The influence of non-carcinogenic petroleum-based process oils on tire compounds’ performance

High aromatic oils which have been widely used as process oils in tire the industry contain high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These aromatic compounds (PAHs) have proved to be carcinogenic as well as posing a threat to the environment. Since the beginning of 2010, the use of high aromatic process oils has been banned under the EU regulation 1907/2007 commonly called REACH (registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals). The so-called regulation has given rise to challenges to the oil and tire industries in replacing high aromatic process oils with safer alternatives. In the present work, four types of low aromatic petroleum-based process oils, namely mild and high-viscosity naphthenic oils (LNAP and HNAP), treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) and mildly extracted solvate (MES), were investigated and their effect on plasticization and durability properties of two different low and high oil-extended tire formulations were evaluated. The compatibility of oils with rubber was investigated as well. The results showed that a number of properties such as abrasion resistance and tire rolling resistance were improved by using non-carcinogenic oils, while tire grip properties were declined. Considering oil–rubber compatibility, TDAE and MES were found to be more compatible with rubbers.     

填充油对聚苯乙烯-b-聚〔乙烯-(乙烯-丙烯)〕-b-聚苯乙烯结构与性能的影响

研究了油品的种类及环烷烃油用量对聚苯乙烯-b-聚〔乙烯-(乙烯-丙烯)〕-b-聚苯乙烯(SEEPS)加工性能、物理机械性能、微观结构及玻璃化转变温度的影响。结果表明,环烷烃油和石蜡油均能明显改善SEEPS的加工流动性;环烷烃油填充SEEPS的物理机械性能优于石蜡油填充者;新疆和天津产环烷烃油填充SEEPS的物理机械性能相近,但天津产环烷烃油挥发分含量略高。填充100质量份Nyflex 222 B环烷烃油(NNO)的SEEPS具有较好的塑化成型性和物理机械性能。在此基础上再增加填充油量,SEEPS的定伸应力、拉伸强度和撕裂强度降低,扯断伸长率增大,但永久变形变化不大。NNO可均匀地渗入SEEPS弹性段和塑性段微区,其对SEEPS弹性微区的玻璃化转变温度基本没有影响,但会降低SEEPS塑性微区的玻璃化转变温度。     

环保橡胶油产品的发展概况

简介橡胶油的作用机理,概述环保橡胶油产品的发展状况。环保橡胶油分为经处理芳烃油(TDAE)、环烷烃油(NAP)、浅度溶剂抽提油(MES)、残余芳烃抽提油(RAE)和调合油五大类。TDAE的使用性能较好,应用广泛;芳碳率(C_A)和环烷碳率(C_N)之和不小于55%的NAP与橡胶的相容性较好,应用前景良好;MES的C_A较小,饱和度和生产成本较高;RAE与丁苯橡胶(SBR)相容性较好,价格较低。填充TDAE的SBR1723、填充NAP的SBR1762以及填充RAE的SBR1783均可替代填充芳烃油(DAE)的SBR1712。     

环保芳烃油对溶聚丁苯橡胶工艺性能的影响

研究几种环保芳烃油（TDAE）对溶聚丁苯橡胶（SSBR）工艺性能的影响,并与芳烃油（DAE）进行对比。试验结果表明：以TDAE替代DAE,随着油品运动粘度或芳烃含量的增大,SSBR生胶及混炼胶的门尼粘度先减小后增大;胶料的门尼焦烧时间延长,硫化速度减慢,t90随油品芳烃含量的减小而逐渐延长,自粘性较好,出口膨胀率减小;硫化胶的物理性能无明显差异。     

符合REACH法规的环保型轮胎橡胶填充油

论述了欧盟REACH法规对橡胶填充油中多环芳烃的限制,介绍了环保型轮胎橡胶填充油的要求及克拉玛依石化公司开发的环保型轮胎橡胶填充油的性质与应用试验结果,认为采用克拉玛依稠油的重质馏分油可以制备出符合欧盟REACH法规要求的环保型轮胎橡胶填充油,以用于制备非污染的环保型充油橡胶产品。     

环保芳烃油Vivatec 500在轮胎胎面胶中的应用

研究环保芳烃油Vivatec500在斜交轮胎胎面胶中的应用,并与普通高芳烃油和环烷轻度抽出油进行对比。结果表明:环保芳烃油Vivatec500的多环芳烃化合物含量满足欧盟2005/69/EC指令的环保标准要求,各项理化性质接近普通高芳烃油;与环烷轻度抽出油胶料相比,环保芳烃油Vivatec500胶料的门尼焦烧时间、硫化速率和物理性能更接近普通高芳烃油胶料;使用环保芳烃油Vivatec500的成品轮胎性能与使用普通高芳烃油的生产轮胎接近,满足使用要求。     

Bio‐processing aids based on jatropha seed oil and its epoxidized derivatives in carbon black‐reinforced natural rubber

