橡木桶陈酿技术对猕猴桃酒品质的影响

为了提高猕猴桃果酒的品质,本文研究了采用橡木桶进行陈酿过程对猕猴桃果酒理化指标和感官评价的影响,具体包括溶解氧、电导率、色度和色调等物理指标,游离二氧化硫、总酚、高级醇等化学指标和感官评价得分。结果显示:随着猕猴桃果酒陈酿时间的延长,电导率、色度、色调等理化指标均呈现了明显的上升趋势,且逐渐趋于平衡,分别为电导率2.76 mS/cm,色度0.375,色调4.05;而溶解氧、游离二氧化硫、总酚等理化指标均呈现了明显的下降趋势,并逐渐趋于稳定,溶解氧0.72 mg/L,游离二氧化硫27.87mg/L,总酚332mg/L;随着陈酿时间延长,异丁醇、异戊醇和高级醇总含量都呈现下降趋势;经过橡木桶陈酿后的猕猴桃果酒其感官得分为97.68,明显高于感官得分为79.84的玻璃瓶贮藏的猕猴桃果酒样品。因此,贮藏过程中猕猴桃酒理化和感官评价变化与溶解氧含量及变化、橡木桶结构和成分有关。     

葡萄酒后处理阶段溶解氧变化研究

研究了葡萄酒下胶、粗滤、冷冻、细滤、纸滤、膜滤、灌装及瓶贮等后处理阶段中溶解氧的变化情况。结果表明冷冻过程和灌装过程中葡萄酒中的溶解氧含量大增,增幅达10倍以上;粗滤导致酒的溶解氧轻微增加,但纸板精滤会减少酒中溶解氧;瓶贮过程中溶解氧含量会逐步下降,灌装前酒中溶解氧为0.08mg/L,灌装后为0.83mg/L,2个月后变为0.56mg/L,4个月后变为0.16mg/L,与橡木桶贮存水平类似。     

游离SO2、溶解氧浓度对葡萄酒颜色及花色苷含量的影响

目的：探索不同浓度溶解氧与游离SO₂对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒在陈酿中的颜色及相关参数的影响。方法：以新疆吐鲁番鄯善县新葡王酒庄赤霞珠干红葡萄酒为酿制试材,在葡萄酒陈酿过程中通过添加不同浓度的游离SO₂与溶解氧,观察其对葡萄酒色度、色调和花色苷含量等指标的影响。结果：溶解氧与游离SO₂浓度较低时葡萄酒呈鲜艳的酒红色,充氧量为2 mg/(L·30 d)时可促进葡萄酒中花色素苷、单宁适度聚合,改善葡萄酒品质;游离SO₂质量浓度为15~30 mg/L时对葡萄酒的色调值影响不大,但对色度影响较为明显,超过30 mg/L时会使葡萄的酒颜色逐渐显橙色。结论：赤霞珠干红葡萄酒陈酿的适宜游离SO₂质量浓度为25 mg/L,充氧量为2 mg/(L·30 d)。     

橡木片浸泡发酵对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质的影响

选用内蒙古乌海地区赤霞珠葡萄品种为原料,采用橡木片浸泡发酵法,酿制赤霞珠干红葡萄酒。通过测定比较发酵期间、发酵结束及陈酿后赤霞珠干红葡萄酒的理化指标并进行感官评定,确定最佳的橡木片添加量,进而提高赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质。结果表明,在葡萄醪液中加入1 g/L的天然橡木片进行发酵及陈酿,最终得到的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒色度（2.35）、色调（0.84）、单宁（850.5 mg/L）、总酚（1 254.7 mg/L）均有明显改善且酒体较为稳定,明胶指数和盐酸指数最高分别为194.4 mg/L和195.0 mg/L,其感官评分为83分。因此,添加1 g/L天然橡木片浸泡发酵能改善赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质。     

不同糖源发酵蓝莓酒的品质

该文制备3种不同糖源（蜂蜜、黄冰糖、不添加糖源）发酵蓝莓酒,对可溶性固形物、酒精度、pH值、总酸等理化指标以及酚类物质、色度、抗氧化性能进行测定并进行感官评分,采用相关性分析和主成分分析对3种蓝莓酒的15个指标进行综合评价。结果表明,蜂蜜蓝莓酒的理化指标均符合标准,酒精度为11.6%vol,总多酚含量为2.33 g/L,总黄酮含量为393.81 mg/L,花青素含量为378.27 mg/L,色度为6.71,1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除率达到 80.01%,铁离子还原能力（ferric ion reducing antioxidant power,FRAP）达到0.88 mmol/L,感官评分高,整体品质处于较高水平。综合评价结果表明,蜂蜜蓝莓酒整体水平好、具有蓝莓酒的典型性、营养保健功效突出。     

