Glass/Epoxy复合材料叠层板面内剪切连续损伤模型

为确定S2玻璃纤维/环氧树脂(S2-Glass/Epoxy) 叠层复合材料面内剪切应力-应变关系,对S2-Glass/Epoxy 叠层复合材料面内剪切拉伸载荷下的弹、塑性连续损伤本构模型及应用进行了研究。基于平面应力状态下的连续损伤力学模型,通过典型面内剪切拉伸实验,分别建立了忽略塑性应变和考虑塑性应变的两种连续损伤力学(CDM)模型,并确定相关参数。通过ABAQUS/Explicit 用户子程序VUMAT接口,分别采用两种CDM模型对S2-Glass/Epoxy 叠层复合材料面内剪切拉伸实验进行有限元数值计算,与实验结果对比,验证模型可靠性,并分析单元类型对有限元计算结果的影响。研究结果表明: 忽略塑性应变的CDM模型可以很好地预测复合材料面内剪切失效强度,但不能较好地预测其非线性力学响应; 考虑塑性应变,将塑性硬化与损伤耦合后的CDM模型则能较好的预测复合材料非线性力学响应和面内剪切失效强度; 该平面应力状态下建立的CDM模型可用于壳单元进行复合材料有限元数值计算,横向剪切作用导致传统壳单元数值计算的载荷位移曲线略低于平面应力单元计算结果; 减缩积分算法有利于提高有限元数值计算结果的准确性。     

ECC单轴受拉损伤本构模型研究EI北大核心CSCD

通过单轴拉伸试验,讨论了PVA纤维体积掺入量和水胶比对工程用水泥基复合材料(ECC)受拉力学性能参数(开裂应变、开裂应力、峰值应变、峰值应力、极限应变以及应力-应变关系曲线)的影响规律。基于此,从损伤力学的角度讨论了ECC在单轴受拉过程的开裂前阶段、应变硬化阶段以及应变软化阶段的损伤演化机制。进而,基于ECC受拉损伤演化机制提出ECC受拉损伤本构模型,并给出模型相关参数的计算方法,分析表明:该文提出损伤模型得到的ECC受拉损伤演化曲线能更为合理的描述ECC的损伤演化全过程。最后,该文损伤模型计算的ECC受拉应力-应变关系曲线和试验曲线对比结果表明,所提出的模型能够合理的描述ECC受拉非线性应力-应变关系特征,且具有良好的精度。     

三种建筑钢筋材料高应变率下拉伸力学性能研究

钢筋混凝土结构除承受静载荷外,在恐怖袭击、燃气管道爆炸等特殊情况下还会承受动态载荷的作用,因此,研究其组成材料之一的钢筋材料在动态载荷作用下的力学性能,对于研究钢筋混凝土结构整体在动态载荷作用下的力学响应有重要意义。该文首先利用旋转盘冲击拉伸试验系统对3种常用建筑钢筋材料(HPB235、HRB335和HRB400)在400 s-1~2000 s-1应变率范围内的动态拉伸力学性能进行试验研究,然后根据试验数据,分析应变率对屈服强度的影响规律,并对常用的Johnson-Cook本构模型进行修正,以获得可以更好描述这3种钢筋材料动态拉伸应力-应变关系的本构模型及相关的材料参数。研究结果表明:3种钢筋材料的屈服应力均随应变率的增大而增大,而静载屈服应力越低的钢筋对应变率越敏感;修正后的Johnson-Cook本构模型能较好地描述3种钢筋材料的动态拉伸应力-应变关系。     

循环荷载作用下超高性能混凝土的轴拉力学性能及本构关系模型

对具有不同拉伸应变特性(应变强化和应变软化)的超高性能混凝土(Ultra high performance concrete, UHPC)进行了单调和循环荷载作用下的直接拉伸试验。试验结果表明:应变强化UHPC基体开裂后进入多点微裂纹分布的应变强化段,达到极限抗拉强度后进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;应变软化UHPC基体开裂后直接进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;循环荷载下两种类型UHPC的轴拉应力-应变曲线包络线与单调荷载下的应力-应变曲线基本一致;基于刚度退化过程建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉损伤演化方程,根据实测应力-应变曲线和试件的裂缝分布形态建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉本构关系模型,与试验结果基本吻合;采用能量法研究了应变强化UHPC两阶段轴拉本构关系在数值计算时的等效方法。最后,通过无筋应变强化UHPC抗弯试验梁的数值模拟对本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构关系模型和损伤演化方程及相关假定进行了验证,结果表明本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构模型能较好地预测UHPC弯拉构件的极限承载力,轴拉损伤变量能在宏观层面上较好地反应试件的裂缝分布状态。      

