基于IEEE802.11自适应调度的QoS增强机制研究

针对IEEE802.11DCF的QoS问题,提出一种增强型自适应调度的分布式EASDCF机制,并通过最大竞争窗口和重传次数进行区分服务,以较高的概率保证了实时业务优先访问信道,并使得丢包率敏感的业务得到可靠保障。仿真结果表明EASDCF所采用的分级策略具有很好的效果,使无线局域网整体的吞吐性能得到提升,使资源得到更加合理的利用。     

IEEE 802.11e EDCA多优先级混合时隙传输方法

针对无线局域网中各种多媒体数据业务对传输QoS的不同需求,在IEEE 802.11e EDCA机制的基础上提出了一种多优先级混合时隙传输方法。该方法规定一段时间为一个混合时隙,期间包含的时隙数小于等于业务的种类数,各业务按照传输QoS的需求组合分配到不同优先级的时隙中进行传输,从而调节不同传输QoS需求业务在数据链路层的碰撞概率。与传统的IEEE 802.11e EDCA机制相比,多优先级混合时隙传输方法降低了站点之间的碰撞概率,提高了需求业务的吞吐量、丢包率、媒质访问延迟等网络性能指标。对于站点变动较大的网络,其具有较强的抗扰动性。     

支持QoS的IEEE 802.11 EDCA性能研究

随着无线网络应用的不断发展,为了适应网络中不同类型业务的区分服务需要,IEEE 802.11工作组在IEEE 802.11 DCF(distributed coordination function)的基础上推出了支持QoS的IEEE 802.11 EDCA协议.针对EDCA(enhanced distributed channel access)协议的优先级区分信道接入特性,提出了一种基于Markov链的协议性能模型分析方法.与已有文献不同,该模型分析同时包含了EDCA主要的3个关键区分信道接入机制:Wmin/Wmax,AIFS(arbitration inter-frame space),TXOP(transmission opportunity).通过模型分析,获得了EDCA协议各优先级接入的传输吞吐量、信道接入延迟、数据丢失率等性能分析.不仅分析了饱和情形下的EDCA性能,而且还对非饱和情形下的EDCA性能进行了分析.仿真验证结果表明,模型分析结果和仿真结果取得了很好的一致性.利用给出的模型分析方法,提出了一种基于TXOP动态调整的D-TXOP(dynamic TXOP)接纳控制算法.算法根据网络中业务流的QoS要求,在动态调整各优先级的TXOP参数设置的基础上,对网络中新到业务流进行接纳控制,达到提高网络的业务承载能力的目的.     

802.11e无线局域网QoS技术研究

本文分析了IEEE 802.11中DCF、PCF和IEEE 802.11e中的EDCF、HCF四种接入机制.研究了这四种机制对实时业务的QoS支持能力.通过NS-2软件仿真得出,相比于802.11中的DCF、PCF,802.11e中的EDCF、HCF机制提高了实时业务的QoS.对当前WLAN网络中实时业务的传输有着重要的指导意义.     

VANET网络中一种支持优先级区分的新机制*

提出一种支持优先级区分的MAC机制,并引入了两种新的操作机制,即接力传输和接力中断.受IEEE 802.11协议段突发机制启发,对于高优先级业务,MAC帧由源端被接力传输至目的端;对于不同优先级的业务,产生不同次数的接力中断.每次接力中断增加一次信道竞争,由此达到不同优先级业务的区分.NS-2仿真证明了该机制的有效性.     