贴片1+1塞密封干红葡萄酒的试验研究

对不同生产商提供的4种贴片1+1塞的密封性能进行实验,通过对瓶装干红葡萄酒在正放、倒放两种陈放方式下的溶解氧、游离二氧化硫、色度、色调、浸塞高度、感官质量等方面的跟踪检测,分析其优、缺点及对瓶装葡萄酒品质的影响,以指导葡萄酒企业正确选择使用瓶塞,保证葡萄酒在装瓶后更好地表现其潜在品质。     

板栗酒加工中防止褐变的研究

板栗酒加工中四个环节易发生褐变,及时将栗仁浸入0.2%偏重亚硫酸钾 0.1%柠檬酸,或0.1%偏重亚硫酸钾 0.1%异抗坏血酸 0.1%柠檬酸的水溶液中,可防止板栗去皮后栗仁的褐变;加入栗仁和水总重(即浆液重)0.02%的偏重亚硫酸钾,可防止栗仁打浆和浆液糖化时的褐变;酒液保持20～30mg/L的游离SO2,或20～30mg/L的游离SO2配合50mg/L的异抗坏血酸,可防止酒液陈酿、贮存期间的褐变。栗仁打浆后,浆液90℃保温10min可钝化其过氧化物酶的活性。     

一种枸杞浸渍酒的浸渍工艺

选用市售枸杞和白酒,研究酒精度、料液比和浸渍时间等对枸杞中主要保健因子（如枸杞多糖和黄酮等）含量的影响规律,结合浸渍酒理化指标、感官指标、枸杞多糖及黄酮含量等确定了枸杞浸渍酒的最佳工艺为：白酒酒基酒精度44%vol,料液比1∶ 6,浸渍11d,在该条件下获得的的枸杞浸渍酒枸杞多糖含量134.62mg/L,黄酮含量45.0mg/L,色度37.32EBC,浊度7.46EBC,该成品酒营养丰富,具有良好的色泽和风味。     

不同透氧率的瓶塞对瓶储两年葡萄酒感官品质的影响

该研究采用三种不同透氧率瓶塞（经典、至尊500和至尊300）对赤霞珠干红和贵人香干白葡萄酒进行两年的瓶内储存,通过测定不同瓶塞葡萄酒溶解氧（DO）、顶端空间游离氧（HSO）含量、单体花色苷总含量、CIELab颜色参数、挥发性香气成分及感官评价,分析不同瓶塞对葡萄酒感官品质的影响。结果表明,不同瓶塞葡萄酒中DO和HSO含量下降幅度为经典>至尊500>至尊300。a*值、b*值、色度（Cab值）和色调（hab值）与单体花色苷总含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,而L*值与之呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。不同瓶塞赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中共检测出30种挥发性香气成分,包括4种醇类,11种酯类,8种有机酸类,1种萜烯类和6种酚类。至尊瓶塞感官品质优于经典瓶塞,至尊500与至尊300之间无明显差异。     

李子发酵果酒生产工艺研究综述

该研究探究了库尔勒香梨发酵造过程中谷胱甘肽（GSH）对果酒基本理化指标、香气成分和感官特性的影响。结果表明,GSH添加对果酒的酒精度、pH和可滴定酸等指标无显著影响（P＞0.05）;当GSH添加量为20 mg/L,总酚含量增大至312 mg/L,颜色指数（吸光度值A420 nm）降低至0.18;当GSH添加量为30 mg/L时,总酚含量变化不明显,颜色指数略有升高。气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）结果显示,随GSH添加量在0～30 mg/L范围内增加,香梨酒挥发性成分中酯类、醇类、酚类和萜烯类含量有所升高,酸类和醛酮类含量有所下降。通过模糊数学法进行感官评定,20 mg/L GSH添加量的香梨酒感官评分最高为88.1分。因此,20 mg/L GSH添加量在抑制褐变、保护总酚方面效果最佳,适量GSH可增加改善香梨酒香气成分,提高其品质。     

Wine bottle closures: physical characteristics and effect on composition and sensory properties of a Semillon wine 1. Performance up to 20 months post-bottling

