多层衍射光学元件的特性分析

对采用不同材料多层衍射光学元件的衍射效率进行了分析.通过建立双层衍射光学元件的位相分布函数,实现了宽光谱范围内高衍射效率的多层结构设计.可见光波段设计结果表明多层衍射光学元件可在整个光谱范围内获得大于96%的衍射效率,克服了传统单层衍射元件衍射效率低的缺点,使衍射元件在混合光学系统中,特别是在可见光波段,充分发挥其校正色差、热差及提供非球面度的优势,从而实现体积小、重量轻、像质优越的光学系统.     

双层衍射光学元件在0.4~0.9 μm宽波段光学系统中的应用

双层衍射光学元件能够在宽波段光谱范围内工作并具有较高的衍射效率。提出了工作在一定入射角范围内的双层衍射光学元件的复合带宽积分平均衍射效率的数学分析模型。设计了一种工作波段为0.4~0.9 μm的含有双层衍射光学元件的宽波段光学系统。其焦距为28 mm,F/#为2,视场达到18°。该系统采用Petzval物镜结构,由四片透镜组成。在60 lp/mm处,其调制传递函数(Modulation Transfer Function, MTF)大于0.67。所用双层衍射光学元件在0.4~0.9 μm波段内的带宽积分平均衍射效率高于91%。系统中入射到衍射面上的角度为0°~8.62°。该双层衍射光学元件的复合带宽积分平均衍射效率为97.36%。与传统的折射式宽波段光学系统相比,含有双层衍射光学元件的宽波段光学系统的结构更简单,分辨率更高。     

双层谐衍射元件的衍射效率分析

单层谐衍射元件由于只在谐振波长处能精确闪耀,随着波长偏离谐振波长,衍射效率迅速下降,导致宽波段成像质量变差。为了将谐衍射元件的应用拓展到宽波段,本文重点对可等效为普通单层衍射元件的双层谐衍射元件的衍射效率进行了详细的分析。理论分析得出此种双层谐衍射元件的衍射效率在整个设计波段明显高于单层（谐）衍射元件的衍射效率,而且在整个设计波段的分布基本平衡。进一步以红外波段的常用材料Ge和ZnSe构成的双层谐衍射元件以及由它们分别构成的单层（谐）衍射元件为例,应用Matlab对其衍射效率进行了模拟。模拟结果得出双层谐     

单层与双层谐衍射元件的衍射效率对比分析

由于单层谐衍射元件只在谐振波长处能精确闪耀,随着波长偏离谐振波长,衍射效率迅速下降,导致宽波段成像质量变差.为了将谐衍射元件的应用拓展到宽波段,重点对可等效为普通单层衍射元件的双层谐衍射元件的衍射效率进行了详细的分析.理论分析得出:此种双层谐衍射元件的衍射效率在整个设计波段明显高于单层谐衍射元件的衍射效率,而且在整个设计波段的分布基本平衡.进一步以可见光波段的常用材料ZF7和QK3构成的单层和双层谐衍射元件为例.对衍射效率进行了Matlab模拟.结果表明:理论定性分析与模拟的定量结果基本一致.这为双层谐衍射元件应用于宽波段成像领域提供了有力的理论依据.     

双层衍射光学元件微结构高度的优化设计

微结构高度是衍射光学元件的重要加工参数之一。基于双层衍射光学元件的带宽积分平均衍射效率和微结构高度的关系，分析并给出了微结构高度的优化设计方法。在满足光学系统性能要求的情况下，通过适当地降低带宽积分平均衍射效率来减小微结构的高度。分别针对可见光、长波红外、红外双波段三种波段工作的双层衍射光学元件进行仿真分析。分析结果显示，工作在长波红外波段的双层衍射光学元件的带宽积分平均衍射效率减小1.9%，微结构高度能降低55%以上。该结论对于双层衍射光学元件的加工及应用有重要的意义。     