基于修正混凝土塑性损伤模型的大应变FRP约束混凝土有限元分析

精确的有限元分析(FEA)依赖于材料的准确定义。通过编写用户子程序UMAT实现了大断裂应变纤维增强聚合物(LRS FRP)在纤维方向上拉伸特性的定义。基于Abaqus中混凝土塑性损伤模型的理论框架,提出了一种改进的混凝土塑性损伤模型用于定义LRS FRP约束混凝土的材料特性。这些改进包括：通过LRS FRP约束混凝土的实验数据校准了与屈服准则相关的参数K;硬化/软化准则与约束刚度相关;流动法则与轴向塑性应变相关。采用修改后的材料模型进行FEA,结果表明：FEA预测的应力-应变曲线与实验结果吻合。基于FEA的结果,讨论了矩形柱截面上应力分布的不均匀性,根据约束效果可分为有效约束区域和弱约束区域,且在约束有效区域上应力分布不均匀性随着截面比(长边/短边)的增加而增加。     

应变率突增对混凝土动态拉伸破坏影响的细观模拟

实际工程中混凝土结构往往遭遇多次动态荷载作用或在承受一定初始损伤荷载基础上再承受不同应变率的动态荷载。建立了哑铃型混凝土三维细观数值模型,模拟不同名义应变率单独作用下混凝土材料的单轴动态拉伸破坏行为,又分别对混凝土单轴拉伸应力应变曲线上升段和软化段的应变率突增行为开展了细观模拟,初步分析了应变率突增行为对动态拉伸破坏强度特性及宏观应力应变曲线的影响。研究结果表明:在低应变率下混凝土拉伸应变率硬化效应相对较弱,而在高应变率下应变率硬化效应显著增强;在加载上升段应变率突增后加载获得的动态拉伸强度和峰值应变均得到了明显提高;在软化段应变率突增时,混凝土试件的“软化行为”转变为“硬化行为”,宏观应力-应变曲线会出现二次峰值;以初始应变率与突变应变率组合加载得到的动态拉伸强度均低于以突变应变率单独加载得到的拉伸强度,并且强度下降的百分比均随着应变率的增大而增大。     

白垩系冻结砂岩动态统计损伤本构关系研究

为了研究饱和冻结砂岩的本构关系,依托白垩系地层煤矿立井建设中冻结凿井工程,开展室内SHPB冲击试验获取冻结砂岩在不同应变率下的动态应力应变曲线,在分析岩石动力学特性的基础上,建立了基于Weibull统计分布、Drucker-Prager破坏准则及等效应变原理的砂岩强度型动态统计损伤本构关系。结果表明:冻结砂岩动态应力应变曲线分为线弹性、弹塑性及塑形软化3个阶段,动态抗压强度与峰值应变的应变率■强化效应显著;随■的升高,岩石用于内部微缺陷衍生和扩展的能量逐渐变大,参与破坏过程的裂隙增多,宏观上表现出比能量吸收值(SEA)的应变率相关性明显;统计本构关系中,表征岩石初始微缺陷的损伤系数δ能够反映饱和冻结砂岩受冲击时的弹塑性特征,经拟合确定最佳初始损伤系数δ=0.95;理论模型曲线与试验曲线吻合良好,模型能较好地反映冲击载荷下岩石线弹性和弹塑性阶段的强度分布。     

船板钢焊接接头的断裂失效行为及GTN模型的数值分析

船舶钢结构皆采用焊接方法建造而成,在实际工况及环境载荷作用下,焊接接头的力学性能及其断裂强度,直接影响船舶整体结构的强度和寿命。该文针对常用的船板钢材料(Q345和Q690),首先对母材进行单向拉伸试验,获得其各自的应力-应变曲线,进而评估其断裂性能;基于Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN)损伤模型,通过程序代码的调试和一系列的数值模拟分析,提出了母材本构关系的表达函数及最优GTN模型参数,且与实测的应力-应变曲线高度吻合。同时,针对满足焊接规范要求的船板钢对接焊接头,进行了单向拉伸试验获得其应力-应变曲线;考虑焊缝微观缺陷以及焊接残余应力的影响,提出修正GTN损伤模型中的初始空穴体积分数f₀和材料的幂函数塑性强化参数,预测焊接接头的断裂强度,且与试验测量数据吻合一致。     

冲击载荷下不同尺寸煤岩动力学分析及损伤特性研究

为探究冲击载荷作用下不同尺寸煤岩的动态力学及损伤特性，利用分离式霍普金森压杆系统对直径50 mm长度分别为15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm, 45 mm和50 mm的煤岩开展了冲击压缩试验，通过分析应力-应变曲线特征得出应变率、峰值应力和动态弹模随尺寸变化的关系，并基于能量耗散规律提出煤岩受载全过程动态损伤指标K,同时与Weibull分布结合D-P准则得出的损伤变量D_w进行对比，探究不同尺寸煤岩的动态损伤特性。结果表明：不同尺寸煤岩的动态应力-应变曲线包含弹性、塑性和塑性软化3个阶段。随煤岩尺寸的增加，应变率和峰值应力呈减小趋势，动态模量为线性增加；动态损伤指标K是煤岩弹性阶段结束后的瞬时破碎耗能与完全破坏时对应总破碎耗能的比值；动态损伤指标与损伤变量的曲线形态具有相似性，变化趋势具有一致性，表明了K的合理性。指标K的最大损伤值更稳定、更符合破坏状态假设，说明了其具有一定的适用性。     

