河北省 5 个县域冬小麦-夏玉米连作灌溉需水特性分析

利用河北平原区5个县域及周边的雨量站、气象站和农气站资料,综合考虑降水、土壤和作物特性,提出修正的SCS-CN模型用于计算作物有效降水量,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数法计算作物需水量,探讨研究区不同水文年份作物灌溉需水量的时空分布特性。结果表明,研究区冬小麦-夏玉米连作多年平均作物有效降水量、作物需水量和灌溉需水量分别为389、736和347mm,丰水年、平水年和枯水年冬小麦-夏玉米连作灌溉需水量分别为321、382和423mm。冬小麦生育期灌溉需水量271～350mm,返青-拔节期、拔节-抽穗期和抽穗-成熟期灌溉需水量各占全生育期的26%、26%和29%;夏玉米全生育期灌溉需水量0～49mm,抽雄期和成熟期分别占全生育期的52%和48%。作物有效降水量空间分布,石家庄3县西高东低,邯郸2县西低东高;作物需水量石家庄3县高于邯郸2县;研究区灌溉需水量空间分布不均,大致呈带状分布。     

三义寨引黄灌区主要作物需水量计算及趋势分析

针对三义寨引黄灌区主要作物需水量、有效降水量和净灌溉需水量的计算问题,采用参考作物法构建模型,采用联合国粮农组织推荐的彭曼-蒙特斯(Penman-Monteith)公式的修正公式进行计算。以惠北水利科学试验站观测数据为基础,得出冬小麦全生育期(10月中旬至第二年5月下旬)的作物需水量2000—2019年年际变化范围为395.494～796.776 mm,均值为579.425 mm,有效降水量均值为160.090 mm,净灌溉需水量均值为453.291 mm,灌溉需求指数均值为0.773,对灌溉的依赖程度较高;夏玉米全生育期(6月中旬至9月中旬)的作物需水量在1999—2019年年际变化范围为187.581～716.762 mm,均值为359.310 mm,有效降水量均值为295.776 mm,净灌溉需水量均值为149.768 mm,灌溉需求指数均值为0.371,对灌溉的依赖程度较低;棉花全生育期(4月上旬至10月下旬)的作物需水量1999—2019年年际变化范围为366.985～1 049.358 mm,均值为580.561 mm,有效降水量均值为433.519 mm,净灌溉需水量均值为266.470 mm,灌溉需求指数均值为0.421,对灌溉的依赖程度为中等。将3种作物需水量按生育期叠加,灌区净灌溉需水量最大的月份为3月,原因是冬小麦在拔节抽穗期对水量需求较大。4月、5月冬小麦处于关键的灌浆成熟期,棉花处于苗期和成长期,因此净灌溉需水量在各月中分别位于第3、2位。3种作物的生育期需水量、净灌溉需水量均为增加趋势,有效降水量均呈减少趋势,夏玉米和棉花的净灌溉需水量增加倾向率较大,主要原因是夏玉米和棉花的生育期与降水量较大的7—8月重合,因此受到降水量和气候的影响较显著。     

应用分布式水文模型优化黑龙港及运东平原农田灌溉制度Ⅱ：水分生产函数和优化灌溉制度

黑龙港及运东平原是河北省的主要农业区,同时也是华北平原的少雨中心,探讨适用于该地区冬小麦和夏玉米的水分生产函数类型,并应用于制定优化的灌溉制度,对于该区域节水农业的建设具有重要的现实意义。本文以经过参数率定与模拟验证的土壤水评价工具(SWAT)为手段,设置了1种充分灌溉处理和9种非充分灌溉情形,拟合得到冬小麦和夏玉米的水分生产函数,在此基础上,依据水分敏感系数(或指数)确定出灌溉的关键生育期,以不考虑氮磷胁迫的历史灌溉情景为基本情景,设置了3种优化灌溉方案。结果表明:在所确定的冬小麦和夏玉米灌溉的关键生育期,采用优化后的灌溉量,与基本情景相比,在保证冬小麦-夏玉米种植制度下的作物基本稳产(产量平均增加2.54%)的前提下,平均节省灌溉量23.55%,水分利用效率平均提高6.29%。总之,模拟得到的优化的灌溉制度对于该区域冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系下的农田节水灌溉管理具有一定的参考价值。     

基于作物需水量空间分析的北京地区种植业规划

采用Penman-Monteith公式计算了北京市主要作物春玉米、夏玉米、棉花、冬小麦、苜蓿的需水量,并采用GIS插值得到以上各作物的需水量空间分布.通过需水量的空间分布规律和现有农用地分布情况的分析,为今后种植业布局提出了规划意见.     

