新型磷化钨加氢精制催化剂的研究

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,磷酸氢二铵和偏钨酸铵为原料,通过化学浸渍法制备系列磷化钨催化剂。以噻吩加氢脱硫反应为探针,考察浸渍顺序、WP负载量、焙烧温度和还原温度等因素对磷化钨催化剂加氢性能的影响。研究表明,WP负载质量分数为30％的WP-1催化剂具有较高的噻吩加氢脱硫活性, P的加入在一定程度上能够改善催化剂加氢活性。     

脱硝催化剂专用钛钨粉中钨盐前驱体的选择研究 脱硝催化剂专用钛钨粉中钨盐前驱体的选择研究

以工业偏钛酸为原料,分别选取三氧化钨（WO3）、钨酸铵（ATT）、偏钨酸铵（AMT）、仲钨酸铵（APT）等4种钨盐前驱体,采用浸渍法制备了SCR脱硝催化剂载体材料钛钨粉。采用XRD、SEM（EDS）、BET等检测手段对样品进行表征,并对由钛钨粉制成的催化剂进行活性测试。实验结果表明：由偏钨酸铵（AMT）制备的钛钨粉晶粒度小,晶格畸变较小,性能比较稳定;颗粒聚集程度最低,形貌较为均一,钨的分布最均匀;比表面积最大,而比表面积在一定范围内越大对催化剂的活性越有益;且由其制备的催化剂脱硝活性最高,接近进口产品。因此,比较而言,AMT是制备钛钨粉较为理想的钨盐前驱体。     

不同体系Pd/C催化剂的制备及对甲酸的电催化氧化

采用不同体系制备了碳载Pd催化剂(Pd/C),发现在乙二醇体系中制备的Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化具有最负的峰电位和最低的起始氧化电位,Tafel斜率最小为155mV,并且在1h的计时电流曲线测试表明,用乙二醇体系制备的Pd/C-3催化剂具有较高的稳定电流。TEM结果可以看出,用乙二醇体系制备的Pd/C催化剂Pd粒子在活性碳表面分散得最好,Pd粒径的大小约为4～5nm。     

脱硝催化剂专用钛钨粉中钨盐前驱体的选择研究

以工业偏钛酸为原料,分别选取三氧化钨(WO3)、钨酸铵(ATT)、偏钨酸铵(AMT)、仲钨酸铵(APT)等4种钨盐前驱体,采用浸渍法制备了SCR脱硝催化剂载体材料钛钨粉。采用XRD、SEM(EDS)、BET等检测手段对样品进行表征,并对由钛钨粉制成的催化剂进行活性测试。实验结果表明:由偏钨酸铵(AMT)制备的钛钨粉晶粒度小,晶格畸变较小,性能比较稳定;颗粒聚集程度最低,形貌较为均一,钨的分布最均匀;比表面积最大,而比表面积在一定范围内越大对催化剂的活性越有益;且由其制备的催化剂脱硝活性最高,接近进口产品。因此,比较而言,AMT是制备钛钨粉较为理想的钨盐前驱体。     

不同载体负载Pd双功能催化剂制备及其液相甲醇催化一步合成甲酸甲酯

以γ-Al_2O_3、ZrO_2、Bentonite(膨润土)、MIL-53(Al)和MIL-53(Fe)为载体,采用浸渍法制备负载Pd双功能催化剂,利用XRD、BET和NH3-TPD等表征催化剂结构,在微型高压反应器中评价催化剂的液相甲醇一步催化转化合成甲酸甲酯的反应性能,考察反应条件对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,不同载体负载Pd催化剂未观察到Pd的XRD特征峰,表明催化剂表面的Pd是高分散状态。不同载体负载Pd催化剂的比表面积、酸强度和酸量差别较大,并且酸强度和酸量对甲醇转化率和产物选择性有较大影响。具有较多中强酸的2%Pd/Bentonite、2%Pd/MIL-53(Al)和2%Pd/MIL-53(Fe)催化剂比中强酸较少的2%Pd/γ-Al_2O_3和2%Pd/ZrO_2催化剂具有更高的甲醇转化率和甲酸甲酯选择性。2%Pd/Bentonite催化剂在每摩尔甲醇Pd用量为0. 030 mmol、反应温度150℃、O_2压力2 MPa和反应时间5 h条件下,液相甲醇一步催化转化合成甲酸甲酯反应中,甲醇转化率56. 08%,甲酸甲酯选择性55. 85%。     

