机械臂的改进固定时间滑模控制方法设计

当机械臂末端对给定轨迹进行跟踪控制时,跟踪误差收敛速度容易受初始跟踪误差大小的影响,针对这一问题设计了一种适用于机械臂模型的改进固定时间滑模轨迹跟踪控制策略.在快速终端滑模面的基础上,设计了一种固定时间滑模面,从而使得控制器具有固定时间收敛特性并给与证明;针对滑模控制伴随抖震的特性,对滑模控制器的趋近律进行了抑制抖振的改进,使得趋近律具有一定的自适应性.通过对二自由度机械臂的仿真实验,验证了在系统含有未知扰动的情况下,设计的改进固定时间滑模控制器能够在固定时间内使得机械臂末端轨迹跟踪误差快速收敛,且通过控制器参数的调整能够达到更快的收敛速率.通过仿真对比,验证了论文设计方法的收敛速率要快于快速终端滑模控制方法.     

基于干扰观测器的机械臂自适应模糊滑模控制

机械臂在轨迹跟踪控制中存在建模误差和外界干扰等问题。为了提高机械臂轨迹跟踪的精度和速度,设计了一种基于干扰观测器的机械臂自适应模糊滑模控制策略。首先,使用新型趋近律来减小机械臂滑模控制系统中抖振的影响;其次,采用干扰观测器对机械臂建模误差和外界干扰进行估计,根据干扰观测器的观测值对机械臂的输入力矩进行补偿;最后,对于无法观测的部分,采用模糊系统中的万能逼近原理对未知的干扰进行估计,进一步提高机械臂的轨迹跟踪性能。通过仿真试验表明,该控制策略不仅可以克服建模误差和外界干扰所带来的影响,还可以有效地削弱系统的抖振,保证了机械臂各关节位置跟踪的精度和速度。同时也说明了该控制策略的有正确性和有效性。     

基于模糊滑模的机械臂鲁棒轨迹跟踪控制

针对存在外部扰动及建模误差的机械臂轨迹跟踪控制问题,提出了一种基于模糊滑模的鲁棒轨迹跟踪控制策略。在传统鲁棒控制器的基础上引入模糊滑模控制器取代等效控制项,解决了由初始系统误差较大引起的速度跳变、抖振等问题。其中模糊滑模控制器采用自适应模糊逻辑修正指数滑模趋近律中的常数项,可以优化滑动模态的品质,有效消除抖振。利用Lyapunov理论证明了系统的稳定性。仿真实验结果表明,该控制算法轨迹跟踪误差小,误差收敛速度快,具有良好的实时性。     

柔性机械臂最优抑振轨迹规划与跟踪控制研究

为了抑振柔性机械臂的残余振动,提出了基于自适应遗传算法的最优抑振轨迹规划和基于全阶终端滑模控制的轨迹跟踪方法.在轨迹规划方面,建立了最优抑振轨迹规划模型;对遗传算法进行改进,使交叉概率随种群多样性自适应变化,变异概率随个体适应度自适应变化,从而提出了自适应遗传算法的抑振轨迹规划规划方法.在轨迹跟踪方面,以轨迹跟踪误差及残余振动为消除对象,设计了全阶终端滑模控制器及控制律,并证明了任意误差状态可在有限时间内到达滑模面并滑动至零点.经验证,自适应遗传算法收敛速度和寻优精度明显优于传统遗传算法,自适应遗传算法规划轨迹的残余振动远远小于传统遗传算法规划的轨迹;在全阶终端滑模控制器的控制下,柔性机械臂在旋转过程中和旋转结束后的振动量极小,而PID控制器在旋转结束后3.5s才逐渐稳定.     

