基于空间问题建模概念过程的空间分析建模与实现

提出一种基于空间问题建模概念过程的空间分析建模方法,结合城镇土地定级模型和流程,构建基于空间问题建模概念过程的空间分析模型.运用该模型,采用ArcGIS Engine技术,开发独立于GIS平台的城镇土地定级信息系统.实践表明,将空间问题建模概念过程和城镇土地定级模型相结合进行空间分析建模的方法,可优化空间分析流程,有效保证空间分析模型的合理性和分析结果的准确性.     

基于SIG框架的上海城市空间信息应用服务系统的体系与实现

基于空间信息网格SIG框架的上海城市空间信息应用服务系统中城市空间特征、绿化、环保、水系、土地、道路网络等各类城市空间信息资源分布在网络的不同节点上；建立了集中的元数据库提供相关数据的描述信息；以分布在不同节点上的GIS Web Service提供空间数据处理服务。平台以门户网站的方式提供元数据检索，利用检索结果获取分布式的各类空间信息数据资源；提供空间数据处理网络应用程序，调用GIS Web Service，提供格式转换、坐标转换、地图综合、空间分析等空间数据处理功能；提供GIS Web Service的搜索和注册。此平台已经在上海公务网中实际运行。     

资源环境模型与GIS完全集成

模型和GIS的集成是资源环境研究急需解决的技术难点.通过对资源环境数据建模,采用面向对象方法表达资源环境数据,建立了资源环境数据模型的类图,使用基于公共API的空间数据互操作方式实现了模型和GIS的数据共享;通过模型表达规范化的研究,统一了资源环境模型和GIS空间分析模型的表达形式--"输入-处理-输出"(IPO)方式;通过定义模型的基本接口(设定参数的方法、调用模型计算的方法),实现资源环境模型和GIS的功能集成.最后以"陆地生态系统食物供给评估模型"为例,验证了资源环境模型和GIS完全集成方法的有效性.     

基于GIS的城市地下管线数据结构设计

利用地理信息系统(GIS)结合空间三维理论来管理和研究城市地下管线,是一项颇具实用性的计算机应用技术。文章首先对城市地下管线的数据类型进行了分析,并对三维GIS数据结构作了简要介绍。在此基础上,设计出具有较好通用性的地下管线三维矢量数据结构,该数据结构结构简单,冗余度低,适合于地下管线空间建模和空间分析的要求,最后给出了管线数据的编码方式。     

Esri提供完整三维GIS解决方案

近些年,随着IT技术的发展和地理信息系统(GIS)技术逐渐走向成熟,三维GIS技术发展非常迅速。国内许多城市已建立了三维GIS系统,为规划和城市形象服务。三维GIS系统的建设往往要经历从数据获取与处理、数据存储与管理、可视化场景创建、面向业务的空间分析、应用系统开发到服务发布与共享一系列过程。由于国内三维GIS多采用直接建模的方式,     

基于3S技术的土地利用/土地覆盖变化野外采样框架设计 ——以东北地区黑龙江省为例

土地利用/土地覆盖变化是全球环境变化的重要组成部分,随着3S技术的不断成熟和发展,运用RS、GPS和GIS技术进行土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究已成为一种越来越成熟的方式和手段。从空间抽样模型理论出发,以我国黑龙江省为例,运用RS、GPS和GIS技术,通过对黑龙江省道路网、土地利用区划、土地利用/土地覆盖类型、土地利用/土地覆盖1 km×1 km格网数据等空间信息分布的综合考虑、分析,设计了土地利用/土地覆盖变化的综合野外采样框架。框架主要包括采样区的布设、采样路线和采样点的选择等。由于以多层空间信息为采样依据,经实践检验,该采样框架具有经济实用等优点。     

基于Google Earth的数字城市快速建模——以扬州科技学院扬子津校区为例

以扬州科技学院扬子津校区为例, 以Google Earth为数据源, 以ArcGIS和天正软件为平台, 针对建筑施工图是否佚失, 分别从两条路径制定数字城市建模方案, 一是利用ArcGIS进行建筑物空间位置控制, 二是在空间控制的基础上或利用ArcGIS建模并在SketchUp软件中对模型进行细化处理, 或是直接将建筑施工图导入GIS平台中, 最终将两类数据在ArcGIS平台加以融合, 从而使三维数字城市建模变得快速, 高效, 极大降低了数字城市建设的成本, 同时还对该成果在城市规划、楼盘营销、数字导航领域中的应用进行了初步探讨.     

