不同断面宽度群体高层建筑的动力干扰效应(第1部分 顺风向响应)

基于高频底座力天平技术,研究了不同宽度比的两个和三个建筑物间的顺风向动力干扰效应。文中采用了神经网络、统计和谱分析等方法对干扰特性和机理进行了分析。结果显示,当受扰建筑位于上游施扰建筑物的尾流边界时,会产生较大的动力响应;并且两个施扰建筑物的联合干扰作用会比单个施扰建筑物的干扰作用强,在B类地貌下两个施扰建筑物测出的干扰因子(IF)会比单个施扰建筑的增加79%。位于上游的施扰建筑所脱落的旋涡会使受扰建筑产生涡激共振响应并且产生数倍于非共振情况的IF值,尤其对于小宽度的施扰建筑,在较小的折算风速时就会产生涡激共振问题。粗糙化地貌的高湍流度会对上游施扰建筑尾流的旋涡形成产生一定的抑制作用,在D类地貌下的IF值要远小于B类地貌情况,但在D类地貌下观察到IF值仍有2.2。     

任意排列两方形断面高层建筑风致干扰机理研究

风致干扰效应是高层建筑群抗风设计中的常见难点问题之一。采用刚性模型测压试验,研究了均匀层流和两种大气边界层风场条件下任意排列两方形断面高层建筑的风致干扰效应,通过平均和脉动基底弯矩系数的干扰因子、风力系数、风压系数分布以及风荷载功率谱的研究,解释了其风致干扰效应的机理。结果表明,任意排列的两方形断面高层建筑风致干扰中,至少存在横风向静力干扰、顺风向静力干扰和横风向动力干扰三个值得注意的干扰区域。 窄道形成的加速效应使受扰结构上形成指向施扰建筑横风向平均吸力和阻塞形成的受扰建筑的横风向平均推力;遮挡效应使得受扰建筑承受指向位于上游的施扰建筑的顺风向风力;漩涡叠加增强位于尾流区受扰建筑上的横风向脉动荷载。不同风场的试验结果表明,提高来流的紊流度有助于减弱上述干扰效应。     

不同断面宽度群体高层建筑的动力干扰效应(第2部分 横风向响应)

采用本文第1部分所介绍的试验技术和软件分析工具,研究了不同宽度比(Br)的两个和三个建筑物间的横风向动力干扰效应。和顺风向响应分析一样,处于斜列的上游施扰建筑的尾流同样是引起受扰建筑横风向响应增大的主要原因,但试验结果同时也显示,当施扰建筑和受扰建筑处于并列和串列时,也会使受扰结构的横风向响应显著加大。在B、D两类地貌下,和受扰建筑大小一样的两个施扰建筑的干扰因子(IF)会比单个施扰建筑情况分别高出80%和25%。小宽度的上游建筑在低风速时就会产生涡激共振而产生较大的IF值,尤其要指出的是位于(3.1b,0)上的Br=0.5的施扰建筑物在B类地貌下和较低的风速下会产生高达7.09的IF值。粗糙化地貌的高湍流度会对上游施扰建筑尾流的旋涡形成产生一定的抑制作用,故在D类地貌下的IF值要远小于B类地貌情况,但在D类地貌下观察到的IF值仍有1.83。     

Spectral characteristics and correlation of dynamic wind forces on a super‐tall building

The 88‐storey Jin Mao Building located in Shanghai has a height of 420·5m and is the highest building in mainland China. Dynamic wind force components on the super‐tall building were measured by high‐frequency force balance technique in a boundary layer wind tunnel for the cases of an isolated Jin Mao Building and the existing surrounding condition under suburban and urban boundary layer flow configurations. Spectral characteristics of along‐wind and across‐wind components and, in particular, the cross‐correlation and coherence among various wind loading components are presented and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the effects of upstream terrain conditions and surrounding buildings on the spectra, cross‐correlation and coherence are investigated. The experimental results show that such effects are significant. Finally, an empirical formula for estimation of the across‐wind overturning moment spectrum for the super‐tall building is presented. Comparisons of the spectra determined by the proposed formula and those obtained from wind tunnel tests are made to examine the applicability of the proposed formula. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高湍流度下超高层建筑的风致振动响应特性

在较高湍流度流场用高频测力天平方法对金茂大厦模型进行了风洞试验,分析了周围建筑以及待建的环球金融中心对金茂大厦的基础平均风荷载、气动风荷载和风振响应的影响和干扰效应。结果表明:湍流度对静风荷载影响甚少,但对动力风荷载以及风振响应影响很大;总的来说,D类流场下的结构抖振效应要明显高于B类地貌情况。环球金融中心对金茂大厦有很大的静力遮挡影响,同时也增大了其风振响应和总的风振荷载,其中对总风振荷载的干扰效应随着湍流度的增加而降低,但在D类地貌下且梯度风高度处的湍流度为15.8%时的干扰因子依然较为明显,干扰效应并没有消失。     

