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1.
Reversible solid oxide cells based on ceramic proton conductors have potential to be the most efficient system for large‐scale energy storage. The performance and long‐term durability of these systems, however, are often limited by the ionic conductivity or stability of the proton‐conducting electrolyte. Here new family of solid oxide electrolytes, BaHfxCe0.8?xY0.1Yb0.1O3?δ (BHCYYb), which demonstrate a superior ionic conductivity to stability trade‐off than the state‐of‐the‐art proton conductors, BaZrxCe0.8?xY0.1Yb0.1O3?δ (BZCYYb), at similar Zr/Hf concentrations, as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, Raman, and X‐ray diffraction analysis of samples over 500 h of testing are reported. The increase in performance is revealed through thermodynamic arguments and first‐principle calculations. In addition, lab scale full cells are fabricated, demonstrating high peak power densities of 1.1, 1.4, and 1.6 W cm?2 at 600, 650, and 700 °C, respectively. Round‐trip efficiencies for steam electrolysis at 1 A cm?2 are 78%, 72%, and 62% at 700, 650, and 600 °C, respectively. Finally, CO2? H2O electrolysis is carried out for over 700 h with no degradation.  相似文献   

2.
A chemically stable and highly proton‐conductive electrolyte is developed by partially substituting the Zr site of Y‐doped barium zirconate (BZY) with 10 mol% of Pr. Compared to BZY, BaZr0.7Pr0.1Y0.2O3‐δ (BZPY) shows improved sinterability as revealed by dilatometric measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Dense samples are obtained after sintering at 1500?C for 8 h. Moreover, BZPY shows good chemical stability in the wide range of fuel‐cell operating conditions. The larger density and the enhanced grain growth, compared to BZY, allow the volume content of grain boundaries, which generally show a high resistance for proton transport, to be reduced and, thus, a high proton conductivity can be achieved in the temperature range of interest for practical applications (above 10?2 Scm?1 at 600?C). The good sinterability, chemical stability, and high conductivity of the BZPY electrolyte enabled the fabrication of single‐cell prototypes based on a thin BZPY membrane by a simple and cost‐saving co‐pressing method. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis performed during fuel‐cell tests under open‐circuit conditions confirms the good electrical performance of BZPY as electrolyte material. To improve the present fuel‐cell performance adapted cathode materials for this BZPY electrolyte need to be developed.  相似文献   

3.
Composite cathodes of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are normally fabricated by mechanical mixing of electronic‐ and ionic‐conducting phases. Here, a dual‐phase SOFC cathode, composed of perovskite PrNi0.5Mn0.5O3 (PNM) and exsoluted fluorite PrOx particles, produced in situ through a glycine–nitrate solution combustion process, is reported. When applied as the cathode for a BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3‐based protonic ceramic fuel cell, the hybrid cathode displays excellent electrocatalytic activity (area‐specific resistance of 0.052 Ω cm2 at 700 °C) and remarkable long‐term stability when operated at a cell voltage of 0.7 V for ≈500 h using H2 as fuel and ambient air as oxidant. The excellent performance is attributed to the proton‐conducting BaPrO3‐based coating and high‐concentration oxygen vacancies of a Ba‐doped PNM surface coating, produced by the reaction between the cathode and Ba from the electrolyte (via evaporation or diffusion), as confirmed by detailed X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory‐based calculations.  相似文献   

4.
In order to identify new oxide ion‐conducting materials in the ceria family of oxides, the unique effect of co‐doping is explored and a novel series of Ce0.8Sm0.2–xCaxO2–δ compositions is identified that have enhanced properties compared to the single‐doped Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 and Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.9 compositions. Moreover, the superior characteristics of the co‐doped Ce0.8Sm0.2–xCaxO2–δ powders prepared by the mixed‐fuel process aid in obtaining 98 % dense ceramics upon sintering at 1200 °C for 6 h. Though a linear increase in conductivity is observed by replacing Sm with Ca, the composition with the maximum amount of Ca and the minimum amount of Sm exhibits a significant improvement in properties compared to the rest in the series. The composition Ce0.80Sm0.05Ca0.15O2–δ exhibits a conductivity as high as 1.22 × 10–1 S cm–1 at 700 °C with minimum activation energy (0.56 eV) and a superior chemical stability to reduction compared to any of the hitherto known (CaSm) compositions. The absence of CeIII, confirmed both from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, strongly suggests that the observed increase in conductivity is solely due to the oxide ion conductivity and not due to the partial electronic contribution arising from the presence of CeIII and CeIV. To conclude, the experimental results on the Ce0.8Sm0.2–xCaxO2–δ series underscore the unique effect of calcium co‐doping in identifying a cost‐effective new composition, with a remarkably high conductivity and enhanced chemical stability to reduction, for technological applications.  相似文献   