基于SOA的城市GIS综合平台设计与实现

地理信息系统(GIS)作为数字城市的空间基础平台发挥着重要作用,为了进一步实现城市信息一体化,有效整合异构多源的行业系统和数据,采用基于面向服务的体系结构(SOA),设计了城市GIS综合平台的框架模型.描述了构件、服务的分类与组合、业务流程分析与设计等过程,并利用网络服务技术进行了系统实现.     

基于CAS的城市空间演化多主体模型方法研究

在回顾城市空间演化研究发展轨迹的基础上,提出复杂适应性系统理论适合于研究城市化进程中出现的各类复杂问题,对比了复杂性研究方法中的元胞自动机、分形以及多主体方法在城市土地利用空间演化中的应用,得出多主体建模的方法更适宜研究具有高度复杂性的城市空间演化问题的结论.在此基础上,采用自下而上的仿真思路,着重从建模思路、主体行为描述和通信模型三方面阐述和分析了构建城市空间演化仿真模型的多主体方法,而从发现并分析城市中家庭、政府、企业、开发商等微观主体的交互行为以及这些行为是如何导致城市土地利用空间上的宏观演化.     

BIM 和GIS 的空间语义数据集成方法及应用研究

随着数字城市和智慧城市的建设发展,建筑信息模型(BIM)和地理信息系统(GIS) 的集成被广泛研究和应用。目前的集成研究主要是通用数据标准IFC 和CityGML 之间的空间和 语义转换,但由于应用领域和空间尺度等差异,存在信息错误和丢失、几何语义信息耦合度低、 应用拓展性差等问题。为此提出了一种兼顾三维实体对象和地理空间对象的三维城市数据模型, 研究了BIM 和GIS 的空间和语义数据的提取、处理和转换方法,设计了BIM 和三维GIS 的集 成应用框架并在三维可视化平台上进行验证和初步应用。该方法可实现BIM和GIS 信息在几何、 语义、精度上的完全融合,避免了传统的数据转换带来的信息缺失,在多尺度的空间和语义信 息分级存储和加载显示方面存在着优势,有利于实现大规模、高精度的建筑和城市信息的高效 集成。     

基于RS和GIS的地面温度和土地利用/覆被关系研究进展

对地面温度和土地利用／覆被关系的研究，不仅能够深入理解土地利用／覆被变化下城市热环境变化的空间特征和动态变化，而且可为防暑降温、市政建设及土地合理规划和利用提供重要的科学依据。本文从遥感数据的获取、地面温度的反演、GIS技术的运用以及定量研究等方面详细论述了国内外此领域的研究进展。最后文章提出此研究领域存在的一些问题和今后工作所要继续努力的方向，如实现地面温度的精确反演，获取多时段的地面温度数据，加强RS和GIS技术的结合，进一步深入两者关系的定量研究。     

Linking GIS and water resources management models: an object-oriented method

Many challenges are associated with the integration of geographic information systems (GISs) with models in specific applications. One of them is adapting models to the environment of GISs. Unique aspects of water resource management problems require a special approach to development of GIS data structures. Expanded development of GIS applications for handling water resources management analysis can be assisted by use of an object oriented approach. In this paper, we model a river basin water allocation problem as a collection of spatial and thematic objects. A conceptual GIS data model is formulated to integrate the physical and logical components of the modeling problem into an operational framework, based on which, extended GIS functions are developed to implement a tight linkage between the GIS and the water resources management model. Through the object-oriented approach, data, models and users interfaces are integrated in the GIS environment, creating great flexibility for modeling and analysis. The concept and methodology described in this paper is also applicable to connecting GIS with models in other fields that have a spatial dimension and hence to which GIS can provide a powerful additional component of the modeler’s tool kit.     