含有双层衍射光学元件的红外双波段无热化光学系统的设计

建立了工作在一定入射角度范围内的多层衍射光学元件的复合带宽积分平均衍射效率的分析模型。基于衍射光学元件所具有的独特的消色差和消热差性质,设计了一个含有双层衍射光学元件的工作在3.7～4.8mm和7.7～9.5mm红外双波段光学系统。光学系统的焦距为100mm,F#为2,采用像元数为640×512、间距为15mm的制冷型探测器。该系统在空间频率33lp/mm时,中、长波红外MTF分别高于0.52和0.16,最大RMS半径小于9.88mm,波前像差小于0.0705λ,最大离焦量小于焦深,在-40℃～71℃范围内实现了无热化设计。系统中采用的双层衍射光学元件在红外双波段的带宽积分平均衍射效率高于99.15%。入射到衍射面上的角度为0°～10°,该双层衍射光学元件在中波和长波波段的复合带宽积分平均衍射效率分别为97.70%和96.95%。     

一种红外双波段衍射望远镜的光学设计

深入研究了双层谐衍射光学元件,基于衍射效率方程对双层衍射元件的衍射效率进行优化.光学系统在中波红外和长波红外波段的衍射效率均超过了99%,极大地提高了图像的对比度和像质.设计了一款新型的红外双波段衍射望远镜,取得了接近衍射极限的成像质量,易于加工.     

基于双层衍射元件的红外双波段光学系统设计

利用红外双波段成像能够获得更多的信息,从而提高探测和识别能力。将多层衍射光学元件应用到红外双波段光学系统中,可以校正色差、简化结构。讨论了多层衍射光学元件的成像特性,相比于单层衍射光学元件,多层衍射光学元件可在宽波段范围内获得高衍射效率,给出了多层衍射光学元件设计方法。基于此,设计了一种红外双波段混合成像光学系统。其中,双层衍射光学元件在3.7~4.8μm和7.7~9.5μm工作波段上的衍射效率达98.5%以上。仿真结果表明,系统像质良好,满足要求。     

红外宽波段双层谐衍射光学系统的设计

相比传统的折反射元件,衍射光学元件和谐衍射光学元件因其独特的色散性能和温度效应在消色差和补偿热差方面有得天独厚的优势,将其应用于混合光学系统,可以简化结构,提高像质。但是二者衍射效率均依赖于波长,降低了宽波段成像的对比度。而双层谐衍射元件可以减弱衍射效率对波长的依赖性。因此,该红外宽波段系统采用双层谐衍射元件,第一层材料为Ge,第二层材料为ZnSe,微结构厚度分别为73.3 m和149.3 m,整个工作波段的衍射效率达到97.5%以上。在Code V中仿真优化得出:混合系统的各种像差性能都比较理想,特别是宽波段8~14 m的色差得到了很好的校正,二级光谱得到较好的控制,系统的调制光学传递函数接近衍射限。最终的性能测试结果显示:各项性能均可满足使用要求。     

折衍混合红外双波段变焦光学系统设计

建立了不同类型衍射元件对衍射效率的影响模型,比较了单层衍射元件、谐衍射元件和双层衍射元件之间衍射效率的差异,重点分析在红外双波段光学系统中应用双层衍射元件的突出优势,计算不同材料组合情况下双层元件的平均衍射效率,以此为基础设计一款适合于高空机载平台的折衍混合红外双波段双视场光学系统。大视场对应的地物分辨率为1.5 m@16 km,长焦、短焦分别为960 mm和480 mm,通过切换反射镜改变光路来实现变焦功能,保证变焦过程中系统的光轴稳定性。仿真结果表明在?40~60 ℃的大温差环境下,系统的MTF曲线平滑且接近衍射极限,RMS半径位于艾里斑半径以内,二元衍射面的最小特征尺寸为6.9 μm,设计结果满足工程使用要求。     