改进狼群算法的SCARA机械臂自适应迭代学习控制

针对减小机器人重复运动的位置、速度跟踪误差的问题,给出一种基于狼群算法优化的机械臂自适应迭代学习控制策略。根据SCARA(Selective compliance assembly robot arm)机械臂驱动方程,设计动力学系统的迭代学习控制律。引入自适应步长的狼群算法,使狼群能够根据猎物气味浓度动态调整移动步长,提高了算法的收敛速度和精度。该策略对机械臂控制器参数KP、KD进行寻优时,得到了良好的控制效果,实现了对期望轨迹的有效跟踪。实验结果表明,该算法灵活性好,对系统期望轨迹具有较高的跟踪精度,有效降低了双关节机械臂的位置、速度跟踪误差,具有较强的可行性与有效性。     

多关节机械臂干扰观测器的自适应滑模控制

为了解决多关节机械臂在外部干扰和建模误差的轨迹跟踪问题,提出了多关节机械臂干扰观测器的机械臂自适应滑模控制方法.针对干扰信号,采用干扰观测器对可观测干扰进行观测,对于未观测到的干扰通过自适应律的设计进行估计补偿;针对机械臂控制系统中的抖振问题,采用新型趋近律来设计滑模控制律,以减小抖振影响;最后,利用李雅普诺夫函数验证了系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明,该方法不仅可以有效地削弱抖振问题,而且还可以克服外界干扰和建模误差带来的不确定性,同时保证了系统的鲁棒性.     

多关节机械臂干扰观测器的自适应滑模控制

为了解决多关节机械臂在外部干扰和建模误差的轨迹跟踪问题,提出了多关节机械臂干扰观测器的机械臂自适应滑模控制方法.针对干扰信号,采用干扰观测器对可观测干扰进行观测,对于未观测到的干扰通过自适应律的设计进行估计补偿;针对机械臂控制系统中的抖振问题,采用新型趋近律来设计滑模控制律,以减小抖振影响;最后,利用李雅普诺夫函数验证了系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明,该方法不仅可以有效地削弱抖振问题,而且还可以克服外界干扰和建模误差带来的不确定性,同时保证了系统的鲁棒性.     

多关节机械臂干扰观测器的自适应滑模控制

为了解决多关节机械臂在外部干扰和建模误差的轨迹跟踪问题,提出了多关节机械臂干扰观测器的机械臂自适应滑模控制方法.针对干扰信号,采用干扰观测器对可观测干扰进行观测,对于未观测到的干扰通过自适应律的设计进行估计补偿;针对机械臂控制系统中的抖振问题,采用新型趋近律来设计滑模控制律,以减小抖振影响;最后,利用李雅普诺夫函数验证了系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明,该方法不仅可以有效地削弱抖振问题,而且还可以克服外界干扰和建模误差带来的不确定性,同时保证了系统的鲁棒性.     

机械臂固定时间观测器和自适应滑膜控制方法的设计

在机械臂轨迹跟踪控制过程中,当利用观测器对模型参数不确定性和外部未知动态扰动进行估计时,估计时间容易受扰动初值的影响,为此基于固定时间扰动观测器设计了一种自适应滑模轨迹跟踪控制方法。利用固定时间观测器的特性,在固定时间内获得机械臂内部模型误差和外部不确定扰动的估计,对扰动估计做出补偿,通过滑模控制策略实现机械臂的轨迹跟踪控制。针对滑模控制伴随抖震的特性,论文对滑模控制器的趋近律进行了抑制抖震的改进设计。通过仿真实验证明:基于固定时间扰动观测器的滑膜控制方法能够在固定时间内准确获取扰动的估计值,能够控制机械臂以高精度跟踪给定轨迹;通过与基于高阶扰动观测器的滑模控制方法进行仿真对比,验证了该方法在消除不确定扰动的基础上,能够有效地抑制系统抖振,并且跟踪误差能够在短时间内以指数速率完成收敛。     

基于分数阶微积分的机械臂迭代滑模控制策略研究

为提高工业机械臂的控制性能,将分数阶微积分理论与迭代学习控制及滑模控制相结合,提出一种有效的分数阶迭代滑模控制策略.在控制器的设计过程中,分别采用分数阶趋近律与分数阶滑模控制律两种方法将分数阶微积分引入到迭代滑模控制中,提出分数阶迭代滑模控制策略.并使用李雅普诺夫理论分析系统的稳定性.然后以一个两关节机械臂为例,通过MATLAB仿真对所提出的控制策略进行了验证.实验表明:分数阶迭代滑模控制策略可以有效提高关节的跟踪速度和跟踪精度,减小跟踪误差,具有较强的鲁棒性,并有效地抑制了滑模控制的抖振现象.     