5.
The La1–xCaxFe0.8Ni0.2O3–δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.9) system is investigated for potential application as a cathode material for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT‐SOFCs). A broad range of experimental techniques have been utilized in order to elucidate the characteristics of the entire compositional range. Low A‐site Ca content compositions (x ≤ 0.4) feature a single perovskite solid solution. Compositions with 40% Ca content (x = 0.4) exhibit the highest electrical and ionic conductivities of these single phase materials (250 and 1.9 × 10?3 S cm?1 at 800 °C, respectively), a level competitive with state‐of‐the‐art (La,Sr)(Fe,Co)O3. Between 40 and 50% Ca content (0.4 > x > 0.5) a solubility limit is reached and a secondary, brownmillerite‐type phase appears for all higher Ca content compositions (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.9). While typically seen as detrimental to electrochemical performance in cathode materials, this phase brings with it ionic conductivity at operational temperatures. This gives rise to the effective formation of pseudo‐composite materials which feature significantly enhanced performance characteristics, while also providing the closest match in thermal expansion behavior to typical electrolyte materials. This all comes with the advantage of being produced through a simple, single‐step, low‐cost production route without the issues associated with typical composite materials. The highest performing pseudo‐composite material (x = 0.5) exhibits electronic conductivity of 300–350 S cm?1 in the 600–800 °C temperature range while the best polarisation resistance (Rp) values of approximately 0.2 Ω cm2 are found in the 0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.7 range.  相似文献   

6.
The controlled growth of self‐assembled second‐phase nanostructures has been shown to be an essential tool for enhancing properties of several composite oxide thin film systems. Here, the role of Y2O3 nanoparticles on the growth of BaZrO3 (BZO) nanorods is investigated in order to understand the mechanisms governing their self‐assembly in YBa2Cu3O7–x (YBCO) thin films and to more fully control the resulting defect landscape. By examining the microstructure and current‐carrying capacity of BZO‐doped YBCO films, it is shown that the nanorod growth dynamics are significantly enhanced when compared to films double‐doped with BZO and Y2O3 nanoparticles. The average nanorod length and associated critical current densities are found to increase at a significantly higher rate in the absence of Y2O3 nanoparticles when the growth temperature is increased. Using microstructural data from transmission electron microscopy studies and the response in critical current density, the interactive effects of multiple dopants that must be considered to fully control the defect landscape in oxide thin films are shown.  相似文献   

7.
Indium tin oxide (ITO) has attracted intense interest as the most important transparent conducting oxide (TCO) that sees wide use in many opto‐electronic and photo‐chemical devices. The goal of this study is to explore the possibility of depositing ITO thin films using a bioinspired aqueous deposition route as an alternative. On the surface of sulfonated‐self assembled monolayers, Sn‐doped indium hydroxide films are obtained via a hydrogen peroxide‐assisted method. As a result, the as‐deposited indium tin hydroxide films possess a single hexagonal phase of In(OH)3· xH2O (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) with Sn doping percentage of (1.7 ± 0.2) at % and a column‐like hierachical microstructure. Structural, compositional and property studies, including electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, photoelectron spectroscopy, optical transmittance, photoluminescence and four‐probe conductivity measurements, are conducted. The possible mechanism based on oriented attachment is discussed for the film growth. Strong room temperature photoluminescence within the near UV range is observed in the case of Sn‐doped, but not in the one of the pure In(OH)3· xH2O films. Annealing of the indium tin hydroxide films above 200 °C gives nanocrystalline Sn:In2O3 films with higher UV and visible transparency and electrical conductivity compared with those of pure In2O3 films. The influence of annealing atmosphere is investigated.  相似文献   

