isomers with molecular weight (MW) not greater than 300. However, PAHs with MW >300 have been demonstrated for several matrices to contribute up to 50% of the total activity when tested for carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Recent studies indicate that among the dibenzopyrenes with MW 302 dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, possessing a fjord region, is by far the most carcinogenic PAH hitherto identified. To further elucidate the environmental relevance of this compound we have applied the isotope dilution GC/MS technique as analytical procedure to determine this compound and the related fjord region PAH naphtho[1,2-a]- and naphtho[1,2-e]pyrene in various matrices. Identification was based on comparison of UV and mass spectra as well as retention times of authentic reference materials. Determination of these PAHs was achieved after clean-up by several chromatographic steps including fractionation on a modified TABA-silica gel column. Quantitative data for matrices such as two cigarette smoke condensates, motor vehicle exhaust condensate (Otto-type engines), and tar-cork are reported. Based on toxic equivalent factors the relative contribution of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (5.4–42.3%) to the total carcinogenic activity of a PAH profile will be discussed comprising 14 selected isomers (benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene; cyclopenta[cd]pyrene; benz[a]anthracene; chrysene/triphenylene; sum of benzo[b]-, benzo[k]-, and benzo[j]fluoranthene; benzo[a]pyrene; indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene; dibenz[a,h]anthracene; benzo[ghi]perylene; anthanthrene; dibenzo[a,l]pyrene determined in these matrices.