基于IEEE802.11e和DiffServ的端到端QoS结构

研究了从无线到有线网的基于IEEE802.11e和DiffServ(区分服务)的端到端的QoS结构，介绍了802.11e、802.1D/Q和DiffServ的特点，并就它们之间的优先级映射进行了分析，从流量分类、标记、整形方面对IEEE802.11e和DiffServ的QoS参数提出了分级的接口。     

基于IEEE802.11e和DiffServ的端到端QoS结构

研究了从无线到有线网的基于IEEE802.11e和DiffServ（区分服务）的端到端的QoS结构，介绍了802.11e、802.1D／Q和DiffServ的特点，并就它们之间的优先级映射进行了分析，从流量分类、标记、整形方面对IEEE802.11e和DiffServ的QoS参数提出了分级的接口。     

IEEE 802.11e EDCA在Ad Hoc网络中应用仿真分析

IEEE 802.11e EDCA协议通过采用MAC层业务区分的方式,提供网络的QoS支持.分析并比较了802.11e EDCA对802.11 DCF的改进,并通过NS2仿真分析EDCA在Ad Hoc网络中的应用情况,进一步讨论并仿真实现了对EDCA协议参数的分析.仿真结果表明,EDCA在多跳Ad Hoc网络中仍保持了其有效性,实现业务区分并提高了网络的吞吐量等性能,同时协议参数的不同将极大的影响系统性能,通过优化设置参数可以进一步提高系统性能.     

QoS 区分的自适应p-Persistent MAC 算法对信道利用率的动态优化

在无线局域网中提供服务质量(QoS)保证的MAC 算法应该满足业务区分服务的要求和系统性能的整体最优.以往的此类自适应MAC 算法依赖于对不同级别的竞争业务数目进行估计,计算过于复杂.提出一种基于QoS区分的自适应p-persistent MAC 算法,QDA-MAC(QoS differentiation based adaptive MAC scheme).该算法引入了新的参数-坚持因子(persistent factor),其优化值能够实时反映网络负载的变化情况,结合近似优化的自适应方法,每次发送尝试后,该算法不需要估计每类竞争业务的数目,利用坚持因子的优化值实时更新各类优先级业务的发送概率,调整相应的协议参数,系统的性能也能接近最优.仿真结果验证了该算法不仅能够根据竞争业务数目的变化对系统的性能进行整体优化,而且能够提供业务区分服务,在QoS区分的基础上可以为实时业务提供严格的QoS保证,尤其在信道利用率和时延等方面明显优于标准的IEEE 802.11 DCF 和IEEE 802.11e EDCA 机制.     

基于数据包重传的802.11 DCF区分服务机制

针对IEEE 802.11 DCF不能为实时业务提供服务质量（QoS）保证,提出了一种基于数据包重传的区分服务机制。该机制通过对不同优先级的数据流采用不同的重传机制和重传次数,实现饱和吞吐量、饱和时延和分组丢弃概率的相对区分。然后采用二维Markov Chain模型对该机制进行数学分析与评价。数学分析表明,该机制能够有效支持区分服务,并且能够显著提高系统饱和吞吐量,获得更好的性能。     

IEEE 802.11无线局域网标准研究*

介绍了IEEE 802.11全系列标准,研究了IEEE 802.11系列各标准的发展轨迹和相互关系,建立了该系列标准的层次模型。研究并分析了IEEE 802.11、IEEE 802.11a、IEEE 802.11b、IEEE 802.11g和IEEE 802.11n这几种常见标准,并对相应物理层和媒质访问控制层的关键技术作了重点分析。     

Design and evaluation of a novel MAC layer handoff protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

In recent years, the IEEE 802.11 wireless network family has become one of the most important set of standards in the wireless communications industry. IEEE 802.11 compliant devices are inexpensive and easier to configure and deploy than other wireless technologies. In an IEEE 802.11 wireless network, wireless terminals can move freely. As a result, when the wireless terminal moves away from its current access point, it must switch to another access point to maintain the active connection. This is known as the MAC layer handoff process. MAC layer handoff latency should be minimized to support real-time applications and to provide mobile devices with seamless roaming in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. This paper proposes a novel MAC layer handoff protocol over IEEE 802.11 wireless networks by introducing advertisement messages sent from other mobile nodes and from which wireless terminals are able to receive the information of access points in their neighborhood. A mobile node can try to associate with access points based on the prediction before starting the probe process. The experimental results demonstrate that our solution can reduce MAC layer handoff latency to meet the requirements of real-time applications.     

