柴油机恒转速增转矩瞬态工况的燃烧过程分析及其对烟度的影响

采用自行设计的瞬态工况控制及测量系统，对增压中冷柴油机进行了恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下发动机的空燃比、消光烟度及示功图参数的测试．试验结果表明：随转矩增加率的上升，空燃比减小，引起混合气变浓，燃烧恶化；燃烧始点后移，而燃烧持续期延长；预混燃烧比明显下降．上述原因导致了在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下，随转矩增加率的升高，排气烟度上升．     

柴油机瞬态工况烟度排放特性及分析

为了研究车用柴油机瞬态工况中,燃烧边界条件对燃烧过程的影响,在试验台上针对增压中冷柴油机在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下的烟度排放特性进行了试验,并用商业计算软件STAR-CD对此瞬态工况下柴油机的燃烧过程进行了数值模拟分析。针对增压柴油机低转速大负荷排烟较差的特点,试验中发动机转速定为1000r／min,以3种不同的转矩变化率来考察柴油机瞬态工况下的排烟特性。结果表明,柴油机瞬态工况下和稳态工况下的燃烧边界条件有很大的差别,这种差别导致了柴油机瞬态工况下的烟度排放值要明显高于其相应的稳态工况。计算结果表明,随着转矩变化率的升高,最大初始放热率升高及燃烧持续期延长,这些差异同样导致排气烟度值增加。     

柴油机瞬变工况的动态响应及燃烧劣变分析

利用瞬态控制和测试系统,研究了增压柴油机恒转速增转矩瞬变工况不同加载时间和转速对发动机动态响应及燃烧劣变的影响.为分析问题的方便,定义了一个评价瞬变响应性能的参数——滞后系数.结果表明:在相同加载时间下,发动机的油量、转矩、进气量和NOx的滞后系数依次增大;随着加载时间或转速的减小,各参数的滞后系数逐渐增大;与稳态工况相比,瞬变过程中发动机存在进气延迟、空燃比降低、燃烧相位推迟、烟度和燃油消耗率增加等燃烧劣变问题,且随着加载时间或转速的减小,上述的"问题"越严重.     

直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声的试验研究与分析

研究直喷式柴油机瞬态工况对燃烧噪声影响机理。开展内燃机瞬态工况测试技术和测试方法研究，找出瞬态工况下燃烧噪声相对于同转速、同负荷的稳态工况燃烧噪声差异的规律，并从瞬念与稳态工况下燃烧过程的差异对试验结果进行分析。瞬态工况擘面温度、喷油爪力、针阀升程最大值和针阀外启持续时问均高于同负荷同转速的稳态工况，导致瞬态工况滞燃期、燃烧始点和喷油最与稳态工况相比产生差异。结果表明，瞬态工况下动力负荷和压力高频振荡相对于同负荷同转速的稳态工况发生改变是引起燃烧噪声产生差异的根本原因。     

CA6DE1-21K柴油机瞬态工况下的烟度排放特性

利用瞬态控制及测量系统，对增压中冷柴油机在瞬态工况下的烟度排放特性进行了试验研究．结果表明，恒转速变转矩瞬态工况中，在中低转速时，排气的烟度随着转矩变化率的增加而上升，这主要是由于涡轮增压器在低速时增压效果差及瞬时空燃比滞后所致．恒转矩变转速瞬态工况中，在中高负荷时，排气的烟度随着转速变化率的增加而上升，这主要是由于随着转速变化率的增加，空燃比相对于燃油喷射滞后严重所致．     

燃料着火性对小型柴油机燃烧特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况控制系统,研究了燃料着火性对小型柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下燃烧特性的影响规律.结果表明,在稳态和恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下,燃料十六烷值对燃烧参数的影响具有类似的规律.随燃料十六烷值的降低,着火始点延迟,滞燃期增加,燃烧速率加快,燃烧持续期减小,但预混燃烧期和预混合燃烧量增加,缸内压力峰值、放热率峰值及压力升高率升高.     

压燃式发动机燃用汽油/柴油混合燃料瞬变工况下燃烧及微粒排放特性分析

针对压燃式发动机燃用汽油/柴油混合燃料稳态及瞬态工况下的燃烧及微粒排放粒度分布特征进行了试验研究,分析了汽油掺入比例及EGR对发动机稳态及不同瞬变率的恒转速增转矩瞬变工况超细微粒数量排放的影响规律.结果表明:在大负荷工况下采用高汽油掺入比例的汽油/柴油混合燃料能够在不引起NOx显著增加的前提下进一步降低排气烟度,有助于拓展预混合燃烧过程负荷工况范围;但较高汽油掺入比例易导致油气过度混合,对HC及CO排放有不利影响,尤其会导致小负荷工况下CO排放显著增加.综合考虑不同负荷工况下运行情况,认为汽油掺入比例在40%,~50%,左右较为适宜.燃用汽油/柴油混合燃料时排气颗粒物更趋于细化,其微粒几何平均粒径较柴油明显降低.瞬变工况增负荷过程中,各模态微粒数量浓度均有所升高,随汽油掺入比例增大积聚态微粒数量增加程度变缓,当汽油掺入比例达到50%,时,在高瞬变率工况时积聚态微粒数量无明显增加.高比例EGR条件下,瞬变过程中积聚态微粒数量浓度在增负荷初期便急剧增加,燃用汽油/柴油混合燃料有利于缓解瞬态工况积聚态微粒数量急剧增加的程度.     

直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声二级影响机理研究

研究直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声二级影响机理。设计瞬态与稳态工况燃烧噪声试验，测量燃烧噪声二级影响因素，分析瞬态工况下壁面温度、油管压力和针阀升程等间接因素影响动力负荷与压力高频振荡，从而影响燃烧噪声的二级影响机理，并对不同供油提前角瞬态工况燃烧噪声二级影响机理进行了研究。结果表明，瞬态工况壁面温度、油管压力、针阀升程及针阀开启时间均高于同负荷同转速的稳态工况，影响到瞬态工况滞燃期以及滞燃期的喷油量，进而影响动力负荷和压力高频振荡，使得瞬态与稳态工况燃烧噪声产生差异。     

直喷式柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声机理

通过测量瞬态工况与稳态工况燃烧噪声的各种影响参数,研究气体动力载荷及燃烧压力高频振荡对燃烧噪声的影响机理．瞬态工况的壁面温度、喷油压力、针阀升程最大值和针阀开启持续时间均高于同负荷、同转速的稳态工况,导致瞬态工况滞燃期、燃烧始点和喷油量与稳态工况相比产生差异,引起燃烧压力、庄力升高率及高频压力振荡频率和幅值发生变化．结果表明,瞬态工况与同负荷、同转速的稳态工况相比,着火延迟期缩短,但每循环喷油量增大,燃烧噪声增大．     

天然气发动机怠速控制策略的研究

为了提高自然吸气式多点喷射单燃料压缩天然气(CNG)发动机怠速工况时转速和空燃比综合控制的稳态和动态效果,设计了一种怠速模糊控制策略,介绍了控制算法的设计过程.利用Matlab/Simulink建立了整个怠速系统仿真模型,并进行控制算法的开发和测试,仿真结果证明,该仿真模型能够正确反映出发动机转速和空燃比的各种变化过程,控制算法具有较好的控制效果.最后发动机台架试验表明,该控制策略使怠速稳态、脱离和进入怠速的瞬态工况下的转速和空燃比都得到了精确的控制,提高了怠速品质,对发动机参数的变化具有一定的鲁棒性.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.