单脉冲加载技术及其在钛合金拉伸行为研究中的应用

为精确评价钛合金热率相关的力学行为,利用冲击拉伸试验系统和基于单应力脉冲加载的冲击拉伸复元试验技术分别获得TC11钛合金在高应变率(102~103s-1)范围内的绝热应力-应变曲线和等温应力-应变曲线,实现拉伸响应的热力解耦;利用冲击拉伸加卸载试验技术实施变温度和变应变率测试,研究历史效应对于本构行为的影响。结果表明:TC11的初始屈服行为呈现温度软化和应变率强化特性,而等温塑性应变硬化行为表现出温度和应变率不敏感特征,瞬态绝热温升是导致材料动态应变硬化率降低的主要原因;高应变率加载时材料内的热功转换系数约为0.9,且其拉伸力学行为无明显的温度和应变率历史效应。实验结果为建立钛合金的本构模型奠定试验基础。     

考虑界面影响的混凝土弹性模量的数值预测

提出了一种考虑界面过渡层影响的混凝土弹性模量的数值预测方法。将球形骨料与包裹它的界面过渡层作为二相复合球结构的等效颗粒,由广义自洽方法计算不同粒径骨料与界面过渡层组成复合球的有效模量。然后由等效颗粒生成的随机骨料模型建立体积表征单元,施加均匀位移边界条件,通过数值方法计算该体积表征单元中的应力和应变场,由细观力学数值均匀化方法预测体积表征单元的有效弹性模量。计算结果表明:对于不同骨料含量的混凝土,有效弹性模量的预测值与试验值非常接近,界面过渡层的厚度对混凝土的整体弹性性质有较大影响。     

Discrete element modelling of unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymers under transverse tension

The mechanical behaviour of unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymer composites subjected to transverse tension was studied using a two dimensional discrete element method. The Representative Volume Element (RVE) of the composite was idealised as a polymer matrix reinforced with randomly distributed parallel fibres. The matrix and fibres were constructed using disc particles bonded together using parallel bonds, while the fibre/matrix interfaces were represented by a displacement-softening model. The prevailing damage mechanisms observed from the model were interfacial debonding and matrix plastic deformation. Numerical simulations have shown that the magnitude of stress is significantly higher at the interfaces, especially in the areas with high fibre densities. Interface fracture energy, stiffness and strength all played important roles in the overall mechanical performance of the composite. It was also observed that tension cracks normally began with interfacial debonding. The merge of the interfacial and matrix micro-cracks resulted in the final catastrophic fracture.     

A large strain computational multi-scale model for the dissipative behaviour of wood cell-wall

This paper investigates the non-linear irreversible behaviour of wood cell-walls by means of a finite element-based computational multi-scale approach. A finite strain three-scale model is proposed where the overall response of the cell-wall composite is obtained by the computational homogenisation of a Representative Volume Element (RVE) of cell-wall material, whose mechanical response prediction, in turn, involves the computational homogenisation of a cellulose core–RVE. Numerical material tests are conducted with the proposed model. The results are compared to published experimental data and demonstrate the predictive capability of the proposed model in capturing key features of cell-wall behaviour, such as viscous relaxation, recovery mechanism and hysteresis. The present results suggest a failure mechanism for the cell-wall under straining which is associated with the inelastic yielding of the amorphous portion of cellulose fibres.     

RVE-based multilevel method for periodic heterogeneous media with strong scale mixing

A Representative Volume Element based multilevel (multigrid) solution method for wave propagation problems in periodic heterogeneous media is developed. The intergrid transfer operators are constructed from the solution of the Representative Volume Element (RVE) problem. It is shown that the convergence of the RVE-based multilevel method improves with increasing material heterogeneity and decreasing time integration step. Numerical results confirm theoretical estimates.     