Interference excitation mechanisms on a 3DOF aeroelastic CAARC building model

A comprehensive wind tunnel test program was conducted to investigate interference excitation mechanisms on translational and torsional responses of an identical pair of tall buildings. Motion responses of a three-degree-of-freedom aeroelastic building model were measured. Both upstream and downstream interference effects were studied in this research. The experimental results showed that with an open terrain wind model, both dynamic translational and dynamic torsional responses generally increased under interference effects for an operating reduced wind velocity of 6. Measured response spectra indicated that amplified along-wind, cross-wind and torsional responses were largely induced by the wake of an upstream interfering building. The significance of interference effects and the dominant interference mechanisms depended upon the location of the aeroelastic model in the wake region. Furthermore, coupled translational–torsional motion of the aeroelastic building model tested was found to cause only small increases in the resultant motions at the building corner.     

高层建筑群静力干扰效应的试验研究

采用力天平技术 ,用风洞试验方法研究了 5种不同高度和宽度比的一个和两个施扰建筑物在不同间距和地貌条件下对受扰建筑的静力干扰影响。分析中采用神经网络、统计分析等方法对不同影响因素进行分析和对比 ,采用了一种比较简洁的方式 ,描述三个建筑物间的风致干扰特性 ,解决了三个建筑物的静力干扰效应难以表示的难点。结果显示 :对于顺风向静力干扰而言 ,干扰因子基本都小于 1,呈现遮挡效应。但同时也发现 ,由于狭管效应 ,处于并列布置时的某些配置的最大干扰因子值可高达 1 2 ,即此时结构在受扰后的平均荷载有可能比其孤立状态增加 2 0 %。一般情况下 ,遮挡效应随施扰建筑物的宽度的增大而增大 ,但狭管效应也会随之增强。高度比小于 0 5的施扰建筑的影响可以忽略不计 ,对干扰效应有较明显影响的高度比在 0 5～ 1 0之间 ,高度比超过此范围的建筑物的遮挡影响基本和高度比为 1的一致 ,但狭管效应则会更为明显。     

受扰高层建筑的风致响应分析

受扰状态下高层建筑的静动力响应明显不同于单体建筑。以一实际姊妹塔楼为研究对象,根据风洞试验中获得的风压分布结果,计算塔楼结构的风致响应。风洞试验及结构响应计算不仅考虑了两栋塔楼同时存在的情况,还考虑一栋塔楼先期建成,另一塔楼尚未建造的情况。细致分析了不同风向下结构的平均及脉动位移响应、静动力干扰因子的特点。结果表明,施扰建筑位于受扰建筑正前方时具有最大的干扰效应,此时受扰塔楼的总位移峰值最小;而当受扰建筑处于施扰建筑下游时,在风向偏斜时,受扰塔楼的总位移峰值最大。     

典型超高层建筑风荷载幅值特性研究

本文对10个典型的超高层建筑刚性模型进行了测量表面风压的风洞试验,获得了各测量层的阻力、升力和扭矩系数的平均值和根方差。讨论了各测量层风荷载系数随风向角的变化规律,以及高宽比和断面长宽比对方形及矩形建筑风荷载的影响。结果表明,倒角方形、Y形和三角形建筑的风荷载均小于方形与矩形建筑;方形建筑高宽比的增大导致升力系数的根方差明显增大;矩形建筑断面长宽比的增大则使阻力系数的平均值、根方差减少,而升力系数的根方差增大;D类和B类风场中的平均气动力系数相近,而D类风场中脉动气动力系数的根方差大于B类风场。     

群体高层建筑的峰值风压分布特征

基于同步测压技术,研究了不同宽度比和不同高度比（记为Br和Hr,分别表示施扰和受扰建筑的宽度与高度之比）的2个高层建筑在串列、斜列和并列布置时峰值风压干扰效应。结果表明：邻近施扰建筑的侧面峰值风压主要呈现放大效应,且宽度比越大（Br≤1时）,高度比越大,放大效应越明显,立面最高负风压系数绝对值可升高30%。迎风面放大效应区则主要集中在施扰建筑位于横风向间距为3b(b为受扰建筑的迎风宽度)的迎风区域内,立面最高正风压系数可升高40%。当串列间距较小且高度比小于1（Hr=0.8）时产生的三维绕流现象可使得受扰建筑侧面局部风压升高61%,迎风面边缘局部风压升高24%。并列布置时产生的峡谷效应引起足够的重视,试验测得最大干扰因子可达2.13且随并列间距的增大而减少,当并列间距超过9b时峡谷效应才渐趋消失。由试验结果回归得到的并列布置时的侧立面最大峰值风压干扰因子随并列间距变化的关系式具有较高可信度。     