X-ray metrology for high-k atomic layer deposited HfxZr1−xO2 films

Hafnium-based dielectrics are the most promising material for SiO₂ replacement in future nodes of CMOS technology. While devices that utilize HfO₂ gate dielectrics suffer from lower carrier mobility and degraded reliability, our group has recently reported improved device characteristics with a modified Hf_xZr_1−xO₂ [R.I. Hegde, D.H. Triyoso, P.J. Tobin, S. Kalpat, M.E. Ramon, H.-H. Tseng, J.K. Schaeffer, E. Luckowski, W.J. Taylor, C.C. Capasso, D.C. Gilmer, M. Moosa, A. Haggag, M. Raymond, D. Roan, J. Nguyen, L.B. La, E. Hebert, R. Cotton, X.-D. Wang, S. Zollner, R. Gregory, D. Werho, R.S. Rai, L. Fonseca, M. Stoker, C. Tracy, B.W. Chan, Y.H. Chiu, B.E. White, Jr., in: Technical Digest - International Electron Devices Meet, vol. 39, 2005, D.H. Triyoso, R.I. Hegde, J.K. Schaeffer, D. Roan, P.J. Tobin, S.B. Samavedam, B.E. White, Jr., R. Gregory, X.-D. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (2006) 222901]. These results have lead to evaluation of X-ray reflectivity (XRR) for monitoring high-k film thickness and control of Zr addition to HfO₂ using measured film density. In addition, a combination of XRR and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is shown to be a fast and non-intrusive method to monitor thickness of interfacial layer between high-k and the Si substrate.     

Students’ thoughts about the importance and costs of their mobile devices’ features and services

In recent years, handheld devices have become one of the fastest growing communication gadgets. Mobile technology is becoming widespread and research in this area is urgently needed. Using a survey instrument, the thoughts of male and female students regarding the importance and costs of mobile devices were investigated. It was found that students tend to consider the following features important: battery life, mp3 player, video camera, photo camera, storage memory, Bluetooth, design and elegance, clock, calendar, organizer and reminder. Also, they are eager to spend an amount of money so as their mobile device to support them. On average, both genders would pay extra money for such features. However, the majority of females think less of the price than males do. On the contrary, most of the respondents do not consider the following important: touch screen, voice commands, chat, teleconference, encryption and cryptography, common use of files, printing. Therefore, they would not spend any money for these features. Interested decision makers would try to increase their interest on such features. Moreover, all respondents appear to own a mobile phone while most of them do not have Internet connection at home. In general, some gender differences are found in the importance and costs of the mobile devices, but they are not statistically significant.     

Job schedulers for Big data processing in Hadoop environment: testing real-life schedulers using benchmark programs

At present, big data is very popular, because it has proved to be much successful in many fields such as social media, E-commerce transactions, etc. Big data describes the tools and technologies needed to capture, manage, store, distribute, and analyze petabyte or larger-sized datasets having different structures with high speed. Big data can be structured, unstructured, or semi structured. Hadoop is an open source framework that is used to process large amounts of data in an inexpensive and efficient way, and job scheduling is a key factor for achieving high performance in big data processing. This paper gives an overview of big data and highlights the problems and challenges in big data. It then highlights Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), Hadoop MapReduce, and various parameters that affect the performance of job scheduling algorithms in big data such as Job Tracker, Task Tracker, Name Node, Data Node, etc. The primary purpose of this paper is to present a comparative study of job scheduling algorithms along with their experimental results in Hadoop environment. In addition, this paper describes the advantages, disadvantages, features, and drawbacks of various Hadoop job schedulers such as FIFO, Fair, capacity, Deadline Constraints, Delay, LATE, Resource Aware, etc, and provides a comparative study among these schedulers.     

Progress in ZnO materials and devices

ZnO is a wide-band-gap semiconductor material that is now being developed for many applications, including ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes, UV photodetectors, transparent thin-film transistors, and gas sensors. It can be grown as boules, as thin films, or as nanostructures of many types and shapes. However, as with any useful semiconductor material, its electrical and optical properties are controlled by impurities and defects. Here, we consider various important donor-type impurities, such as H, Al, Ga, and In, and acceptor-type impurities, such as N, P, As, and Sb. We also examine the effects of a few common point defects, including Zn interstitials, Zn vacancies, O vacancies, and complexes of each. The main experimental techniques of interest here include temperature-dependent Hall-effect and low-temperature photoluminescence measurements, because they alone can provide donor and acceptor concentrations and donor energies. The important topic of p-type ZnO is also considered in some detail.     