Adaptive iterative learning control of a class of nonlinear time-delay systems with unknown backlash-like hysteresis input and control direction

This paper presents an adaptive iterative learning control scheme for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown time-varying delays and control direction preceded by unknown nonlinear backlash-like hysteresis. Boundary layer function is introduced to construct an auxiliary error variable, which relaxes the identical initial condition assumption of iterative learning control. For the controller design, integral Lyapunov function candidate is used, which avoids the possible singularity problem by introducing hyperbolic tangent funciton. After compensating for uncertainties with time-varying delays by combining appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii function with Young's inequality, an adaptive iterative learning control scheme is designed through neural approximation technique and Nussbaum function method. On the basis of the hyperbolic tangent function's characteristics, the system output is proved to converge to a small neighborhood of the desired trajectory by constructing Lyapunov-like composite energy function (CEF) in two cases, while keeping all the closed-loop signals bounded. Finally, a simulation example is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

A robust real time adaptive controller design for robot manipulator with eight-joints based on DSPs

In this paper we propose a new technique to the design and real-time control of an adaptive controller for robotic manipulator based on digital signal processors. The Texas Instruments DSPs (TMS320C80) chips are used in implementing real-time adaptive control algorithms to provide enhanced motion control performance for robotic manipulators. In the proposed scheme, adaptation laws are derived from model reference adaptive control principle based on the improved Lyapunov second method. The proposed adaptive controller consists of an adaptive feed-forward and feedback controller and time-varying auxiliary controller elements. The proposed control scheme is simple in structure, fast in computation, and suitable for realtime control. Moreover, this scheme does not require any accurate dynamic modeling, nor values of manipulator parameters and payload. Performance of the proposed adaptive controller is illustrated by simulation and experimental results for robot manipulator with eight joints at the joint space and cartesian space.     

Implementation of robust adaptive control for robotic manipulator using TMS320C30

A new adaptive digital control scheme for the robotic manipulator is proposed in this paper. Digital signal processors are used in implementing real time adaptive control algorithms to provide an enhanced motion for robotic manipulators. In the proposed scheme, adaptation laws are derived from the improved Lyapunov second stability analysis based on the adaptive model reference control theory. The adaptive controller consists of the adaptive feedforward and feedback controller and PI type time-varying control elements. The control scheme is simple in structure, fast in computation, and suitable for implementation of real-time control. Moreover, this scheme does not require an accurate dynamic modeling, nor values of manipulator parameters and payload. Performance of the adaptive controller is illustrated by simulation and experimental results for a SCARA robot.     

丝杠运动误差的闭环迭代自学习控制

依据丝杠运动误差的缓时变特性，采用迭代自学习控制算法对丝杠的运动误差进行在线学习和预报，作为控制系统的前馈量，并结合反馈回路，形成丝杠运动误差的闭环迭代自学习控制，理论分析和实验结果表明，该控制策略对于控制丝杠的运动误差是有效的。     

气动肌肉并联关节的位姿轨迹跟踪控制

针对多输入多输出的气动肌肉并联关节,建立包含任务空间负载动态方程、容腔压力动态方程和高速开关阀平均流量方程的多阶动态系统数学模型。为保证气动肌肉并联关节系统良好动态特性的同时具有高精度的位姿轨迹跟踪,采用基于非连续投影算法的自适应鲁棒控制策略。该策略通过自适应参数估计来消除因气动肌肉并联关节系统动态数学模型的参数未知而引起的较大参数不确定,通过鲁棒反馈来消除因气动肌肉的伸缩力模型误差、摩擦力时变和关节系统的不可知干扰等引起的严重非线性不确定,且控制器基于反推设计,对多输入多输出的多阶耦合动态系统具有很好的适用性。试验结果表明：所研究的气动肌肉并联关节阶跃响应的静态误差小于0.09°,连续轨迹跟踪的标准误差小于0.15°,且具有较强的自适应性和鲁棒性。     

Iterative learning-based decentralized adaptive tracker for large-scale systems: a digital redesign approach

