Influence of interfacial agents on the physicochemical characteristics of binary polyethylene/polyamide 6 and ternary polyethylene/polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends

Binary low-density polythylene/polyamide 6 and ternary low-density polyethylene/polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends were prepared by melt mixing, without and with the addition of two different commercial products [poly(ethylere-co-buthylacrylate-co-maleic anhydride) and poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) grafted with maleic anhydride] used as interfacial modifiers. More precisely, the polypropylene was a propylene/ethylene random copolymer, containg 6% by weight of ethylene. The polyamide 6/interfacial agent and polyethylene/ interfacial agent systems were also considered. Differential scanning calorimetry, microscopic observations—together with chemical etchings—and mechanical tests supported the occurrence of strong interactions at the interface, especially when using the buthyl acrylate-based agent. The compatibilizing effect of the interfacial agents was also analyzed in the light of interfacial tension determinations. Eventually, low-density polyethylene modifications induced by compatibilization were studied carrying out WAXD analysis. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Preparation of some dielectric greases from different types of polymers

At this research the grease (S₀) containing [base lube oil grade 260/290, transformer oil, microcrystalline wax, Polyoxyethylene sorbiton‐mono‐palmitate antioxidant 2,2″methylenebis(4‐methyl‐6‐tertiary‐butyl phenol) anticorrosion] was prepared. To improve its physicochemical & dielectric properties (dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and volume resistivity) and giving it a good electrical insulator property, we add to the wax gel a nonpolar polymer as polyethylene, atactic polypropylene, unplastesized polyvinyl chloride, and plasticized polyvinyl chloride include triisopropyle vinyl phosphate in certain concentration. We conclude that the best insulation properties was achevied by adding atactic polypropyle. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Impact-modified poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) blends containing both oxazoline-functionalized poly(ethene-co-1-octene) elastomers and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) as compatibilizer

Blends of a poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) with poly(ethene-co-1-octene) rubber (EOR) were investigated. An improved toughness–stiffness balance was obtained when adding as a compatibilizer a blend consisting of oxazoline-functionalized EOR, prepared by grafting EOR with oxazoline-functional maleinate, and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA), which is miscible with SAN. Enhanced interfacial adhesion was evidenced by the improved dispersion of the EOR in the SAN matrix and the reduced glass transition temperature of the dispersed EOR phase. Morphology studies using transmission electron microscopy revealed formation of an interphase between the matrix and the rubber particles. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 1685–1695, 1999     

Synthesis and properties of poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) macromolecular reactive dyes

To obtain a new type of macromolecular reactive dye with high fixation and good light fastness, poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) was synthesised by co-polymerisation of styrene and maleic anhydride, then, through nitration, reduction, diazotisation and coupling reaction, novel macromolecular reactive dyes were prepared with a solubility greater than 60 g/L. The dyes were used to dye cotton fabrics; the results showed their fixation was more than 92%, and both the rub and wash fastness of the dyes were good. The light fastness of the red and blue dyes with the ethoxy group on melamine was grade 4, and for the yellow dye reached grade 5. The poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) macromolecular reactive dyes exhibit very good application prospects in practice.     

Bioactive polymers: Synthesis,release study and antimicrobial properties of polymer bound Ampicillin

Matrices of poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) with surface containing functional anhydride groups of different percentage was prepared by solution polymerization. Ampicillin was bound on the surface of this matrix by chemical bonding in organic medium. The amount of Ampicillin chemically bound to the matrix was spectroscopically characterized and the in vitro release rate of Ampicillin in weakly basic medium was established along with the determination of its antimicrobial activity. This prodrug allows a prolonged release (6–8 days) of the drug.     

