Nail Reinforcement Mechanism of Cohesive Soil Slopes Under Earthquake Conditions

Soil nails have been widely used to retain excavations and stabilize steep cutslopes. A series of dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted on nail-reinforced and unreinforced slopes during an earthquake, with several influence factors, including the nail length, nail spacing, and the inclination of slope, taken into consideration. The unreinforced slope exhibited a progressive failure in the middle and lower parts though the global slip surface did not appear due to the earthquake, which was arrested by using the nail reinforcement. The nails changed the dynamic acceleration response of the slope during the earthquake. The deformation of the slope was significantly decreased by the nails within a nail-influence zone. This zone involved the slip surface of the unreinforced slope, and was almost completely independent on the layout of the nail-reinforcement when the nails had sufficient length. A point couple analysis, a strain analysis, and a uniformity analysis were carried out in an attempt to determine why nails can increase the stability of a slope. It was discovered that the nails forced the deformation of the slope to be more uniform and thus arrested possible strain localization under earthquake conditions. As such, it is suggested that increasing nail length or decreasing nail spacing can both improve the nail-reinforcement effect, and increase the stability level of a slope.     

土钉支护的离心模型试验研究

土钉由于其施工简便、经济高效,已做为原位土体加固和支护技术被广泛应用。但是对于土钉加固机理的了解还有待于深入研究。中国建筑科学研究院地基所和清华大学共同完成了土钉支护机理的离心模型试验研究。采用清华大学中型土工离心机进行了8组土钉支护基坑的离心模型试验。离心模型试验研究表明,土钉能够显著提高基坑土体的稳定性。土钉长度和密度对支护基坑土体的稳定性影响非常显著。在本文所研究的土性和基坑条件下,当土钉最大长度和基坑高度之比(L/H)为0.48和0.8时,基坑土体基本不会发生整体剪切破坏。土钉支护土体发生外部整体剪切破坏的条件是高密度布置短钉情况,土钉支护土体发生内部钉筋拔出破坏的条件是稀疏布置长钉情况。     

Stability analysis of a high loess slope reinforced by the combination system of soil nails and stabilization piles

While the soil nails and the corresponding compound technology are widely used as the support techniques for deep foundation pit and normal slopes, few related engineering cases are found for high loess slopes. By utilizing the finite element software of PLAXIS 8.5, the behavior of a high loess slope reinforced by the combination of soil nails and stabilization piles (hereinafter for CSNSP) is studied in this paper. It can be found that the potential slide surface of the slope moves to deeper locations during the process of the multi-staged excavations. The measure of reducing the weight of the top of the slope is a positive factor to the stability of the loess slope, while the rainfall is a negative factor. The slope can’t be stable if it’s reinforced only by stabilization piles or soil nails during the process of the multi-staged excavations. The soil nail contributes greater to the overall system stability when the excavation depth is relatively shallow, while the stabilization pile takes it over when the excavation depth reaches a large value. Compared to the results from the Sweden circular slip surface, the data derived from the method of phi/c reduction is relatively large when the slope is unreinforced or reinforced only by stabilization pile, and the data turns to be small when the slope is strengthened by soil nails or the combination system of soil nails and stabilization piles.     

土钉加固黏性土坡动力离心模型试验研究

 很多滑坡是由地震引发的,为了防止或减轻地震造成的边坡灾害,目前在边坡的加固治理方面已经发展并形成一些较好的方法,而土钉是边坡抗震加固的一种简便有效的方法。采用动力离心模型试验方法,再现地震条件下土钉加固黏性土坡和素土坡的响应;测量了试验过程中边坡的位移场和加速度响应的变化过程。基于试验结果,通过对比素土坡和土钉加固土坡的动力响应,探讨土钉加固土坡的变形规律和加固机制。试验结果表明,地震过程中土坡产生不可恢复的累积变形,其大小与输入的地震加速度峰值有关。通过比较土钉加固土坡和素土坡的位移分布,研究土钉加固土坡的机制。引入土单元应变进行分析,结果表明,土钉加固措施能显著地改变边坡的位移场分布,限制土坡的剪切变形,避免滑裂面的产生,从而提高了边坡的稳定性。     

Simplified method for analyzing soil slope deformation under cyclic loading

Reasonable assessment of slope deformation under cyclic loading is of great significance for securing the safety of slopes. The observations of centrifuge model tests are analyzed on the slope deformation behavior under cyclic loading conditions. The potential slip surface is the key for slope failure and follows two rules: (i) the relative horizontal displacement along the potential slip surface is invariable at an elevation, and (ii) the soil along the slip surface exhibits the same degradation pattern. These rules are effective regardless of the location of the potential slip surface throughout the entire deformation process of a homogeneous slope, ranging from the initial deformation stage to the failure process and to the post-failure stage. A new, simplified method is proposed by deriving the displacement compatibility equation and unified degradation equation according to the fundamental rules. The method has few parameters that can be determined through traditional element tests. The predictions from the proposed method agree with the centrifuge test results with vertical loading and shaking table loading. This result confirms that the proposed method is effective in predicting the full deformation process of slopes under different cyclic loading conditions.     