Evaluating transport protocol performance over a wireless mesh backbone

IEEE 802.11n wireless physical layer technology increases the deployment of high throughput wireless indoor mesh backbones for ubiquitous Internet connectivity at the urban and metropolitan areas. Most of the network traffic flows in today’s Internet use ‘Transmission Control Protocol’ (TCP) as the transport layer protocol. There has been extensive works that deal with TCP issues over wireless mesh networks as well as noisy wireless channels. Further, IEEE 802.11n is well known for its susceptibility to increased channel losses during high data rate communication. This paper investigates the dynamics of an end-to-end transport layer protocol like TCP in the presence of burst and correlated losses during IEEE 802.11n high data rate communication, while maintaining fairness among all the end-to-end flows. For this purpose, we evaluate four TCP variants-Loss Tolerant TCP (LT-TCP), Network Coded TCP (TCP/NC), TCP-Horizon and Wireless Control Protocol (WCP), where the first two protocols are known to perform very well in extreme lossy networks, and the last two are specifically designed for mesh networks. Our evaluation shows that WCP performs better in a IEEE 802.11n supported mesh networks compared to other three variants. However, WCP also results in negative impact at high data rates, where end-to-end goodput drops with the increase in physical data rate. The analysis of the results reveals that explicit loss notifications and flow balancing are not sufficient to improve transport protocol performance in an IEEE 802.11n supported mesh backbone, rather a specific mechanism is required to synchronize the transport queue management with lower layer scheduling that depends on IEEE 802.11n features, like channel bonding and frame aggregation. The findings of this paper give the direction to design a new transport protocol that can utilize the full capacity of IEEE 802.11n mesh backbone.     

下一代高速无线局域网标准IEEE802．11n的关键技术

IEEE802．11系列标准代表了WLAN技术的主流发展方向。1EEE802．11n作为下一代高速无线局域网标准,物理层采用MIMO—OFDM技术,并对MAC层性能进行优化,大大提高了数据的传榆速率。文中讨论了IEEE802．11n的关键技术。     

Nonsaturation throughput enhancement of IEEE 802.11b distributed coordination function for heterogeneous traffic under noisy environment

In this paper, we propose a mechanism named modified backoff (MB) mechanism to decrease the channel idle time in IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF). In the noisy channel, when signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low, applying this mechanism in DCF greatly improves the throughput and lowers the channel idle time. This paper presents an analytical model for the performance study of IEEE 802.11 MB-DCF for nonsaturated heterogeneous traffic in the presence of transmission errors. First, we introduce the MB-DCF and compare its performance to IEEE 802.11 DCF with binary exponential backoff (BEB). The IEEE 802.11 DCF with BEB mechanism suffers from more channel idle time under low SNR. The MB-DCF ensures high throughput and low packet delay by reducing the channel idle time under the low traffic in the network. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no previous works that enhance the performance of the DCF under imperfect wireless channel. We show through analysis that the proposed mechanism greatly outperforms the original IEEE 802.11 DCF in the imperfect channel condition. The effectiveness of physical and link layer parameters on throughput performance is explored. We also present a throughput investigation of the heterogeneous traffic for different radio conditions.     

无线多媒体传感器网络并发传输性能建模及实验评估

针对无线多媒体传感器网络（wireless multimedia sensor network,WMSN）在多路视频并发传输性能方面缺乏定量化评估的问题,对WMSN的并发性能进行了建模分析与实验验证．首先利用排队论和概率论原理构造了一个基于IEEE 802.11的WMSN数据链路层延迟模型,为实验提供理论依据．而后实验测量了基于IEEE 802.11的WMSN在不同网络拓扑下,不同因素（如距离、跳数、并发视频数）对视频评价指标（延迟、抖动、信道利用率）的影响．理论及实验结果表明,IEEE 802.11协议仅能支持四路以下视频并发传输,不适合高并发视频传输,亟待开展WMSN专属协议及算法的研究．     