Grafting polymers onto carbon black surface by trapping polymer radicals

Polystyrene, poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylpyridine)] and poly(4-vinylpyridine) with well-defined molecular weights and polydispersities were synthesized using 4-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (HTEMPO)-mediated radical polymerization initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile or benzoyl peroxide. The resultant polymers were grafted onto carbon black surface through a radical trapping reaction at 130 °C in DMF. ¹H NMR, TGA, TEM, AFM, DSC and dynamic light scattering were used to characterize the carbon black grafted with polymers. It was found that the carbon black grafted with polystyrene and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) could be dispersed in THF, chloroform, dichloromethane, DMF, etc., and the carbon black grafted with poly(4-vinylpyridine) and poly[styrene-co-(4-vinylpyridine)] could be well dispersed in ethanol.     

Syntheses and electric conductivities of poly (methyl vinyl ketone–co–maleic anhydride)s reacted with phosphorus oxychloride

Electric conductivity of poly (methyl vinyl ketone-co-maleic anhydride) (poly (MVK-co-MAH)) reacted with phosphorus oxychloride was investigated. It was found that conductivities were strongly dependent on the POCl₃ treatment time and concentration for poly (MVK-co-MAH), but were not appreciably affected by the mol fraction of [MAH] and copolymerization temperature when the precursor copolymer was obtained. The conductivities of the poly (MVK-co-MAH)s treated with POCl₃ were of the order of 10^-6 to 10^-9S cm^-1. The conductivity of the poly (MVK-co-MAH) increased with the treatment time and concentrations of POCl₃. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Comparative study on rebound resilience and structures of sodium salts of maleic anhydride-grafted ethylene-co-ethyl acrylates with its analogous polymers

Sodium salts of ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate-g-maleic anhydride show high rebound resilience, the same as those of both saponified ethylene-co-ethyl acrylates and sodium salts of ethylene-co-methacrylic acids at low salt contents. The measurements of thermal and mechanical properties and dynamic viscoelastic behaviors indicate that the sodium salts of ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate-g-maleic anhydride behave like strong ionic bond cross-linkages close to covalent bond cross-linkages in the polymer, differing from the monocarboxylate salts of saponified ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate and the sodium salts of ethylene–methacrylic acid. It is concluded that the strong cross-linking of the dicarboxylate salts of the neutralized ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate-g-maleic anhydride causes the high rebound resilience. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Phase Behaviour of Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) Blends

Thermal behaviour and morphology of blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) prepared by the coprecipitation technique were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy and thermogravimetry. SMA containing 25wt% maleic anhydride (MA) was found to be miscible with PEO when the SMA content was greater than 80%. The melting temperature and crystallinity depended on the composition of the blend. SMA appears to segregate interlamellarly during the isothermal crystallization of PEO. The thermal stability of blends was enhanced and was higher than that of pure PEO and SMA. © of SCI.     

Compatibilization of polypropylene/ poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) blends

Blending polypropylene (PP) with biodegradable poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) can be a nice alternative to minimize the disposal problem of PP and the intrinsic brittleness that restricts PHB applications. However, to achieve acceptable engineering properties, the blend needs to be compatibilized because of the immiscibility between PP and PHB. In this work, PP/PHB blends were prepared with different types of copolymers as possible compatibilizers: poly(propylene‐g‐maleic anhydride) (PP–MAH), poly (ethylene‐co‐methyl acrylate) [P(E–MA)], poly(ethylene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) [P(E–GMA)], and poly(ethylene‐co‐methyl acrylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) [P(E–MA–GMA)]. The effect of each copolymer on the morphology and mechanical properties of the blends was investigated. The results show that the compatibilizers efficiency decreased in this order: P(E–MA–GMA) > P(E–MA) > P(E–GMA) > PP–MAH; we explained this by taking into consideration the affinity degree of the compatibilizers with the PP matrix, the compatibilizers properties, and their ability to provide physical and/or reactive compatibilization with PHB. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Synthesis and behavior of the polymer covering on a solid surface. II. Effect of the adsorbent particle size on adsorption

