管型结构对提升管流动特性的影响

采用边壁补气模拟重油催化裂化提升管反应装置中气体的膨胀行为，通过比较直管型提升管和锥型提升管中的气–固流动行为，研究了锥形提升管结构对油气膨胀所带来的流动特征变化的适应与改善. 实验结果表明，相对于直管型提升管，锥型提升管对流化气量的变化有较好的适应能力，且能有效地改善床层内的颗粒速度、空隙率的径向分布以及压力的轴向分布.     

湍流气固两相流动状况的数值模拟

应用已建立的提升管反应器固两相流动反应模型,对工业催化裂化提升管反应器内在有传热及裂化反应时的湍流气固两相流动进行了数值模拟,得到了气固两相湍充动状况的详细信息,揭示了提升管内部有反应和传热时气固两相湍流流动的基本特征。模拟结果表明,在轴向,径向和圆周方向都存在着流动,湍能与率剂颗粒浓度的不均匀分布,进料段内的流动是整个反应器最复杂的部分。工业提升管反应器内这一复杂的气固两相湍流流动必将对传热和裂     

小型提升管反应器流动-反应耦合模拟

在提升管气固两相湍流流动模型和重油反应动力学集总模型的基础上,利用Fluent软件建立了催化裂化提升管反应器气固两相流动与反应耦合模型,对实验室小型提升管反应器进行了数值模拟,考察了气固两相的流动、传热、传质与反应过程。结果表明,提升管反应器内气固两相在轴向和径向的流动、传热与反应的分布不均匀。在入口附近。原料和催化剂温度变化显著,各组分的浓度变化剧烈,在提升管上部,变化平缓。反应器出口各组分质量分数的模拟值和实验值基本吻合。说明该模型对提升管反应器出口参数和反应结果具有较好的预测性。     

催化裂化提升管反应器模型的建立

工业催化裂化提升管反应器内既存在着气固两相的湍流流动,又存在着传热和裂化反应,而且这些过程是相互影响,高度耦合在一起的。本文全面系统地考虑湍流气因两相流动,传质,传热及反应等复杂因素及其相互影响,建立了催化裂化提升管反应器三维气固两相流动反应模型,形成了相应的数值解法,编制了大型的模拟计算程序。由此可对工业催化裂化提升管反应器内湍流气固两相流动进行系统的数值模拟研究。     

快速流化床提升管中气固流动行为的非线性分析

对φ100mm×16m、FCC固体颗粒的快速流化床提升管内环-核流动区局部颗粒含量脉动行为进行了非线性分析,用Kolmogorov熵表征了其气固流动行为.结果表明,Kolmogorov熵沿提升管环-核流动区径向有3个显著变化区域,以此为依据将提升管环-核流动区的气固流动行为沿径向分成3个流域：单颗粒随机运动控制的核心流域;单颗粒混沌控制的过渡流域;边壁控制的环形流域.同时,从颗粒对垂直气固流动系统中气固湍动程度影响的角度,解释了Kolmogorov熵的径向分布特征及其与流动结构的关系.     

新型提升管进料段内压力脉动强度分布的影响因素

通过大型冷模实验,考察了油剂逆流接触提升管进料段内压力脉动强度的轴、径向分布,并结合射流气浓度分布、预提升气浓度分布和颗粒浓度分布分析了气固间作用特征及其对流动的影响. 结果表明,根据喷嘴射流、预提升气及颗粒相对压力脉动的贡献,可将新型提升管进料段沿轴向由下而上分为喷嘴进气上游影响区(H=?0.375~?0.1 m)、喷嘴进气控制区(H=?0.1~0.375 m)及喷嘴进气下游影响区(H=0.375~0.675 m). 进料段内压力脉动相对标准偏差径向分布的模拟值与实验值吻合较好.     

双层喷嘴提升管进料区内气固流动特性的数值模拟

为了改善催化裂化工艺的产品分布,提出了一种双层喷嘴提升管进料方案,即在原有喷嘴层下方加设2个对称的“副喷嘴”,目前尚缺少此类双层喷嘴结构提升管内气固流动特性的研究。采用能量最小化方法考虑介尺度非均匀结构的影响,气固相间曳力采用EMMS曳力模型,采用了适用于模拟提升管内油剂混合和流动规律的数学模型。为保证模拟的准确性,确定了适宜的颗粒与壁面间镜面反射系数。主副喷嘴间距为0.5 m,同时改变主副喷嘴进料方向,形成了4种组合结构,即down?down结构、down?up结构、up?down结构和up?up结构。通过比较双层喷嘴与单层喷嘴提升管进料段内油剂混合和流动特性发现,双层喷嘴结构对提升管进料区气固流动的影响较大,尤其对于主喷嘴向上的传统进料结构,副喷嘴射流能加快气固两相达到均匀稳定。副喷嘴射流会加剧进料区副喷嘴以上高度处固含率分布的不均匀程度。当主喷嘴向下时,单层喷嘴down结构具有较小的平均停留时间和停留时间分布的离散程度,当主喷嘴向上时,双层喷嘴up?up结构的平均停留时间和离散程度最小,表明两种结构能使油剂在较短的接触时间内实现强混合,同时抑制目标产品继续裂解,降低生焦量。     

提升管和下行床在催化裂化过程中的比较

在综合考虑流动、反应、传质的基础上,建立了适用于模拟提升管和下行床反应器中催化裂化过程的二维返混模型,并利用正交配置法进行数值求解,得到了各产物在两种反应器内的不同浓度分布规律。这处结果源于两者流动结构和混合状况的差异。和提升管相比,由于下行床内的气固两相流动更接近平推流,气固速度和颗粒浓度径向分布均匀,气固轴向返混小,因而可得到更高的汽油收率。     

提升管内颗粒团聚行为的离散颗粒模拟

采用计算流体力学和离散单元方法对二维提升管气固流动过程进行了数值模拟。采用大涡模拟方法模拟气体湍流流动,采用离散单元方法模拟颗粒碰撞过程。基于网格内流体能量守衡,提出了动能加权平均法,实现Euler坐标与Lagrange坐标的耦合与分解。模拟计算得到的瞬态流型揭示了颗粒聚团的合并和破碎过程及颗粒的详细运动行为,定性地揭示了提升管内气体-颗粒两相流动过程。     

出口结构对循环流化床提升管内气固流动的约束影响

循环流化床提升管出口结构不同,对提升管内气固流动的约束影响不同,因此所适用的过程及工艺不同。按出口气固转向形式,总体上可分为气固转向型出口和非转向型出口两类,针对研究及应用较多的气固转向型出口,概述了出口结构对提升管内轴、径向流动特性以及颗粒内、外循环强度等参数的影响,总结评述了现有量化分析比较出口结构约束强度的方法,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.