Aerodynamic interference effects of a proposed taller high‐rise building on wind pressures on existing tall buildings

When a large super high‐rise building taller than the surrounding tall buildings is built in a dense urban area, the aerodynamic interference effects of the surrounding buildings on the proposed building attract much attention, while the interference effects of the taller high‐rise building on the nearby existing buildings are often ignored. Based on a series of wind tunnel tests, the interference effects of a proposed taller high‐rise building, an adjacent equal‐height partner building, and relatively short background buildings on the target building's local wind pressures are analysed in this paper. Two‐dimensional numerical simulation are carried out to further understand the interference mechanism in some cases. The test results show that the influence of a nearby proposed taller high‐rise building may lead to wind‐induced damage on the interfered shorter buildings' envelopes. The envelope structures of other surrounding buildings facing the side of the proposed building need to be given more attention.     

The effect of plan ratios on wind interference of two tall buildings

Tall buildings are vulnerable to lateral loading. The facades of these buildings are susceptible to wind loads. It is very difficult to assess the wind condition around the tall building in the presence of other surrounding buildings due to the wind interference effect. An experiment is carried out in the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel at Tokyo Polytechnic University, Japan, to study the wind interference effect on tall buildings with varying plan ratios. The maximum and minimum local peak pressure coefficient contours on front face of the principal building are plotted. The interference effect is quantified in terms of interference zone charts. It is observed that interference zones extend over a larger area as the building plan ratios increases. The minimum interference factor depends on the plan ratios of the interfering building especially along the oblique direction. The results of this study may be useful for the preliminary design of cladding of tall buildings with interfering buildings.     

高层建筑风致扭转荷载的干扰效应研究

在相邻建筑物的干扰下,受扰高层建筑的风荷载与其在孤立状态下相比会有较大的变化。本文采用动态测力天平技术,通过模型风洞试验研究了方形截面高层建筑在周边另一个同样建筑的气动干扰下,其平均、脉动和峰值扭转风荷载的干扰效应,分析了建筑物间距、风场和风向角等参数的影响。研究表明,高层建筑扭转荷载的干扰效应很显著,B类风场0°风向角下,峰值扭矩干扰因子IFp可达2.1,45°风向角下更可高达3.5。最后通过分析受扰模型的基底扭矩谱讨论了上游建筑旋涡脱落的影响。     

Experimental study on wind load characteristics of high‐rise buildings with opening

For investigation of the wind load characteristics on high‐rise buildings with opening, a series of rigid rectangular high‐rise building models with opening were tested by synchronous multi‐pressure sensing system (SMPSS) in a boundary wind tunnel. Influence parameters including different opening heights, opening rates, opening patterns, and terrain categories are studied in detail. Based on the test results, the local wind force coefficients, base moment coefficients, and power spectral densities were discussed. The results indicated that the opening could affect the wind loads acting on high‐rise buildings to different extent. The distinct reduction of wind loads on high‐rise buildings was found at along‐wind direction, which could be evaluated by a proposed simplified expression accordingly. This study aims to provide useful information for the wind‐resistant design of high‐rise buildings with opening.     

Dynamic wind response of tall buildings using artificial neural network

This paper presents an alternative approach for predicting the dynamic wind response of tall buildings using artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model was developed, trained, and validated based on the data generated in the context of Indian Wind Code (IWC), IS 875 (Part 3):2015. According to the IWC, dynamic wind responses can be calculated for a specific configuration of buildings. The dynamic wind loads and their corresponding responses of structures other than the specified configurations in IWC have to be estimated by wind tunnel tests or computational techniques, which are expensive and time intensive. Alternatively, ANN is an efficient and economical computational analysis tool that can be implemented to estimate the dynamic wind response of a building. In this paper, ANN models were developed to predict base shear and base bending moment of a tall building in along‐ and across‐wind direction by giving the input as the configuration of the building, wind velocity, and terrain category. Multilayer perceptron ANN models with back‐propagation training algorithm was adopted. On comparison of results, it was found that the predicted values obtained from the ANN models and the calculated responses acquired using IWC standards are almost similar. Using the best fit model of ANN, an extensive parametric study was performed to predict the dynamic wind response of tall buildings for the configurations on which IWC is silent. Based on the results obtained from this study, design charts are developed for the prediction of dynamic wind response of tall buildings.     