Adsorption of poly(5-tert-butylperoxy-5-methyl-1-hexen-3-yne-co-maleic anhydride) and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) on the various ultrafine powders (TiO₂, ZnO, Al₂O₃, CaCO₃, aerosil, and quartz powder) was studied. Plateau adsorption amount per unit surface of adsorbent (a^s) decreased with the decreasing of particle size of the adsorbent. The a^s-molecular mass relationship was different for copolymers of low and high molecular mass. The fractal dimension D = 2.5 of adsorbent surface was determined if the particle radius was less than 2.5 μm. Fractal behavior was explained by aggregation of particles. Due to the aggregation the interparticle space (pore) in the area of contact of neighboring particles is inaccessible for the polymer and accessible for the solvent. The experimental isotherm with maximum was employed for estimation of the volume of inaccessible pores 2.4 cm³/g for suspension of aerosil. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67: 299–305, 1998     

Synthesis and Modification of Amine-Terminated Maleic Anhydride-Ethylene Copolymers by Benzaldehyde Derivatives: Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties

Antimicrobial polymers based on poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PEMA) were prepared. Amination of poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) using diamines of different chain lengths such as ethylenediamine (EDA) and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) afforded terminal amino groups on the polymers. Antimicrobial polymers were obtained by immobilization of benzaldehyde and its derivatives, which include 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde onto amine-terminated polymers. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared polymers were examined against different types of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as some fungi. The obtained results revealed that the antimicrobial activity increased with increasing the number of phenolic hydroxyl group and with increasing the spacer length.     

Preparation and Characterization of Poly(Acrylonitrile-co-Maleic Anhydride) Copolymer Modified Polyethersulfone Membranes

In this study, modified polyethersulfone (PES) membrane with pH sensitivity and heavy metal ion adsorption was prepared by blending a copolymer of poly(acrylonitrile-co-maleic anhydride) (P(AN-MA)). The copolymer was synthesized by free radical reaction using deionized water as the solvent, and was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, elemental analysis, and gel permeation chromatography technique (GPC) measurement. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the membrane. The modified PES membranes showed excellent pH sensitivity and pH reversibility. Furthermore, the modified PES membrane had the ability to absorb Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, and Fe³⁺. In addition, three simplified kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion model) and adsorption isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich) were used for the analysis of Cu²⁺ adsorption.     

Effect of 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane on properties of poly(butyl acrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride)/silica hybrid materials

The transparent poly(butyl acrylate‐co‐maleic anhydride)/silica [P(BA‐co‐MAn)/SiO₂] has been successfully prepared from butyl acrylate‐maleic anhydride copolymer P(BA‐co‐MAn) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the presence of 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) by an in situ sol–gel process. Triethoxysilyl group can be readily incorporated into P(BA‐co‐MAn) as pendant side chains by the aminolysis of maleic anhydride unit of copolymer with APTES, and then organic polymer/silica hybrid materials with covalent bonds between two phases can be formed via the hydrolytic polycondensation of triethoxysilyl group‐functionalized polymer with TEOS. It was found that the amount of APTES could dramatically affect the gel time of sol–gel system, the sol fraction of resultant hybrid materials, and the thermal properties of hybrid materials obtained. The decomposition temperature of hybrid materials and the final residual weight of thermogravimetry of hybrid both increase with the increasing of APTES. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the morphology of hybrid materials prepared in the presence of APTES was a co‐continual phase structure. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 419–424, 1999     

Synthesis,Characterization and Performance of Amine Modified Linseed Oil Fatty Amide Coatings

A novel attempt has been made to develop ambient cured polyamine amide (PAA) resins by the condensation polymerization reaction of oil fatty amide diol (N,N-bis 2-hydroxy ethyl linseed oil fatty amide) (HELA) and o-phenylene diamine, which was further modified by poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) at different phr (parts per hundred part of resin) to get a series of PAA–SMA resins. The structural elucidation of HELA, PAA and PAA–SMA were carried out by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The physico-chemical and physico-mechanical analyses were carried out by standard laboratory methods. Thermal analyses of these resins were accomplished by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Coatings of PAA–SMA were prepared on mild steel strips to evaluate their physico-mechanical and chemical/corrosion resistance performance under various corrosive environments. It was found that among the PAA–SMA systems, PAA-35 showed the best physico-mechanical and corrosion resistance performance. Thermal studies reveal that the coatings can be safely used up to 305 °C.     