8.
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with thin (La0.9Sr0.1)0.98Ga0.8Mg0.2O3‐δ (LSGM) electrolytes are primary candidates for achieving high (> 1 W cm‐2) power density at intermediate (< 650 °C) temperatures. Although high power density LSGM‐electrolyte SOFCs have been reported, it is still necessary to develop a fabrication process suitable for large‐scale manufacturing and to minimize the amount of LSGM used. Here we show that SOFCs made with a novel processing method and a Sr0.8La0.2TiO3‐ α (SLT) oxide support can achieve high power density at intermediate temperature. The SLT support is advantageous, especially compared to LSGM supports, because of its low materials cost, electronic conductivity, and good mechanical strength. The novel process is to first co‐fire the ceramic layers – porous SLT support, porous LSGM layer, and dense LSGM layer – followed by infiltration of nano‐scale Ni into the porous layers. Low polarization resistance of 0.188 Ωcm2 was achieved at 650 °C for a cell with an optimized anode functional layer (AFL) and an (La,Sr)(Fe,Co)O3 cathode. Maximum power density reached 1.12 W cm?2 at 650 °C, limited primarily by cathode polarization and ohmic resistances, so there is considerable potential to further improve the power density.  相似文献   

9.
Natural hematite ore is used as a novel electrolyte material for advanced solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). This hematite‐based system exhibits a maximum power density of 225 mW cm?2 at 600 °C and reaches 467 mW cm?2 when the hematite is mixed with perovskite‐structured La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3–δ. These results demonstrate that natural materials for next‐generation SOFCs can influence the multiutilization of natural resources, thereby affecting the environment and energy sustainability.  相似文献   

10.
Liquid‐feed flame spray pyrolysis provides easily dispersed, unaggregated nanopowders with average particle sizes of 20–70 nm depending on the processing conditions. Their chemical compositions can be controlled to ppm levels via control of the initial precursor solution. In this paper, Y3Al5O12 composition nanopowders are produced that are atomically mixed but offer a hexagonal crystal structure rather than a YAG structure. Y2O3 and δ‐Al2O3 nanopowders are also produced and mixed to evaluate reactive sintering. It is shown that nanopowder/polymer mixtures permit the extrusion of tubes that retain their shape on debindering and sintering to ≥95% theoretical density. More importantly, the sintering behavior of hex‐Y3Al5O12 is compared with that of tubes formed using 3:5 Y2O3:δ‐Al2O3 mixtures to test the so‐called bottom‐up paradigm, which suggests that mixing on the finest length scales should provide optimal control of sintering rates, final densities, and grain sizes. Instead, it is found that reactive sintering is faster and offers better control of final grain sizes. Dense sintered tubes are translucent, and dimensional uniformity is maintained from extrusion through sintering.  相似文献   

11.
Transition metal (Co, Fe, Mn)‐doped In2O3?y mesoporous oxides are synthesized by nanocasting using mesoporous silica as hard templates. 3D ordered mesoporous replicas are obtained after silica removal in the case of the In‐Co and In‐Fe oxide powders. During the conversion of metal nitrates into the target mixed oxides, Co, Fe, and Mn ions enter the lattice of the In2O3 bixbyite phase via isovalent or heterovalent cation substitution, leading to a reduction in the cell parameter. In turn, non‐negligible amounts of oxygen vacancies are also present, as evidenced from Rietveld refinements of the X‐ray diffraction patterns. In addition to (In1?xTMx)2O3?y, minor amounts of Co3O4, α‐Fe2O3, and MnxOy phases are also detected, which originate from the remaining TM cations not forming part of the bixbyite lattice. The resulting TM‐doped In2O3?y mesoporous materials show a ferromagnetic response at room temperature, superimposed on a paramagnetic background. Conversely, undoped In2O3?y exhibits a mixed diamagnetic‐ferromagnetic behavior with much smaller magnetization. The influence of the oxygen vacancies and the doping elements on the magnetic properties of these materials is discussed. Due to their 3D mesostructural geometrical arrangement and their room‐temperature ferromagnetic behavior, mesoporous oxide‐diluted magnetic semiconductors may become smart materials for the implementation of advanced components in spintronic nanodevices.  相似文献   

12.
A series of high quality NixMg1‐xO bowl‐shaped array films are successfully prepared by a simple one‐step assembly of polystyrene colloidal spheres and metal oxide precursors at oil–water interface, and further used to fabricate nanodevices. The doping of Mg2+ can greatly enhance the current and spectrum responsivity of NiO film‐based nanodevice. The maximum Rλ value of these bowl‐shaped NixMg1‐xO film‐based devices measured in the study shows 4–5 orders of enhancement than the previously reported NixMg1‐xO film at equal doping.  相似文献   