A Semillon wine was bottled using 14 different closures: a screw‐cap type, two grades of conventional natural cork, two ‘technical cork’ closures (natural cork with a synthetic component), and 9 closures manufactured from synthetic polymer material. Closure performance was evaluated for physical aspects (e.g. extraction force and energy, change in closure diameter, and ease of closure reinsertion), and for wine composition and sensory properties. Wine under the screw cap closure retained the greatest concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and ascorbic acid and had the slowest rate of browning. For other closures the trend of SO₂ loss relative to the screw cap closure was apparent from an early stage of testing, and was most evident in the group of synthetic closures, intermediate in the conventional corks, and least evident in the technical cork closures. The loss of SO₂ was in general highly correlated with an increase in wine browning (OD₄₂₀) and the concentration of SO₂ in the wine at six months was a strong predictor of future browning in the wine, particularly after eighteen months. Neither the concentration of dissolved oxygen at bottling (0.6–3.1 mg/L), nor the physical closure measures were predictors of future browning. For several closures upright storage tended to accelerate loss of SO₂ from the wine, but in many cases this effect was marginal. The closures differed widely in regard to physical characteristics, and in general synthetic corks appeared least ‘consumer‐friendly’ in terms of extraction forces, energies, and ease of closure re‐insertion, but there was a trend for natural cork closures to exhibit larger variability in physical characteristics than technical cork and synthetic closures. Sensory analysis indicated large differences in wine flavour properties, with closures which tended to result in the best retention of free SO₂ having wine sensory scores for ‘citrus’ that were generally high whilst scores for the attributes ‘developed’/‘oxidised’ were low. The situation was reversed for wine under closures that performed poorly in the retention of free SO₂. It was found that below a critical level of free SO₂ remaining in the wine, closures exhibited substantially higher ‘oxidised’ aroma. Whilst trichloroanisole‐type (TCA) taint was a noticeable problem for some cork and technical cork closures, any plastic‐type taint appeared not to be a problem with most synthetic closures.     

葡萄酒灌装后卧置存放时间节点确定

目前国内外葡萄酒行业没有关于葡萄酒灌装后顶端空间正压条件下,正立放置多久后卧置有利于保护瓶储酒质量的相关介绍或判定方法。针对灌装后顶端空间为正压的葡萄酒样品,通过对比灌装1 d后卧置和正立样品瓶内氧含量的变化;观察随存放时间延长,正立放置样品顶端空间压力变化情况;分析对比正立和卧置样品与氧气消耗相关的理化指标,最终提出在实际生产过程中,通过检测灌装后瓶内顶端空间压力的变化并找到合适的点来确定卧置存放的时间是一个简单易行的办法。结果表明,顶端空间压力降至0.2 bar时作为开始卧置存放的时间节点,存放56 d后,此种存放方式的葡萄酒游离SO2、总SO2、色度分别为22 mg/L、64 mg/L、7.12,稍高于卧置存放的葡萄酒。     

The role of corks in oxidative spoilage of white wines

The permeability of corks to oxygen was examined by comparing the level of browning and the concentration of the antioxidants, free and total sulfur dioxide and ascorbic and erythorbic acids in wines bottled and sealed with two cork types and stored in an atmosphere of either nitrogen, oxygen or air. Three different batches of corks that had been treated with peroxide during processing, representing one cork type, and a batch of corks that had been treated with chlorine during processing representing the second cork type, were taken for the study. In bottled wines stoppered with one of the peroxide-treated corks (Cork A), there was a higher level of browning and a greater loss of the antioxidants in those wines in bottles stored under oxygen and air than that in the wines in bottles stored under nitrogen, indicating that corks of this batch were permeable to oxygen. There was no significant difference in the loss of ascorbic and erythorbic acid or the level of browning from bottled wines stored under the three gases and sealed with the chlorine-treated corks (Cork C). For the other two peroxide-treated corks (Corks B and D), there was no significant difference in the level of browning or loss of the antioxidants from bottled wines stored under the three gases and sealed with Cork B, nor was there a significant difference in the level of browning or loss of free or total sulfur dioxide from bottled wines stored under the three gases and sealed with Cork D. From comparative data, it was evident that oxidation of the wines sealed with Corks B and D was due to compounds in the corks rather than oxygen permeation through the corks, or oxygen ingress at bottling. Because the bottles of wine selected for this study were from batches that had already exhibited sporadic oxidation, the results found are indicative, but not necessarily representative, of the properties of all peroxide- and chlorine-treated cork types used in the wine industry.     