Thyristor Input-Protection Device Suitable for CMOS RF IC’s

Based on simulation results and accompanying analysis, we suggest a thyristor-type ESD protection device structure suitable for implementation in standard CMOS processes to reduce the parasitic capacitances added to the input nodes, which is very important in CMOS RF ICs. We compare DC breakdown characteristics of the suggested device to those of a conventional NMOS protection device to show the benefits of using the suggested device for ESD protection. The characteristic improvements are demonstrated and the corresponding mechanisms are explained based on simulations. Structure dependencies are also examined to define the optimal structure. AC simulation results are introduced to estimate the magnitude of reduction in the added parasitic capacitance when using the suggested device for ESD protection. The analysis shows a possibility of reducing the added parasitic capacitance down to about 1/45 of that resulting with a conventional NMOS protection transistor, while maintaining robustness against ESD.Jin-Young Choi was born in Seoul, Korea in 1956. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Seoul National University, Korea, in 1979, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Florida, USA, in 1986 and 1991, respectively. In 1991, he joined Samsung Electronics Memory Division, Korea, where he was engaged in high-speed SRAM development. In 1992, he moved to the Hongik University, Jochiwon, Korea, where he is now an associate professor. His recent research interests include the high-frequency modeling of CMOS devices, CMOS RF circuit design, and analysis & design for ESD protection.Woo Suk Yang was born in Seoul, Korea in 1957. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Seoul National University, Korea, in 1979, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from the North Calorina State University, USA, in 1990. His doctorial research was in the area of signal processing. In 1990, he joined LG Electronics Co. Korea. In 1991, he moved to the Hongik University, Jochiwon, Korea, where he is now a professor. His recent research interests include the high-frequency modeling and various topics in signal processing area.Dongmin Kim was born in Korea in 1956. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the Seoul National University, Korea, in 1979 and 1984, respectively and the Ph.D. degree in ECE from the University of Michigan, USA, in 1996. Now, he is an assistant professor of the Hongik University, Jochiwon, Korea. His recent research interests include circuit design and analysis.Youngju Kim was born in Seoul, Korea in 1957. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from the Seoul National University, Korea in 1980 and 1985, respectively and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Polytechnic University of New York, USA, in 1995, respectively. In 1996, he joined the Hongik University, Jochiwon, Korea, where he is now an assistance professor. His recent research interests include the RF circuit design and LIN wireless systems.     

智能语音操控在广电端到端的系统设计及应用

在数字化中国的大背景下,在公司个人宽带与互动电视在线交费用户均突破300万户的情况下,为解决我们的用户总找不到自己喜欢看的节目,记不住频道名称和喜欢的节目,提升公司竞争力。通过对前端的点播系统、AAA系统、EPG系统、PORTAL系统、ISMP系统、媒资系统、机顶盒终端的功能进行剥离、整合和详细设计,最后完成终端用户语音操控电视直播、点播、时移、回看、页面操控、系统设置,并支持普通话和四川话方言的目的。达到提升用户体验,增加公司竞争力,促进业务的发展。系统试运行后,用户体验效果得到很大提升,完全达到预期设计目的。     

谈对电子元器件企业设计开发过程中“六性”的审核

通过对电子元器件企业＂可靠性、维修性、保障性、测试性、安全性和环境适应性＂的审核,帮助企业识别＂可靠性、维修性、保障性、测试性、安全性和环境适应性＂,认识＂可靠性、维修性、保障性、测试性、安全性和环境适应性＂在产品设计开发中的重要性,实现产品的＂可靠性、维修性、保障性、测试性、安全性和环境适应性＂指标。     