基于XML的国土资源空间数据网络发布与集成

提出了一种全新的基于XML无GIS平台支持的国土资源空间数据网络发布与集成体系框架。国土资源空间数据采用基于矢量的全要素数据模型。该模型由XML描述，并由关系型数据库存储，采用SVG与X3D实现其可视化表达与空间操作。对该框架进行了原型实现，构建了一个全国省级国土资源空间数据网络发布与集成环境。     

Forecasting the pattern of urban growth with PUP: a web-based model interfaced with GIS and 3D animation

This paper describes a model (PUP — Projections for Urban Planning) implemented to forecast the location of housing development and population growth on the fringes of large cities. The model couples the land use and housing unit methods of population forecasting in a GIS framework that delivers a seamless interface between data assembly, modelling, visualisation and analysis. Work has focussed on incorporating spatial relationships, calibration, and visualisation. Three factors are accounted for: land availability; accessibility to facilities and other stimuli; and adjacency to existing development. These are weighted and combined to determine the probable location of future development. Forecasts are available as: GIS compatible files; tables; or 3D animations with interactive querying. The model has been implemented in Adelaide but its generic structure yields a flexible, interactive forecasting system that can be adapted to provide decision support for urban planning in a range of urban settings.     

Evaluation method of urban land population carrying capacity based on GIS—A case of Shanghai,China

Although research on population carrying capacity has made significant progress, research on urban carrying capacity still has a weak theoretical basis and uses, imperfect regulation mechanisms and estimation methods. This study proposes a new method for evaluating urban population carrying capacity based on spatial analysis with GIS, which utilizes spatial classification and spatial grading of land use. The results demonstrate that urban construction and industrial development subspaces have most of the population, accounting for about 86.4% of the total population carrying capacity, across 40.7% of the total land area. Therefore, urban construction and industrial development subspaces are the centers of the population concentration, industrial agglomeration and wealth concentration in the Shanghai metropolis. The agricultural production and ecological protection subspaces, as noncommercial and ecological conservation areas of the metropolis, should not carry too much industrial development or added-value activities. In addition, under the current conditions of socio-economic and technological development in China, the gross population carrying capacity of Shanghai is estimated to be about 27.1732–30.3308 million persons, based on 2009 data. The actual population of Shanghai was 22.1028 million persons in 2009; thus, the population can continue to grow before reaching the population carrying capacity. The estimation in this paper takes into account both the internal disparities in carrying capacity of heterogeneous land spaces and composite factors such as natural resources, the environment, economic resources and social resources. Consequently, this method not only addresses defects in the existing research and estimation methods but also improves the credibility of the estimate.     

Application of high-resolution thermal infrared remote sensing and GIS to assess the urban heat island effect

Day and night airborne thermal infrared image data at 5 m spatial resolution acquired with the 15-channel (0.45mum-12.2mum) Advanced Thermal and Land Applications Sensor (ATLAS) over Alabama, Huntsville on 7 September, 1994 were used to study changes in the thermal signatures of urban land cover types between day and night. Thermal channel number 13 (9.60 mum-10.2mum) data with the best noise-equivalent temperature change (NEDeltaT) of 0.25 C after atmospheric corrections and temperature calibration were selected for use in this analysis. This research also examined the relation between land cover irradiance and vegetation amount, using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), obtained by ratioing the difference and the sum of the red (channel number 3: 0.60-0.63mum) and reflected infrared (channel number 6: 0.76-0.90mum) ATLAS data. Based on the mean radiance values, standard deviations, and NDVI extracted from 351 pairs of polygons of day and night channel number 13 images for the city of Huntsville, a spatial model of warming and cooling characteristics of commercial, residential, agricultural, vegetation, and water features was developed using a GIS approach. There is a strong negative correlation between NDVI and irradiance of residential, agricultural, and vacant/transitional land cover types, indicating that the irradiance of a land cover type is greatly influenced by the amount of vegetation present. The predominance of forests, agricultural, and residential uses associated with varying degrees of tree cover showed great contrasts with commercial and services land cover types in the centre of the city, and favours the development of urban heat islands. The high-resolution thermal infrared images match the complexity of the urban environment, and are capable of characterizing accurately the urban land cover types for the spatial modeling of the urban heat island effect using a GIS approach.     