Centrifuge model tests of deformation and failure of nailing-reinforced slope under vertical surface loading conditions

A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on a nail-reinforced slope under vertical surface loading conditions considering different slope gradients and nail lengths. The ultimate load of the slope decreased significantly with the increasing gradient of the slope or the decreasing nail length. The slope exhibited significant progressive failure that was captured by a displacement-based analysis. At first, the vertical load caused local slippage near the slope toe and the inner edge of the loading plate. Then, it extended to the interior of the slope and eventually to an entire slip surface. The H-surface was obtained according to the measured displacement to distinguish the zone where the surface load influenced the horizontal displacement of the slope. The H-surface and the position where the peak vertical displacement occurred in a horizontal line moved from the internal slope to the slope surface from the slope top to the slope bottom. This demonstrates the dispersion of the surface load application within the slope. The deflections of nails can be obtained from the corresponding soil deformation. The deflection of nails increased with the increasing load pressure, and exhibited diverse features in its distribution in the upper and the lower parts of the slope.     

Centrifuge modeling of the geotextile reinforced slope subject to drawdown

Geotextile is an effective reinforcement approach of slopes that experiences various loads such as drawdown. The geotextile reinforcement mechanism is essential to effectively evaluate the safety of geotextile-reinforced slopes under drawdown conditions. A series of drawdown centrifuge model tests were performed to investigate the deformation and failure behaviors of slopes reinforced with different geotextile layouts. The deformation and failure of unreinforced and reinforced slopes were compared and the geotextile reinforcement was indicated to significantly increase the safety limit and the ductility, reduce the displacement, and change the failure feature of slopes under drawdown conditions. The slopes exhibited remarkable progressive failure, downward from the slope top, under drawdown conditions. The progressive failure was induced by coupling of deformation localization and local failure based on full-field measurements of displacement of slopes subjected to drawdown. The geotextile reinforced the slope by decreasing and uniformizing the slope deformation by the soil-geotextile interaction. Through geotextile displacement analysis, the geotextile-reinforced slope was divided into the anchoring zone and the restricting zone by a boundary that was independent of the decrease of water level. The geotextile restrained the soil in the anchoring zone and the soil restrained the geotextile in the restricting zone. The reinforcement effect was distinct only when the geotextile was long enough to cross the slip surface of the unreinforced slope under drawdown conditions.     

Centrifuge model tests on pile-reinforced slopes subjected to drawdown

Piles are generally an effective way to reduce the risk of slope failure. However, previous approaches for slope stability analysis did not consider the effect of the piles coupled with the decrease of the water level (drawdown). In this study, a series of centrifuge model tests was performed to understand the deformation and failure characteristics of slopes reinforced with various pile layouts. In the centrifuge model tests, the pile-reinforced slopes exhibited two typical failure modes under drawdown conditions: across-pile failure and through-pile failure. In the through-pile slope failure, a discontinuous slip surface was observed, implying that the assumption of the slip surface in previous stability analysis methods was unreasonable. The test results showed that drawdown led to instability of the piles in cohesive soil, as the saturated cohesive soil failed to provide sufficient constraint for piles. The slope exhibited progressive failure, from top to bottom, during drawdown. The deformation of the piles was reduced by increasing the embedment depth and row number of piles. In addition, the deformation of soils outside the piles was influenced by the piles and showed a similar distribution shape as the piles, and the similarity degree weakened as the distance from the piles increased. This study also found that the failure mechanism of unreinforced and pile-reinforced slopes induced by drawdown could be described by coupling between the deformation localization and local failure, and it revealed that pile-reinforced slopes could reduce slope deformation localization during drawdown.     