13.
The proton uptake of 18 compositions in the perovskite family (Ba,Sr,La)(Fe,Co,Zn,Y)O3‐δ, perovskites, which are potential cathode materials for protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs), is investigated by thermogravimetry. Hydration enthalpies and entropies are derived, and the doping trends are explored. The uptake is found to be largely determined by the basicity of the oxide ions. Partial substitution of Zn on the B‐site strongly enhances proton uptake, while Co substitution has the opposite effect. The proton concentration in Ba0.95La0.05Fe0.8Zn0.2O3‐δ is found to be 10% per formula unit at 250 °C, 5.5% at 400 °C, and 2.3% at 500 °C, which are the highest values reported so far for a mixed‐conducting perovskite exhibiting hole, proton, and oxygen vacancy transport. A comprehensive set of thermodynamic data for proton uptake in (Ba,Sr,La)(Fe,Co,Zn,Y)O3‐δ is determined. Defect interactions between protons and holes partially delocalized from the B‐site transition metal to the adjacent oxide ions decrease the proton uptake. From these results, guidelines for the optimization of PCFC cathode materials are derived.  相似文献   

14.
Self‐assembled nanocomposite films and coatings have huge potential for many functional and structural applications. However, control and manipulation of the nanostructures is still at very early stage. Here, guidelines are established for manipulating the types of composite structures that can be achieved. In order to do this, a well studied (YBa2Cu3O7‐δ)1‐x:(BaZrO3)x ‘model’ system is used. A switch from BaZrO3 nanorods in YBa2Cu3O7‐δ matrix to planar, horizontal layered plates is found with increasing x, with a transitional cross‐ply structure forming between these states at x = 0.4. The switch is related to a release in strain energy which builds up in the YBa2Cu3O7‐δ with increasing x. At x = 0.5, an unusually low strain state is observed in the planar composite structure, which is postulated to arise from a pseudo‐spinodal mechanism.  相似文献   

15.
Rechargeable batteries with a Li metal anode and Ni‐rich Li[NixCoyMn1?x?y]O2 cathode (Li/Ni‐rich NCM battery) have been emerging as promising energy storage devices because of their high‐energy density. However, Li/Ni‐rich NCM batteries have been plagued by the issue of the thermodynamic instability of the Li metal anode and aggressive surface chemistry of the Ni‐rich cathode against electrolyte solution. In this study, a bi‐functional additive, adiponitrile (C6H8N2), is proposed which can effectively stabilize both the Li metal anode and Ni‐rich NCM cathode interfaces. In the Li/Ni‐rich NCM battery, the addition of 1 wt% adiponitrile in 0.8 m LiTFSI + 0.2 M LiDFOB + 0.05 M LiPF6 dissolved in EMC/FEC = 3:1 electrolyte helps to produce a conductive and robust Li anode/electrolyte interface, while strong coordination between Ni4+ on the delithiated Ni‐rich cathode and nitrile group in adiponitrile reduces parasitic reactions between the electrolyte and Ni‐rich cathode surface. Therefore, upon using 1 wt% adiponitrile, the Li/full concentration gradient Li[Ni0.73Co0.10Mn0.15Al0.02]O2 battery achieves an unprecedented cycle retention of 75% over 830 cycles under high‐capacity loading of 1.8 mAh cm?2 and fast charge–discharge time of 2 h. This work marks an important step in the development of high‐performance Li/Ni‐rich NCM batteries with efficient electrolyte additives.  相似文献   

16.
SiOx‐containing graphite composites have aroused great interests as the most promising alternatives for practical application in high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries. However, limited loading amount of SiOx on the surface of graphite and some inherent disadvantages of SiOx such as huge volume variation and poor electronic conductivity result in unsatisfactory electrochemical performance. Herein, a novel and facile fabrication approach is developed to synthesize high‐performance SiOx/C composites with graphite‐like structure in which SiOx particles are dispersed and anchored in the carbon materials by restoring original structure of artificial graphite. The multicomponent carbon materials are favorable for addressing the disadvantages of SiOx‐based anodes, especially for the formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase, maintaining structural integrity of electrode materials and improving electrical conductivity of electrode. The resultant SiOx/C anodes demonstrate high reversible capacities (645 mA h g?1), excellent cycling stability (≈90% capacity retention for 500 cycles), and superior rate capabilities. Even at high pressing density (1.3 g cm?3), SiOx/C anodes still present superior cycling performance due to the high tap density and structural integrity of electrode materials. The proposed synthetic method can also be developed to address other anode materials with inferior electronic conductivity and huge volume variation.  相似文献   