Steady suction for controlling across‐wind loading of high‐rise buildings

To reduce across‐wind effects on high‐rise buildings, this paper introduces a new active aerodynamic control named steady suction. To test its effect, the control mechanism of steady suction is discussed first, and then, a synchronization pressure test was conducted in a wind tunnel to measure the across‐wind loading on a high‐rise model (Commonwealth Advisory Aeronautical Research Council standard high‐rise building model). A series of analytical methods were used to compare the different effects on across‐wind aerodynamic forces caused by different parameters. The results show that when the wind blows straight on the wide side of the model, steady suction arranged on the narrow side close to the leading edge can effectively reduce the fluctuating base moment. When the wind blows straight on the narrow side, steady suction arranged on the middle of the wide side effectively reduces the fluctuating base moment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interference effects on local peak pressures between two buildings

Local peak pressure coefficients between two buildings were studied by using wind tunnel experiments for various locations, different height ratios of interfering building and wind directions. The measured local peak pressure coefficients were compared to those obtained previously from a study on an isolated building. This study also investigated interference effects for local peak pressures on a principal building with various configurations and different height ratios of an interfering building. The experimental results have been examined and presented from the viewpoint of cladding design. The results show that highest peak suctions on a principal building increased with increase in height ratios of the interfering building. The oblique configuration generated more severe peak suction than the tandem configuration. To examine the interference effects for local peak pressures in detail, interference factors for maximum positive and minimum negative peak pressures at each measurement point (i, j) of the principal building for all wind directions are presented and discussed.     

Simplified formulas for evaluation of wind-induced interference effects among three tall buildings

The base-bending moment (BBM) response and the mean BBM of grouped high-rise buildings are studied by a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using the high-frequency force balance technique. Interference excitations of two upwind buildings with various heights in different upwind terrains are considered. An effective method is proposed to represent the distribution of the envelope interference factor (EIF) among three tall buildings. The results show that two upstream buildings cause more adverse dynamic effects on the downstream building than a single upstream building does. Significant correlations are found in the distributions of the interference factors of different configurations and upwind terrains. Relevant regression equations are proposed to simplify the complexity of the multi-parameter wind-induced mean and dynamic interference effects among three tall buildings. Finally, an example of how to use the data provided in this paper and the proposed methodology is presented.     

Mode shape linearization and correction in coupled dynamic analysis of wind‐excited tall buildings

The three‐dimensional mode shapes found in modern tall buildings complicate the use of the high‐frequency base balance (HFBB) technique in wind tunnel testing for predicting their wind‐induced loads and effects. The linearized‐mode‐shape (LMS) method was recently proposed to address some of the complications in the calculation of the generalized wind forces, which serve as the input to modal analysis for predicting wind‐induced dynamic responses of tall buildings. An improved LMS method, called the advanced linearized‐mode‐shape (ALMS) method, is developed in this paper by introducing torsional mode shape corrections to account for the partial correlation of torques over building height. The ALMS method has been incorporated into the accurate complete quadratic combination method in the coupled dynamic analysis to form a comprehensive procedure for the determination of equivalent static wind loads (ESWLs) for structural design of complex tall buildings. The improved accuracy in the prediction of generalized forces by the ALMS method has been validated by a 60‐storey benchmark building with multiple‐point simultaneous pressure measurements. A practical 40‐storey residential building with significant swaying and torsional effects is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed wind load and response analysis procedure based on the HFBB data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental study of across‐wind aerodynamic damping of super high‐rise buildings with aerodynamically modified square cross‐sections

Across‐wind aerodynamic damping ratios are determined from the wind‐induced acceleration responses of 10 aeroelastic models of square super high‐rise buildings in an urban flow condition (exposure category C in the Chinese code) using the random decrement technique. Moreover, the influences of amplitude‐dependent structural damping ratio on the estimation of aerodynamic damping ratio are discussed. The validity of estimated damping is examined through a comparison with previous research achievements. On the basis of the estimated results, the characteristics of the across‐wind aerodynamic damping ratios of modified square high‐rise buildings are studied. The effects of aerodynamically modified cross‐sections, such as chamfered, slotted and tapered cross‐section, on the across‐wind aerodynamic damping ratio are investigated. The results indicate that modifications of cross‐sections are not always effective in suppressing the aeroelastic effects of super high‐rise buildings. Low corner‐cut ratios (chamfer ratios from 5% to 20% and slot ratios from 5% to 10%) and low taper ratio (1%) significantly decrease the magnitudes of absolute aerodynamic damping ratios. However, large modifications of cross‐sections (slot ratio of 20% and taper ratios from 3% to 5%) increase wind‐induced responses by changing the aerodynamic damping ratios. According to the database, empirical aerodynamic damping function parameters are fitted for high‐rise buildings with aerodynamically modified square cross‐sections. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.