基于多智能体与GIS城市土地利用变化仿真研究*

摘要：为动态模拟城市土地利用变化,以复杂适应系统理论为基础,通过集成多智能体、GIS和元胞自动机建立城市发展模型,并以Repast和 ArcGIS为基础设计实现了城市土地利用动态模拟系统,并以广州市番禺区为例进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,该方法是一种模拟土地利用变化的有效方法,可以为城市建设、管理和规划工作提供辅助决策支持。     

Fusion of point-based postal data with IKONOS imagery

Research in urban remote sensing has been recently reinvigorated by both the continuing fusion with GIS and the advent of high spatial resolution satellite sensor data. Both will be examined by this paper in terms of how GIS data at the point level can assist the identification and interpretation of urban land use patterns from classified land cover. Specifically, how spatial statistics can be used to summarise the two-dimensional patterns of point data representing residential and commercial buildings. In this paper point data refer to the location of postal addresses known as ADDRESS-POINT^TM and collected by the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain and COMPAS^TM in Northern Ireland. Groups of these postal points are characterised using standard nearest-neighbour and linear nearest-neighbour indices in terms of the spacing and arrangement of residential and commercial buildings. The indices then form the basis for the interpretation of urban pixels classified from IKONOS imagery at the 4 m spatial resolution. In addition, the paper will outline an agenda for constructing an automated pattern recognition system that would ultimately identify and characterise the physical arrangement of buildings in terms of density (compactness versus sparseness) and linearity. Preliminary results so far are most encouraging. Using ground truth from aerial photographs at 15 cm spatial resolution, classified IKONOS imagery representing two cities in the United Kingdom, Bristol and Belfast, have been investigated. In both, spatial patterns have demonstrated the ability to identify misclassified urban pixels and characterise a variety of building arrangements. Also, using the software e-Cognition, a spatial classification based on nearest neighbour contextual rules produced accuracies of 95.4% compared to 90.7% from a multispectral-only classification. Further, more extensive testing is continuing.     

The effects of sensor spatial resolution and changing grain size on fragmentation indices in urban landscape

Satellite images are now used as the primary source of spatial information for landscape pattern analysis. Choosing data of proper resolution has always been a big problem for landscape pattern analysis using satellite images. However, the effects of remote sensor spatial resolution on urban landscape fragmentation have never been reported. In this study, landscape fragmentation of Shanghai was analysed using land use maps produced from TM and IRS‐PAN images, attempting to discover the effects of remote sensor spatial resolution on urban landscape fragmentation. Four landscape fragmentation indices were computed along a 51 km long and 9 km wide transect cutting across Shanghai with a moving window to detect the behaviour of landscape indices along the gradient of land use zones. The results showed that fragmentation indices were sensitive to varied spatial resolution and grain size, indicating that fine resolution data and small grain size of about 7.5 m might be optimal for urban fragmentation analysis. The behaviour of landscape indices along the gradient of land use zones suggests that urban fragmentation can be distinguished as occurring in two phases: dissection introduced by roads and shrinkage caused primarily by urban sprawl.     

基于城镇居民用地再分类的人口数据空间化方法研究——以长江中游4省为例

基于土地利用数据的人口统计数据空间化方法,在处理过程中会出现同一土地利用类型下人口难以细分的情况,从而影响人口空间数据精度。引入夜间灯光信息并提出了一种基于夜间灯光强度对城镇居民地再分类的人口空间化方法,以改善人口空间数据精度。基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光及土地利用数据,以长江中游4省为研究区进行方法试验。研究结果显示:利用夜间灯光数据对城镇居民地再分类后,各分区模型的调整R2都提高到了0.8以上,人口空间数据总体平均相对误差较重分类前降低了12.32%。说明该方法在提高传统人口数据空间化模型精度的基础上能够细化城镇居民地人口空间分布。