Microporous polypropylene fibers containing fine particles of poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-divinylbenzene)

Glycidylmethacrylate and divinylbenzene were copolymerized in a n-hexane solution of poly(propylene-co-1-butene). The resultant polymer composite contains fine particles of poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-divinyl benzene). This composite was blended with polypropylene. Next, the resultant polypropylene composites were melt spun and stretched. Microporous polypropylene fibers were thus prepared and their properties were evaluated. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 1549–1553, 1999     

A comparative study of two polyelectrolyte complexes

This study reports on the synthesis and characterization of interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) and polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) produced by ion-complex formation between natural and synthetic polymer bearing opposed charge. PEC of sodium alginate (NaAlg) and poly(acryloxyethyl-trimethylammonium chloride-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(Q-co-H)) were formed by addition of 2.0 wt % sodium alginate solution to 1.5 wt % poly(Q-co-H) solution, and by adding the poly(Q-co-H) solution to the NaAlg solution under magnetic agitation. The IPN were prepared using the sequential method with three different compositions, in which Q and H monomers were mixed in the 95/5 proportions in presence of NaAlg. The mixture was polymerized at 60°C using potassium persulfate as initiator. The characterizations of scaffolds were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Novel blends of alternating propene-carbon monoxide copolymers and styrenic copolymers

Summary Alternating propene-carbon monoxide copolymers (P-CO) were melt-blended with polystyrene, poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN), and with poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA). P-CO forms homogeneously miscible blends with SAN containing 25 wt% AN at the investigated blend compositions. The transparent blends have single, intermediate glass transition temperatures that fit the Fox equation. The elastic properties of P-CO at room temperature disappear upon blending with SAN because the T _g is driven above RT. Polystyrene and SMA are not miscible with P-CO and form heterogeneous blends with two glass transitions. This demonstrates that both the polarity of the styrenic copolymer and the nature of the comonomer govern its phase behavior. Received: 14 January 1999/Revised version: 19 April 1999/Accepted: 19 April 1999     

Miscibility and crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene-co-vinylalcohol)/poly(maleic anhydride-alt-ethylene) blend

The miscibility of poly(vinylalcohol-co-ethylene) (PEVA) with poly(ethylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PEMAH) blends was investigated over a wide range of compositions by viscosimetry and DSC analyses using Krigbaum–Wall and Kwei approaches. The results revealed that the blends were completely miscible in all proportions due to the specific interactions between the hydroxyl groups of PEVA and the carbonyl groups of PEMAH. From Nishi equation, the interaction parameter of Flory was found to be −0.89. The nonisothermal crystallization behavior and kinetics of this system were also investigated and compared with those of the pure PEVA. There were strong dependencies of the degree of crystallinity (X_T), peak crystallization temperature (T_p), half time of crystallization (t_1/2), and Ozawa exponent (m) on PEMAH content and cooling rate. The crystallization activation energy (E_c) that was calculated from Kissinger model increased with increasing PEMAH composition in the blend. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

In situ compatibilization of polystyrene and polyurethane blends by using poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) as reactive compatibilizer

Blends of polystyrene (PS) and polyurethane (PU) elastomer were obtained by melt mixing, using poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) containing 7 wt % of maleic anhydride groups as a reactive compatibilizer. Polyurethanes containing polyester flexible segments, PU-es, and polyether flexible segments, PU-et, were used. These polyurethanes were crosslinked with dicumyl peroxide or sulfur to improve their mechanical properties. The anhydride groups of SMA can react with the PU groups and form an in situ graft copolymer at the interface of the blends during their preparation. The rheological behavior was accompanied by torque versus time curves and an increase in the torque during the melt mixing was observed for all the reactive blends, indicating the occurrence of a reaction. Solubility tests, gel permeation chromatography, and scanning electronic microscopy confirmed the formation of a graft copolymer generated in situ during the melt blending. These results also indicate that this graft copolymer contains C C bond between SMA and PU chains. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2514–2524, 2001