Centrifuge modeling of geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes

Geosynthetics are widely used to reinforce slopes due to their successful performance and economical efficiency. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted in order to investigate the behavior of the geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes and to compare their behavior to unreinforced slopes. The displacement history of the slopes was measured using an image analysis system. The failure process of an unreinforced slope can be categorized into three stages: (1) uniform deformation stage; (2) strain localization stage; and (3) post-failure stage. The geotextile has a significant effect on the deformation of the slope and increases the stability level while affecting the failure modes. On a reinforced slope, two surfaces can result from the distribution of the displacement difference between the unreinforced and the corresponding reinforced slopes; thus, the slope can be categorized into three zones. The front zone is characterized as a restricted region that is subjected to a backward tension via the geotextile while the middle zone is mainly subjected to a forward tension (like a support body). The back zone is unaffected by the geotextile. The reinforcement can take effect when its length is longer than the effective reinforcement length. The effective reinforcement length usually increases with increasing elevation and is significantly affected by the inclination of the slope.     

水位下降条件下土坡破坏的离心模型试验研究

水位下降引起土坡破坏的规律机理对于发展稳定性分析方法具有重要意义。研制了离心模型试验中超重力场水位升降模拟设备,进行水位下降条件下黏性土坡变形破坏的离心模型试验。根据试验位移测量结果,基于变形与破坏过程集成分析的思路探讨了土坡破坏机理。水位下降导致土坡发生由坡顶向坡脚的渐进性的错动破坏。水位下降条件下土坡的变形和破坏过程是耦合的。变形局部化发展是导致滑裂面出现的根本原因。滑裂面出现后滑动体内部仍发生显著的变形,并与滑裂面上的错动变形相耦合。     

土钉基坑支护有限元分析与信息化监测施工技术在工程中的应用

土钉墙支护技术是一种柔性的被动受力支护技术,通过土钉来改善临近开挖面附近土体强度,从而达到支护目的。由于该技术涉及到钉土相互作用、群钉效应、土拱效应、应力路径等问题,因此其机理较刚性的被动受力技术更为复杂,对于大多数问题很难用解析方法来解决。有限元分析系统对土钉支护结构的优化设计和安全稳定设计得到较好的解决。对基坑变形、土钉内力测试、边坡位移作信息化监测,动态控制位移发展,可以确保基坑边坡的安全。     

水泥土搅拌桩复合土钉支护变形机理分析

结合工程实例对水泥土桩复合土钉的变形进行了分析，通过对工程实际应用中得出的试验数据的研究，探讨了水泥土桩复合土钉支护的工作机理，得出一些水泥土桩复合土钉支护的承载机理和变形规律。     

降雨条件下含软弱夹层土坡的离心模型试验研究

进行了降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的离心模型试验。试验主要研究了降雨条件下坡体的吸力和变形规律,重点分析了软弱夹层对坡体的影响。测量了含软弱夹层黏性土坡的位移和土坡内一点的吸力。试验结果表明由于软弱夹层的遇水软化和高渗透特性,降雨后含软弱夹层黏性土坡在软弱夹层发生滑出。降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的变形可以分为均匀变形、错动阶段和滑坡3个阶段。对降雨过程中的吸力变化与坡体应变变化进行了分析,表明可以通过坡体中各点应变的发展反推出降雨入渗时刻和分布。软弱夹层的存在造成了降雨入渗分布的变化,导致了坡体错动带在该处不再连续,并降低了边坡的稳定性。     

深基坑复合土钉支护模型试验研究

复合土钉支护是在土钉支护基础上发展起来的、用于深基坑支护或提高边坡稳定性的一种新技术，为深入了解其工作性能和作用原理，促进该项技术快速发展，进行了室内模型试验研究。深基坑模型按照“相似模型的几何长度与变形时间成反比”的相似法则设计，相似比为1：10。在试验中，模拟深基坑开挖与支护的实际步骤，分步开挖与支护。进行了3组模型试验，即复合土钉支护、普通土钉支护和无支护边坡，以便于分析比较。借助位移传感器测量深基坑地表沉降、基底隆起和坡面水平位移，通过布设在模型箱透明玻璃侧面内的观测点，测量边坡内土体的位移。试验结果表明：(1)由于土钉与水泥土搅拌桩的共同作用，复合土钉支护的基坑变形与普通土钉支护和无支护的基坑相比，具有不同的分布形态，并且复合土钉支护的基坑变形值最小，无支护基坑变形值最大；(2)由于土钉与水泥土搅拌桩的协同工作，使得更多的土体参与支护作用，从而分散了土体内部的应力，有效地控制了基坑变形，提高了基坑的稳定性。     