过氧化氢蒽醌加氢流化床Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂载体性质与催化性能的关系

以氯化钯为前驱体,活性氧化铝为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备蒽醌加氢流化床Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂。考察载体比表面积、孔容、孔径、粒度分布及表面形貌与催化剂催化性能的关系,结果表明,载体比表面积较高,小孔径且孔径分布不均匀,粒度较大且粒度分布均匀,载体表面光滑且成球性好的载体对应的催化剂性能较好。采用优化后活性氧化铝载体制备的Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂的氢化效率和选择性分别为9.98 g·L-1和80.3%。     

不同载体负载Pd催化剂上氢气选择催化还原氮氧化物

将酸碱性不同的载体负载Pd催化剂用于氢气选择催化还原氮氧化物(H₂-SCR)研究。在0.091%NO、0.009%NO₂、0.5%H₂、10%O₂以N₂为平衡气和气体质量流速(W/F)0.06 g·s·cm^-3条件下,碱性载体MgO负载Pd催化剂表现出较好的催化活性,而酸性载体HZSM-5负载Pd催化剂上几乎没有氮氧化物转化。采用BET、CO₂-TPD、Py-FTIR、NOx-TPD和反应红外(IR)对载体及其负载Pd催化剂进行比表面积、表面酸碱性、吸附NOx能力以及NOx吸附生成表面物种进行表征。结果表明,载体酸性越弱,碱性越强,其吸附NOx能力较强,催化剂载体表面吸附生成的含氮物种较多,在Pd表面吸附活化生成的H溢流至载体并将含氮物种还原,这是负载Pd催化剂在H₂-SCR反应中活性较高的原因。     

用电渗析方法制备偏钨酸铵

钨的多酸盐广泛用作催化剂,通常使用铵盐。但仲钨酸铵在水中的溶解度有限(室温下约2～3％),所以使用时需用过氧化氢将其转化为溶解性好的过氧钨酸盐的形式。偏钨酸铵的水溶性好,可直接使用。用仲钨酸铵(APT)制备偏钨酸铵(AMT)的关键是,在从水溶液中结晶时,必须除去仲钨酸铵,才能得到完全水溶性的偏钨酸铵。利用钨酸铵,(AT)-D-2-乙基己基磷酸     

丝光沸石纳米片负载Pd催化剂实现2-苯基吡啶的双酰基化

以实验室自制的含季铵基团的阳离子聚合物（COPQA）为模板剂合成了高比表面积、具有花状形貌的丝光沸石纳米片（NS-MOR），以此为载体采用离子交换方法制备了负载Pd催化剂（Pd/NS-MOR）。对沸石及其负载的Pd催化剂进行X 射线多晶衍射、N2物理吸脱附、SEM、TEM及X射线光电子能谱分析，结果显示，Pd/NS-MOR催化剂载体中小粒径Pd0和Pd2+物种高度分散在丝光沸石纳米片表面，而在γ-Al2O3负载的Pd催化剂（Pd/γ-Al2O3）中仅有Pd2+物种。因此，以2-苯基吡啶和苯甲醛为反应原料，实现了2-苯基吡啶的C2—H和C6—H键的同时活化，Pd/NS-MOR的催化活性和双酰基化产物选择性（92%）远高于Pd/γ-Al2O3。作为对比，以Pd(NO3)2、Pd(OAc)2、Pd(PhCN)2Cl2为催化剂的2-苯基吡啶C—H键活化反应中均无法得到双酰基化产物。另外，Pd/NS-MOR不仅具有良好的底物兼容性，而且循环使用6次后仍保持较高的2-苯基吡啶的转化率（95%）和双酰基化产物的选择性（85%）。     

高浓度CO_2气氛下不同负载型Pd催化剂对甲烷燃烧性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同载体的负载型Pd催化剂,考察了不同载体催化剂在0%、80%CO_2气氛下催化燃烧CH4的活性,利用XRD、N_2吸脱附测试、O_2-TPD、XPS等对催化剂物理结构和表面性质进行了表征。结果发现,各催化剂的活性受高浓度CO_2抑制程度不同但活性顺序一致,而以NaY为载体的催化剂受CO_2影响较小,与载体较弱的酸性和微孔结构有关; SiO_2由于较强的酸性以及表面较多的非活性氧物种不利于CH_4催化燃烧反应; Pd/Al_2O_3催化剂具有利于气体分子扩散的较大介孔比表面积,并且表面富含CH_4活化所需的吸附氧,因而表现出最佳的催化活性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.