基于农业灌溉需水量计算的黄河三角洲作物结构优化EI北大核心CSCD

为优化黄河三角洲作物结构,以东营市垦利区为例,计算了当地主要作物各生育阶段及整个生育期内的作物需水量、有效降水量以及淋洗需水量,并对不同作物的水分盈亏情况进行了分析。结果表明:作物补充灌溉需水量从小到大依次为玉米、棉花、小麦、水稻;玉米水分亏缺程度最低,应适当增加玉米种植面积或者把冬小麦、夏玉米轮作更换为一年种植两季玉米(春玉米和夏玉米);减少棉花在中、轻度盐碱地的种植面积,对耐盐性较好的棉花改用排水回用或微咸水灌溉;兼用灌溉用水和洗盐用水种植水稻,在经水稻种植改良成轻度盐碱地的土壤上种植玉米和小麦。     

洛阳地区夏玉米节水灌溉制度优化研究

为了提高水资源的利用率,根据洛阳地区试验田多年实测资料,建立了夏玉米的耗水量估算模型及产量与水分关系的数学模型,并分析了其相互关系。根据试验区1951—2000年降雨资料分析了全年降雨量分布特征,并与夏玉米全生育期耗水规律进行耦合性分析。结果表明:夏玉米生育期需水量与降雨量分布吻合性良好,但在枯水年和平水年,应在夏玉米生长关键期适当进行灌溉。利用Jessen模型,分析了夏玉米全生育期各阶段对缺水的敏感度,认为应在夏玉米的苗期、抽穗—吐丝期进行适量灌溉。     

汾河灌区主要作物需水量及灌溉水量分析

灌溉农业对我国粮食安全具有重要意义,为保证粮食生产,灌溉计划应与灌区现状相适应。本文利用太原气象站和介休气象站1951—2014年的气象数据,根据Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物日蒸散发量,并结合作物系数,得到不同生长阶段冬小麦和春玉米的需水量;同时计算不同阶段的有效降水量,分析不同阶段的水分亏缺量。分析结果表明:冬小麦生育期总缺水量约为300 mm,开花灌浆期的缺水量占一半,建议生育期灌水3～4次,尤其要保证灌浆期的灌溉水量。春玉米生育期总缺水量约220 mm,拔节期和灌浆期的缺水量约占总量的一半,建议生育期灌溉2～3次。     

喷灌均匀系数对土壤水分及冬小麦产量影响的试验研究

为了确定作物喷灌条件下灌水量和产量的空间结构及统计分布规律，定量评价喷灌均匀性对作物产量的影响，对冬小麦生育期内的冠层上、下喷灌水量、土壤水分、叶面积指数及产量的空间分布进行了监测。试验结果表明，在生育期内累计灌水量的相关距离约为5m，产量的相关距离为7--10m，但叶面积指数不存在空间结构。累计灌水量、叶面积指数和产量都可以用正态分布来表示。尽管在冬小麦灌溉季节内喷灌均匀系数变化于57%--89%，但土壤储水量均匀系数始终大于90%.喷灌均匀系数对作物产量的影响比预想的要小。     

山东发展灌溉趋势分析

1 山东省灌溉发展现状 山东省人均耕地面积0.07hm2,土地开发利用程度高,人多地少的矛盾比较突出。农作物基本以冬小麦、夏玉米、棉花和花生为主,从全省来看,冬小麦需水量一般为482-562mm、夏玉米为322-376mm、棉花为608-671mm、花生为550-600mm,全省多年平均降水量为676.5mm,单从降水量和每种作物的需水量来比较,降水量完全可以满足作物的生育需水要     

河北省主要农作物2005～2014年灰水足迹变化

为了定量分析河北省农业过量施用化肥造成的严重面源污染,应用灰水足迹理论与评价方法,对河北省2005～2014年期间的冬小麦、夏玉米、蔬菜、水果4种主要农作物总灰水足迹及生长过程灰水足迹变化进行了分析评价,结果表明：2005～2014年期间,河北省冬小麦总灰水足迹总体呈下降趋势;夏玉米总灰水足迹总体呈增加趋势;蔬菜总灰水足迹总体呈增加趋势;水果总灰水足迹总体呈下降趋势。2005～2014年期间,河北省冬小麦、夏玉米、蔬菜、水果生长过程灰水足迹均呈下降趋势。4种作物每公顷施肥量没有表现出下降趋势,产量增加是导致4种作物生长过程灰水足迹下降的主要原因。最后从技术和政策两方面提出了降低氮肥施量和作物生长过程灰水足迹的措施。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。