17.
A general method to synthesize mesoporous metal oxide@N‐doped macroporous graphene composite by heat‐treatment of electrostatically co‐assembled amine‐functionalized mesoporous silica/metal oxide composite and graphene oxide, and subsequent silica removal to produce mesoporous metal oxide and N‐doped macroporous graphene simultaneously is reported. Four mesoporous metal oxides (WO3? x , Co3O4, Mn2O3, and Fe3O4) are encapsulated in N‐doped macroporous graphene. Used as an anode material for sodium‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (Na‐HSCs), mesoporous reduced tungsten oxide@N‐doped macroporous graphene (m‐WO3? x @NM‐rGO) gives outstanding rate capability and stable cycle life. Ex situ analyses suggest that the electrochemical reaction mechanism of m‐WO3? x @NM‐rGO is based on Na+ intercalation/de‐intercalation. To the best of knowledge, this is the first report on Na+ intercalation/de‐intercalation properties of WO3? x and its application to Na‐HSCs.  相似文献   

18.
A major challenge to the development of the next‐generation all‐solid‐state rechargeable battery technology is the inferior performance caused by insufficient ionic conductivity in the electrolyte and poor mixed ionic‐electronic conductivity in the electrodes. Here we demonstrate the utility of elevated temperature as an advantageous means of enhancing the conductivity in the electrolyte and promoting the catalytic activity at electrodes in an all‐ceramic rechargeable Na+‐battery. The new Na+‐battery consists of a 154‐μm thick Na‐β′′‐Al2O3 electrolyte membrane, a 22‐μm thick P2‐Na2/3[Fe1/2Mn1/2]O2 cathode and 52‐μm thick Na2Ti3O7‐La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 composite anode. The battery is shown to be capable of producing a reversible and stable capacity of 152 mAhg?1 at 350 °C. While the battery's achievable capacity is limited by the electrode materials employed, it does exhibit unique low self‐discharge rate, high tolerance to thermal cycling and an outstanding safety feature.  相似文献   

19.
Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are very convenient self‐templated precursors toward functional materials with tunable functionalities. Although a huge family of MOFs has been discovered, conventional MOF‐derived strategies are largely limited to the sole MOF source based on a handful of the metal elements. The limitation in structure and functionalities greatly restrains the maximum performance of MOF‐based materials for fulfilling the practical potential. This study reports a polymetallic MOF‐derived strategy for easy synthesis of metal‐oxide‐based nanohybrids with precisely tailored multicomponent active dopants. A variety of MoO2‐based nanohybrids with synergistical co‐doping of W, Cu, and P are yielded by controlled pyrolysis of tailor‐made polymetallic MOFs. The W doping induces the formation of Mox W1?x O2 solid solution with better activity. The homogeneous dispersion of Cu nanocrystallites in robust P‐doped carbon skeleton creates a conductive network for fast charge transfer. Boosting by synergistically multidoping effect, the Mo0.8W0.2O2‐Cu@P‐doped carbon nanohybrids with optimized composition exhibit exceptionally long cycle life of 2000 cycles with high capacities but very slow capacity loss (0.043% per cycle), as well as high power output for lithium storage. Remarkably, the co‐doping of heavy W and Cu elements in MoO2 with high density makes them particularly suitable for high volumetric lithium storage.  相似文献   

20.
An ultrathin cobalt–manganese (Co‐Mn) nanosheet, consisting of amorphous Co(OH)x layers and ultrasmall Mn3O4 nanocrystals, is designed as an efficient co‐catalyst on an α‐Fe2O3 film for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. The uniformly distributed Co‐Mn nanosheets lead to a remarkable 2.6‐fold enhancement on the photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and an impressive cathodic shift (≈200 mV) of onset potential compared with bare α‐Fe2O3 film. Furthermore, the decorated photoanode exhibits a prominent resistance against photocorrosion with excellent stability for over 10 h. Detailed mechanism investigation manifests that incorporation of Mn sites in the nanosheets could create electron donation to Co sites and facilitate the activation of the OH group, which drastically increases the catalytic activities for water oxidation. These findings provide valuable guidance for designing high‐performance co‐catalysts for PEC applications and open new avenues toward controlled fabrication of mixed metallic composites.  相似文献   

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