考虑施工过程的土钉支护土钉轴力计算及影响参数分析

结合土钉支护边开挖边支护的特点,分析土钉支护施工中的开挖效应,阐述讨论土钉力增量的变化对土钉支护施工过程分析的意义。定义开挖影响面为施工过程中土体开挖时边坡内部土体滑动趋势最明显且土钉轴力增加最多的面,定义开挖土压力为以开挖影响面为边界的土块体作用在土钉支护上且由土钉承担的力,建立以开挖影响面及其上土钉力增量为主要研究对象的施工阶段土钉支护分析模型,给出施工过程中土钉轴力的计算方法。与应用其他方法计算得到的Clouterre项目1号墙建造过程中土钉力及量测值进行比较,计算结果与量测结果吻合较好。此外,利用该方法对土性、基坑剖面几何形状和土钉设置等影响因素进行分析。分析表明,所提方法符合施工过程中土钉受力的变化规律,是一种可行的、实用的土钉轴力分析方法。     

膨胀土边坡的稳定性分析

根据膨胀土边坡失稳破坏现象，将其破坏类型归结为表层溜塌、浅层破坏和深层破坏，同时对其破坏发生机理进行探讨。然后在考虑膨胀土工程特性和环境因素影响的情况下，对南阳一中等膨胀土边坡进行稳定性分析。进而在此基础上，对上述3种破坏类型的滑面进行研究，提出该实例边坡的合理坡率和浅层破坏滑面位置。     

加筋土坡动态稳定性拟静力分析

 加筋土工结构被广泛采用的原因不仅是其具有良好的静力性能,且也在于出色的动力稳定性能,现有研究较少考虑竖向地震效应对加筋土坡动态稳定性的影响。基于塑性极限分析上限理论,假定不同的破坏面,同时考虑水平和竖向地震影响并结合不同加筋模式,采用拟静力分析方法推导一定加筋强度条件下的边坡临界高度和一定边坡高度条件下的临界加筋强度计算公式,并对所导公式采用序列二次规划法进行了优化计算,数值计算与分析表明：简单静态和动态条件下,该结果与现有研究成果有较好的一致性,可以证明该方法的正确性;水平和竖向地震、岩土材料强度特性、边坡倾斜度均对加筋土坡的动态稳定性有重要影响,特别当边坡较陡,岩土填筑材料质量较差和地震影响强度较大时,忽视竖向地震影响将会导致设计偏于不安全;最后针对工程实际,提出相应的工程建议。     

Centrifuge Model Tests on a Cohesive Soil Slope Under Excavation Conditions

Problems induced by slope excavations are quite common. An in-flight excavation device was realized to simulate the live excavation of slopes at high g levels during centrifuge model tests. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted to simulate the excavation of a slope at different inclinations and heights, and the effect of the excavation size was taken into consideration. The displacement histories of points over the slope were measured by an image capture and displacement measurement system. Measurement results showed that the excavation-induced deformation process could be divided into several phases with different displacement distribution features. The excavation was found to only affect a restricted zone of the slope whose boundary could be outlined by an A-surface. A strain analysis was conducted to determine the excavation-induced strain localization area of the slope. The degree of strain localization increased as the excavation time increased, but the width of the strain localization area was nearly invariable. Shear failure first occurred near the excavation surface and then extended upwardly to the slope surface under excavation conditions, while tension failure played a dominant role in the upper part of the slip surface. The strain localization area moved towards the slope surface with an increasing slope inclination. The lower part of the final slip surface was located in the strain localization area.     

Shaking table modeling of MSE/soil nail hybrid retaining walls

A series of 1-g shaking table tests using variable-amplitude harmonic excitations was performed on 0.8-m-high MSE/soil nail hybrid retaining (MSE/SN) wall models to investigate the seismic behavior of this innovative retaining earth structure. The tests were conducted on physical wall models with strips having a constant length and different nail lengths under loading conditions with different peak accelerations and durations. It was found that the deformation mode and the horizontal displacements of the MSE/SN walls were highly dependent on the length of the nails, such that L/H = 0.7 can be defined as the critical ratio in seismic conditions for MSE/SN walls which have been reinforced with strips having a constant length. Irrespective of the different nail lengths, the pattern of the observed failure mechanism included a moving block which was delineated by a two-part failure plane consisting of a concave curve and an inclined line with a certain point of intersection. Also, a consistent range of the normalized horizontal displacements (Δx/H), about 0.55–1.10%, corresponding to the formation of local shear bands, and a range of Δx/H = 5.0–5.6%, corresponding to the development of active wedge failure, were determined.     

顺层边坡岩体结构稳定性位移理论

 岩体顺层边坡的破坏主要表现为溃屈和剪切滑动。通过对顺层边坡岩体结构屈曲和后屈曲变形因素的分析,提出了以位移形式表示的层状边坡溃屈破坏的上限值。根据边坡岩体渐进性破坏的机理得出了不同情况下边坡岩体剪切滑动破坏的极限长度, 给出了顺层边坡岩体结构的稳定性位移判据。