In this paper, a digital redesign methodology of the iterative learning-based decentralized adaptive tracker is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of sampled-data linear large-scale control systems consisting of N interconnected multi-input multi-output subsystems, so that the system output will follow any trajectory which may not be presented by the analytic reference model initially. To overcome the interference of each sub-system and simplify the controller design, the proposed model reference decentralized adaptive control scheme constructs a decoupled well-designed reference model first. Then, according to the well-designed model, this paper develops a digital decentralized adaptive tracker based on the optimal analog control and prediction-based digital redesign technique for the sampled-data large-scale coupling system. In order to enhance the tracking performance of the digital tracker at specified sampling instants, we apply the iterative learning control (ILC) to train the control input via continual learning. As a result, the proposed iterative learning-based decentralized adaptive tracker not only has robust closed-loop decoupled property but also possesses good tracking performance at both transient and steady state. Besides, evolutionary programming is applied to search for a good learning gain to speed up the learning process of ILC.     

Modeling and control strategy of flexible joint servo system in humanoid manipulator driven by tendon-sheath

The control effect of rotational speed in joints directly affects the motion accuracy of a humanoid manipulator driven by tendon-sheath. The dynamic parameters of the joint have time-varying characteristics due to the posture change of the manipulator. The joint driven by tendon-sheath has a specific torsional stiffness, so flexibility should be considered in the humanoid manipulator’s servo system. The time-varying of the parameters in the servo system and the joint flexibility can cause fluctuation of the output speed. To improve the motion accuracy of the humanoid manipulator, a fuzzy-tuned PI control strategy is used to suppress the instability of the output speed. First, the change law of the inertia on the motor side of the flexible joint is calculated by the dynamics equation of the humanoid manipulator. Next, a mathematical model of the joint is established, and the transfer function from the load speed to the electromagnetic torque is obtained. Furthermore, according to the pole-placement strategy, the fuzzy-tuned PI controller parameters are selected appropriately for the manipulator in different postures. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulations and control experiments of the manipulator. The results show that the fuzzy-tuned PI control strategy can significantly reduce the tracking errors and improve the control performance of the manipulator.

     

基于迭代学习控制律的五自由度机械臂研制

研制了五自由度机械臂,其采用一个三轴悬臂机构外加一个腕关节机构,实现了三维空间的五自由度运动。通过三轴悬臂机构使外部器械在三维空间内实现运动,通过腕关节机构精确调整外部器械的姿态;在自动控制方面,运用了一种迭代学习控制算法设计控制器,使五自由度机械臂获得满意的轨迹跟踪控制效果,并能够实现在监控下的远程操作过程。     

基于迭代学习算法的电液比例伺服控制

为解决电液比例控制系统的非线性、时变性、变流量死区及变流量增益等对系统位置控制精度的影响,提高电液比例控制系统的控制精度,针对系统的非线性特性,设计不严格依赖于系统精确数学模型且有较强抗干扰能力的迭代学习算法,同时针对系统的变死区特性,设计能够基于误差和误差变化率在线调整死区补偿量的模糊死区补偿算法。迭代学习算法和模糊死区补偿算法的综合使用是根据当前的控制经验灵活调整控制量,从而有效地改善由于系统非线性及时变性所带来的影响。试验结果表明,不加入模糊死区补偿时,系统位置跟踪存在明显的滞后,最大位移跟踪误差达到6 mm,而同时采用迭代学习算法和模糊死区补偿算法极大的提高系统的控制性能,系统达到稳定跟踪后,最大位移跟随误差在1 mm以内。     

Iterative learning control scheme for manipulators including actuator dynamics

This paper presents the iterative learning control for the industrial robot manipulators including actuator dynamics. Motivated by human learning, the basic idea of iterative learning control is to use information from previous execution of a trial in order to improve performance from trial to trial. This is an advantage, when accurate model of the system is not available as friction and actuator dynamics, though present in the system, are not modeled to reduce the computational complexity. In this paper different aspects of ILC including the design schemes and control algorithms are covered. The learning control scheme comprises two types of control laws: a linear feedback law and a feed-forward control law. In the feedback loop, the fixed gain PD controller provides stability of the system and keeps its state errors within uniform bounds. In the feed-forward path, a learning control rule/strategy is exploited to track the entire span of a reference input over a sequence of iterations. Algorithms are verified through detailed simulation results on a two DOF robot manipulator.