Effect of the Closure Type on the Evolution of the Physical‐Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of a Montepulciano d'Abruzzo Rosé Wine

The present work studied the effect of the kind of closure (a screw cap, a natural cork, and 2 synthetic closures) on the evolution of the oxygen content and on the physical‐chemical and sensory characteristics of a Montepulciano d'Abruzzo rosé wine during the 1st 12 mo of bottle aging. The chemical analyses concerned the parameters more involved in the oxidative reactions (SO₂, acetaldehyde, phenols, wine color), as well as the main fermentative volatile compounds. The kind of closure influenced the oxygen content in wines, free and total SO₂ concentration, and wine color (color intensity and hue). During bottle aging, free and total SO₂ concentration was significantly and negatively correlated with absorbance at 420 nm (A420), whereas the correlations with A520 were weak. Probably, the limited extent of the variations in red color (A520), when varying SO₂ concentration, were due to the low pH of this rosé wine. No effect of the kind of closure on phenols and the main fermentative volatile compounds was observed. The wines bottled with cork closures (N trials), after 12 mo of storage, had higher color intensity and hue, measured by spectrophotometry, and were visually distinguished from the other trials for the more intense pink reflections. On the whole, under the conditions of this work, all the used closures guaranteed a good preservability to the rosè wines during the 1st year of bottle aging, and the changes in composition did not significantly affect wine sensory characteristics. Therefore, these synthetic closures can represent an alternative to the cork closures for a medium to long term bottle aging of these wines.     

Oxygen permeability of macrocrystalline paraffin wax and relevance to wax coatings on natural corks used as wine bottle closures

The oxygen permeability of a commercial macrocrystalline paraffin wax was determined. This permeability figure and diffusion theory were used to calculate the theoretical ingress of oxygen through the paraffin coating of a cork used as a bottle closure. We wanted to ascertain whether macrocrystalline paraffin wax coatings used on corks could be permeable enough to allow oxidation of wine. We also employed electron microscopy to show the spread of coatings on waxed corks before and after insertion inside a bottle. Our calculations indicated that oxygen permeation along the length of paraffin coating on a cork closure would not allow ingress of sufficient oxygen to cause oxidation of wine during storage.     

不同浸渍工艺对夏黑葡萄醪理化指标及颜色的影响

以热浸渍法、冷浸渍法、常温浸渍法为基础,通过部分添加不同浓度的二氧化硫和果胶酶,探究不同浸渍工艺对葡萄醪中单宁、总酚含量、pH值、色度、色调等指标的影响。结果表明,冷浸渍法（浸渍温度4 ℃、二氧化硫添加量50 mg/L、浸渍时间13 h）浸提时,葡萄醪中单宁含量6.884 mg/L,总酚含量122.332 mg/L,pH值3.85,色调最低,色度最高;常温浸渍法（浸渍温度20 ℃、二氧化硫添加量50 mg/L、浸渍时间13 h）浸提时,葡萄醪中单宁含量7.612 mg/L,总酚含量134.756 mg/L,pH值3.85,色调最低,色度最高;热浸渍法（浸提温度80 ℃,浸渍时间100 min）浸提时,葡萄醪中单宁含量23.451 mg/L,总酚含量264.688 mg/L,pH值3.43,色调最低,色度最高。     

Permeation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole through cork closures in wine bottles

Deuterium-labelled trichloroanisole (d₅-TCA) added to the surface of wine corks in bottles did not contaminate wine after more than three years of bottle storage. Most of the added d₅-TCA was lost, presumably by evaporation. That remaining was largely confined to the outer portion of the closures. Under the conditions of this study, the cork closures were highly effective barriers to the transmission of exogenous TCA.     

Absorption of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole by wine corks via the vapour phase in an enclosed environment

Natural bark corks which were exposed to an atmosphere saturated with deuterium-labelled 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (d₅-TCA) absorbed the d₅-TCA rapidly. A commercially applied surface treatment did not prevent the ingress of the d₅-TCA into the corks. d₅-TCA was lost from contaminated corks by aeration relatively slowly. Nevertheless, the observation that TCA can be desorbed in this manner suggests that aeration, albeit under modified conditions, may yet prove useful in improving the quality of wine corks. Most of the absorbed d₅-TCA was localised in the outer 2 mm of the cork cylinder, but a significant amount migrated to the interior of the cork cylinder after as little as twenty-four hours of exposure. Significantly more d₅-TCA was found in the older growth compared to the younger growth bark after this time.