基于ns-2的快速冲突分解算法实现及性能分析

分析了IEE802.11无线局域网MAC层快速冲突分解算法,修改和扩展了ns-2网络仿真软件的IEE802.11无线局域网仿真模块,实现了ns-2对快速冲突分解算法的仿真。仿真结果表明,快速冲突分解算法提高了网络的平均吞吐量、减小了平均时延,但网络的时延抖动和公平性却更加恶化。     

无线IEEE 802.11网络多信道MAC性能建模与分析

IEEE 802.11动态频谱接入网络是当前协议和模型在无线网络研究中一直受到广泛的关注.虽然它的物理层支持多信道,但其MAC层对多信道的支持仍面临挑战.目前的多信道MAC研究大多基于仿真实验,缺乏性能分析模型.本文设计了一种简单通用的信道切换机制,将IEEE802.11MAC扩展成为一种多信道MAC.本文提出了三维马尔可夫链分析模型描述多信道MAC性能,刻画单信道内重传次数和多信道间切换对性能的影响,支持基本和RTS/CTS两种接入方式.仿真结果表明,该多信道MAC模型能够很好地预测系统的饱和吞吐量,系统性能随着重传次数的增加能得到提高,而切换信道数量的增加并不能总是带来性能的提高.     

Improved modeling of IEEE 802.11a PHY through fine-grained measurements

In wireless networks, modeling of the physical layer behavior is an important yet difficult task. Modeling and estimating wireless interference is receiving great attention, and is crucial in a wireless network performance study. The physical layer capture, preamble detection, and carrier sense threshold are three key components that play important roles in successful frame reception in the presence of interference. Using our IEEE 802.11a wireless network testbed, we carry out a measurement study that reveals the detailed operation of each component and in particular we show the terms and conditions (interference timing, signal power difference, bitrate) under which a frame survives interference according to the preamble detection and capture logic. Based on the measurement study, we show that the operations of the three components in real IEEE 802.11a systems differ from those of popular simulators and present our modifications of the IEEE 802.11a PHY models to the NS-2 and QualNet network simulators. The modifications can be summarized as follows. (i) The current simulators’ frame reception is based only on the received signal strength. However, real 802.11 systems can start frame reception only when the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) is high enough to detect the preamble. (ii) Different chipset vendors implement the frame reception and capture algorithms differently, resulting in different operations for the same event. We provide different simulation models for several popular chipset vendors and show the performance differences between the models. (iii) Based on the 802.11a standard setting and our testbed observation, we revise the simulator to set the carrier sense threshold higher than the receiver sensitivity rather than equal to the receiver sensitivity. We implement our modifications to the QualNet simulator and evaluate the impact of PHY model implementations on the wireless network performance; these result in an up to six times increase of net throughput.     

A survey on emerging broadband wireless access technologies

Wireless broadband technologies provide ubiquitous broadband access to wireless users, enabling services that were available only to wireline users. In this paper, we summarize emerging wireless broadband access technologies, ranging from WLANs to satellite communications. We explain the latest standards in the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16 families in detail. The MAC layer mechanisms of IEEE 802.11e, 802.11n, and 802.11s standards are explained as well as the point-to-multipoint and Mesh modes of IEEE 802.16. The recent mobility amendment to the WiMAX family, IEEE 802.16e, is also described. Though the earliest versions of some of these technologies date back to 1996 (such as IEEE 802.11) and some are obsolete (such as HiperLAN), they have been included in this survey for the sake of completeness.Wireless technologies can be categorized based on their coverage areas. IEEE 802.11 and ETSI HiperLAN standards are considered for wireless access in local areas. IEEE 802.16 and 802.22, ETSI HiperACCESS and HiperMAN, WiBro, and HAP technologies can be used to provide service in metropolitan areas. Lastly, IEEE 802.20 and satellite systems provide service as wide area networks. Since the aim of this survey is to summarize wireless broadband technologies for data services, technologies such as Wireless USB are excluded. 3G and 4G systems have also been excluded since they are covered in detail in [C. Smith, D. Collins, 3G Wireless Networks, second ed., McGraw-Hill Osborne Media, 2006; S.G. Glisic, Advanced Wireless Networks: 4G Technologies, Wiley Publishing, 2005].