A Progress Report on Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Nonaqueous conversion‐reaction sulfur chemistry has been attracting increasing attention over the past decade for the development of next‐generation lithium‐based batteries. Li–S batteries are currently approaching a nexus stage from lab‐scale experiments to possible pragmatic applications. Inspired by the success of Li–S chemistry, other metal–sulfur batteries with a variety of metallic anodes, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum, have also started to attract attention. In comparison to lithium, Na, Mg, Al, K, and Ca are naturally more abundant and affordable. The Na‐S, Mg‐S, Al‐S, K‐S, and Ca‐S battery systems provide a great potential for improving the volumetric energy density of sulfur‐based batteries. The multivalent metal‐sulfur systems, Mg‐S, Al‐S, and Ca‐S, offer better safety features as well. However, the research and development on Na‐S, Mg‐S, Al‐S, K‐S, and Ca‐S batteries is far behind the Li–S system due to many critical challenges. In this progress report, the fundamental principles of various metal–sulfur chemistries are first presented and compared. Then, the historical progress, recent advances, and key challenges of the Li–S, Na‐S, Mg‐S, Al‐S, K‐S, and Ca‐S systems are summarized and discussed. Finally, future efforts and directions for both the fundamental and practical research are prospected.     

VoIP技术--语音和数据的集成

介绍了VoIP(Voice over IP)的基本组成构件即网关(Gateway)、网守(Gatekeeper)的概念和用途。讲述了语音在IP网上传输的基本原理，语音和数据、数据和IP包之间的转换和传送过程。在H．323协议栈的基础上详细讲述了H．248，H．225，H．245等通信协议和语音编码G．729，G．23l，G．7ll等协议。最后对VoIP的语音服务质量作了较为详细的阐述。     

An Integrated Model to Design PCS Networks

An integrated model is proposed that comprises essentially, an Enhanced Profile-Based Strategy (EPBS) for small-scale roaming and a Caching Two-Level Forwarding Pointer (C2LFP) strategy for large-scale roaming. The idea behind the integrated model is how those two location management solutions are applied, and what is the suitable approach to specify the physical parameters of PCS networks from mobility management’s point of view so that our solutions can be more cost effective for location management. An evolutionary method, using a constrained Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been used to achieve network parameters optimization. For convenience, we selected the underlying planning problem with an appropriate set of parameters so that it can be treated, in what follows, both genetically and analytically. Thus one can easily verify the accuracy and efficiency of the evolutionary solution that would be obtained from the genetic algorithm. For more realistic environments, GA could be used reliably to build up sophisticated models that integrate the small-scale and large-scale roaming parameters of PCS networks. The results that have been obtained from a case study are presented in order to provide a deep explanation for the proposed integration approach. Salah M. Ramadan (samohra@yahoo.com) received the BS and MS degrees from Computers Engineering Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1995 and 2002, respectively. From 2002, he was a PhD student in Computers Engineering Department at Al-Azhar University and is currently pursuing the PhD degree, where he is a research assistant in the Wireless Networks Branch. His research interests include traffic management in ATM networks, routing protocols, mobility management in PCS networks, and mobile computing. He is currently an instructor in Cisco Academy, Egypt. Ahmed M. El-Sherbini (Sherbini@mcit.gov.eg) received the Ph.D. in Electrical and Communication Engineering, Case Western University, U.S.A. March 1983 and M.Sc. in Communication Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, June 1980. (M.Sc. Research Studies at the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications (ENST), Paris, France) He is the Director, National Telecommunication Institute – Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Egypt and Professor of Electrical and Communication Engineering Dept. Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt. M. I. Marie(azhar@mailer.scu.eun.eg) received his B.Sc, M.Sc and PhD in electronic and communication engineering from Cairo University on 1972, 1981, 1985, respectively. Now he is a professor of communications at Computer and System Engineering Department Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. His fields of interest includes digital communication, computer networks and protocols development. M. Zaki is the professor of software engineering, Computer and System Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University at Cairo. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Cairo University in 1968 and 1973 respectively. He received his Ph.D. degrees in computer engineering from Warsaw Technical University, Poland in 1977. His fields of interest include artificial intelligence, soft computing, and distributed system.