Jatropha seed oil (JSO) is renewable oil with unique characteristics including a high flash point, low viscosity and saponification value, and a solubility parameter close to that of natural rubber. The incorporation of JSO and its epoxidized derivatives containing 50% (EJSO‐50) and 100% mole epoxide groups (EJSO‐100) in carbon black‐filled natural rubber was compared with the incorporation of paraffinic, naphthenic, and treated distillate aromatic extract oils in a range of 2–10 phr. The results showed that JSO promoted good rubber processability similar to that achieved with paraffinic and naphthenic oils, with the advantages of the shortest cure time and scorch time. However, it was found that the epoxide groups especially in EJSO‐100 can interfere in the vulcanization reaction resulting in poorer cure behaviors and mechanical properties. The abrasion resistance of the rubber containing JSO was the highest and progressively improved in a range of 4–8 phr. Moreover, using the various oils at this range of values can improve filler dispersion, sustain the tensile properties, and achieve a balance between wet grip and rolling resistance. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 26:62–76, 2020. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers     

环烷基油——一种理想的橡胶增塑剂

在欧洲，对芳烃油使用的限制已经成为轮胎和橡胶制品生产商的热门话题。出于环保和健康考虑。选择合适的替代增塑剂已经势在必行。环烷基油的技术和环保优势从而得以体现。尼纳斯石油是世界上最大的环烷基油公司。文中就其产品在橡胶加工中的应用作了深入的研究和对比。     

Comparison of the Effect of a Hydrocarbon Oil and a Terpene Tackifier on the Autohesion of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Blends of uncrosslinked styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) with a terpene tackifier resin or a naphthenic oil have been characterized, and their autohesion and cohesion determined using a T-peel geometry. SBR/oil blends are homogeneous at all proportions, while SBR/resin blends, based on DSC and DMA analysis, undergo bulk phase separation at about 50% resin. However, migration of tackifier to the surface region is proposed at much lower resin contents. Compositions diluted with oil have autohesion similar to the neat SBR. This is attributed to compensating effects; although oil hastens self-bond formation by increasing chain mobility, this is nearly equally balanced by more facile chain separation during bond rupture. In short, oil-diluted compositions are soft and weak. On the other hand, SBR compositions containing small amounts of resin have high autohesion. Resin-diluted specimens deform easily at low strain, just as those containing oil, but intertwined chains of the former have greater resistance to separation, due at least in part to higher glass transition temperatures. It is proposed that autohesion is further enhanced by migration of tackifier to the surface. This causes SBR/resin compositions to be both soft and strong-a necessary condition for high autohesion.     

环保油对SBR胶料性能的影响

试验研究几种环保油对SBR胶料性能的影响,并与高芳烃油进行对比.结果表明,以环保油替代高芳烃油,胶料的门尼粘度下降,流动性得到改善;硫化胶的300%定伸应力和回弹值增大,生热降低,耐热空气老化性能变化不大,抗湿滑性能稍差,耐磨性能提高,滚动阻力减小,炭黑分散性下降.     

Comparison of the Effect of a Hydrocarbon Oil and a Terpene Tackifier on the Autohesion of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber

Blends of uncrosslinked styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) with a terpene tackifier resin or a naphthenic oil have been characterized, and their autohesion and cohesion determined using a T-peel geometry. SBR/oil blends are homogeneous at all proportions, while SBR/resin blends, based on DSC and DMA analysis, undergo bulk phase separation at about 50% resin. However, migration of tackifier to the surface region is proposed at much lower resin contents. Compositions diluted with oil have autohesion similar to the neat SBR. This is attributed to compensating effects; although oil hastens self-bond formation by increasing chain mobility, this is nearly equally balanced by more facile chain separation during bond rupture. In short, oil-diluted compositions are soft and weak. On the other hand, SBR compositions containing small amounts of resin have high autohesion. Resin-diluted specimens deform easily at low strain, just as those containing oil, but intertwined chains of the former have greater resistance to separation, due at least in part to higher glass transition temperatures. It is proposed that autohesion is further enhanced by migration of tackifier to the surface. This causes SBR/resin compositions to be both soft and strong-a necessary condition for high autohesion.     