Effects of Interphase Damage and Residual Stresses on Mechanical Behavior of Particle Reinforced Metal-Matrix Composites

Mechanical behavior of aluminum matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles are predicted using an axisymmetric micromechanical finite element model. The model aims to study initiation and propagation of interphase damage subjected to combination of thermal and uniaxial loading. Effects of manufacturing process thermal residual stresses and interphase de-bonding are considered. The model includes a square Representative Volume Element (RVE) from a cylindrical unit cell representing a quarter of SiC particle surrounded by Al-3.5wt.%Cu matrix. Suitable boundary conditions are defined to include effects of combined thermal and uniaxial tension loading on the RVE. An appropriate damage criterion with a linear relationship between radial and shear stresses for interphase damage is introduced to predict initiation and propagation of interphase de-bonding during loading. A damage user subroutine is developed and coupled to the finite element software to model interphase damage. Overall Stress-strain behavior of particulate metal-matrix composite by considering residual stresses is compared with experimental data to estimate interphase strength. Effects of thermal residual stresses in elastic, de-bonding and plastic zones of composite system are discussed in details. Furthermore, parametric study results show high influence of interphase strength on the overall mechanical behavior of composite material.     

Failure response of fiber-epoxy unidirectional laminate under transverse tensile/compressive loading using finite-volume micromechanics

The transverse damage initiation and extension of a unidirectional laminated composite under transverse tensile/compressive loading are evaluated by means of Representative Volume Element (RVE) presented in this paper based on an advanced homogenization model called finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics (FVDAM) theory. Fiber, fiber-matrix interface and matrix phases are considered within the RVE in determining fiber-matrix interface debonding and matrix cracking. The simulated fracture patterns are shown to be in good agreement with experimental observations.     

On the adaptive use of the Taylor assumption in computational homogenization of thin metal sheets

A strategy for macroscale modeling adaptivity in fully nested two-scale computational (first order) homog- enization based on assumed scale separation is proposed. The Representative Volume Element (RVE) for a quite complex substructure pertinent to Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS) is considered, whereby crystal plasticity is adopted for the subscale material modeling. The choice of the pertinent prolongation condition defining the deformation mapping from the macro- to the subscale is the sole source of model error discussed here. Two common choices are (in hierarchical order): (1) ”simplified” model based on homogeneous (macroscale) deformation within the RVE, i.e., the Taylor assumption, (2) ”reference” model employing Dirichlet boundary conditions on the RVE.     

Mechanical modeling of incompressible particle-reinforced neo-Hookean composites based on numerical homogenization

In this paper, the mechanical response of incompressible particle-reinforced neo-Hookean composites (IPRNC) under general finite deformations is investigated numerically. Three-dimensional Representative Volume Element (RVE) models containing 27 non-overlapping identical randomly distributed spheres are created to represent neo-Hookean composites consisting of incompressible neo-Hookean elastomeric spheres embedded within another incompressible neo-Hookean elastomeric matrix. Four types of finite deformation (i.e., uniaxial tension, uniaxial compression, simple shear and general biaxial deformation) are simulated using the finite element method (FEM) and the RVE models with periodic boundary condition (PBC) enforced. The simulation results show that the overall mechanical response of the IPRNC can be well-predicted by another simple incompressible neo-Hookean model up to the deformation the FEM simulation can reach. It is also shown that the effective shear modulus of the IPRNC can be well-predicted as a function of both particle volume fraction and particle/matrix stiffness ratio, using the classical linear elastic estimation within the limit of current FEM software.     

Limit Load of Soil-Root Composites

This paper studies the influence of root reinforcement on shallow soil protection by using Finite Element (FE) method. Taking the root-soil composite as a periodic material, the homogenization method is used to construct a Representative Volume Element (RVE) that consists of roots and soil. This RVE is discretized by a two-dimensional (2-D) FE mesh, while special formulation is established so that this model is capable of describing three-dimensional (3-D) deformations when the strain is invariant along the fiber axis. The important effect of debonding on the interface between the fiber and the matrix is also considered by using a special interface element. To verify the validity of the proposed computational model, triaxial tests were conducted, where the root-soil composite was subjected to axial and lateral pressures. Good agreement of limit loads has been achieved between the numerical and the experimental results.     

Reliability increase of masonry characteristics estimation by a sampling algorithm applied to thermographic digital images

In this paper the estimation of masonry characteristics by means of thermographic images, enhanced by sampling Kantorovich algorithm, is taken into account. In particular, the convergence of the Statistical Volume Element (SVE) to the Representative Volume Element (RVE) is analyzed. It is found that the enhancement, obtained by the proposed procedure, allows a faster convergence of SVE to RVE and a reduced coefficient of variation of the estimates obtained using a partition of the image with windows of smaller dimensions. Moreover, the effects of the uncertainties in the parameters involved in the reconstruction of texture from thermographic image, such as those used in morphological operators employed in digital image processing, involving the environmental conditions of the samples and the properties of the kernel utilized in the image enhancement algorithm, have been studied in order to assess their influence on the estimated mechanical characteristics. The performed analyses contribute to increase the reliability of the thermography as tool for identifying of masonries covered with plaster or frescoes, which is a very frequent case in vulnerability analysis of historical buildings.