氢环烷基特种油品的开发及工业应用

与石蜡基油品相比较,环烷基特种油品表现出优异的低温和散热等性能,介绍加氢环烷基特种油品的开发及工业应用情况,对辽宁省环烷基特种油品的发展提出了建议。     

Levels of 15 + 1 EU Priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Edible Oils Available in the Syrian Market

ABSTRACT

The levels of 15 + 1 EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (15 + 1 EU PAHs) have been determined in different edible oils (extra virgin olive oil, virgin olive oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, and soybean oil) available in the Syrian market. The samples have been prepared by donor–acceptor complex chromatography and subsequently characterized by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection for quantification purposes. Variable levels of contamination have been found within different kinds of edible oil samples, and only chrysene has been detected in all the studied samples. Moreover, the mean total sum of 15 + 1 EU PAHs has shown variation from 29.8 µg/kg (corn oil) to 63.7 µg/kg (virgin olive oil). A total of 11 samples out of 38 samples (28.9%) have not fulfilled the European Union (EU) food law requirements. Nine samples have exceeded the EU legislation limit of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (2 µg/kg) and only two samples have exceeded the EU legislation limit of PAH4 (10 µg/kg) and had acceptable level of BaP. Finally, the mean and maximum dietary exposures of PAHs through consumption of edible oils have been estimated.     

The dynamic mechanical properties of oil-extended,carbon black-reinforced,and peroxide-crosslinked EPDM rubber

The effects of aromatic, naphthenic, and paraffinic oils on the dynamic mechanical behavior of an EPDM rubber (Nordel 1560) have been investigated as have the influences of oil level, carbon black loading, and peroxide crosslinking.     

环保芳烃油RAE在轮胎中的应用研究

2010年1月1日起，进入欧洲市场的轮胎必须满足8种多环芳烃的含量不超过10ppm，苯并芘含量不能超过1ppm的规定。当前轮胎行业普遍使用环保的芳烃油或者环烷油代替以蒴使用的PAH含量很高的DAE。其中，环烷油替代品不利于抓地力的提高，而TADE的价格又相对较高。因此，RAE是一种很好的替代品。通过配方微调和工艺改善，RAE替代DAE可以取得很好的效果。     

充油S-SBR加工行为的研究

在中试装置上合成相对分子质量分布较宽的充油S-SBR，考察不同环烷油和芳烃油填充量的充油S-SBR的流变性能和混炼行为。结果表明，增大油的填充量能提高充油S-SBR的流动性能，充芳烃油S-SBR相对于充环烷油的S-SBR对温度更敏感，宽相对分子质量分布的充环烷油S-SBR的混炼性能优于S-SBR1204及E-SBRl778，竟相对分子质量分布的充芳烃油S-SBR的混炼性能优于S-SBR1204，Solprene380和E-SBR1712。     

填充油含量对丁苯橡胶1778和1723拉伸性能及1723硫化特性的影响

考察了填充油含量对丁苯橡胶(SBR)1778和1723的拉伸性能及SBR 1723硫化特性的影响。结果表明,随填充油含量的增加,两种丁苯橡胶的定伸应力和拉伸强度均呈线性增大趋势,而扯断伸长率都线性下降,硫化时间均缩短。橡胶中的填充油质量分数每增加1%,两种丁苯橡胶的25,30,50 min的300%定伸应力分别增大0.025 MPa和0.028 MPa、0.063 MPa和0.053 MPa及0.023 MPa和0.019 MPa,拉伸强度分别提高0.069 MPa和0.079 MPa,扯断伸长率分别下降1.05%和1.13%;SBR 1723的最大和最小转矩分别下降0.016 dN·m和0.023 dN·m,硫化时间t_(25)、t_(50)和t_(90)分别缩短0.033 min、0.021 min和0.030 min。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crude and deodorized vegetable oils

The efficiency of the refining process in removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from crude vegetable oils was studied. Samples of the crude oils (coconut, soybean and rapeseed oils) and the corresponding refined, deodorized oil were taken on-line in three Swedish oil refineries and margarine manufacturing plants and analyzed for 20 different PAHs. Of the crude oils, coconut oil had by far the highest PAH levels. However, the PAH levels in the refined coconut oils were very low. This shows that the activated charcoal treatment used for removing PAHs from coconut oil achieves the desired effect. The crude soybean and rapeseed oils contained relatively low, but varying, amounts of PAH. At present these oils are not purified by activated charcoal. Nevertheless, the PAH levels in the refined oils were considerably lower than those in the corresponding crude oils. This probably is due to evaporation of PAH in the deodorization process, where steam is passed through the hot oil under high vacuum. However, deodorization has only a marginal effect on the high molecular PAHs, of which several are classified as carcinogens.     

填充油的种类对Fe系1,2-聚丁二烯性能的影响

研究了芳烃油和环烷烃油对充油铁系1，2-聚丁二烯橡胶性能的影响。结果表明，基础胶充油后门尼粘度值下降，可塑性增加，混炼行为变佳；填充芳烃油比填充环烷烃油的橡胶在拉伸强度、撕裂强度、伸长率和生胶门尼值等方面均有所提高；充油后虽然硫化胶硬度降低，但是生热和耐磨性能提高。填充芳烃油可适当提高硫化胶的抗湿滑性，但滚动阻力也升高。环烷烃油可降低硫化胶的滚动阻力。充油可适当改善胶料的抗老化性能。