发泡剂种类和用量对酚醛泡沫性能的影响

以酚醛树脂为原料,对甲苯磺酸为固化剂,研究了正戊烷和沸程为30~60℃的石油醚两种不同的发泡剂对酚醛泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,两种发泡剂用量增多,酚醛泡沫表观密度、压缩强度和导热系数都呈下降趋势,粉化度、吸水率呈增加趋势,石油醚发泡的酚醛泡沫抗粉化程度优于正戊烷发泡的酚醛泡沫。发泡剂的种类对导热系数无影响,发泡剂用量对酚醛泡沫pH值影响不大。石油醚发泡制得的酚醛泡沫,综合性能优于正戊烷发泡制得的酚醛泡沫。     

杨木粉制备泡沫的工艺研究

以杨木粉为原料,通过液化制成液化树脂,再对液化树脂采用中低温发泡法制备发泡材料,系统地考虑了液化树脂黏度和固体质量分数、发泡温度以及表面活性剂、固化剂、发泡剂用量和种类等因素对制备工艺的影响。结果表明：适宜的发泡条件为杨木粉液化树脂黏度为6 000 mPa·s、固体质量分数为75%,发泡温度75 ℃,以吐温-80与OP-10（质量比1∶1）复配作为表面活性剂,以正戊烷为发泡剂,1,4-丁内酯为固化剂,用量都在8%~12%,该条件下发泡过程稳定,制得的泡沫泡孔细腻,均匀,闭孔率高,表观质量好,泡沫的表观密度小（0.12~0.16 g/cm³）并且发泡倍率高（5~8倍）。     

一种可低温发泡酚醛树脂的制备

以可低温发泡酚醛树脂(PF)为研究对象,分别采用气相色谱法和盐酸羟胺法研究了初始甲醛/苯酚物质的量之比(F/P)、反应温度和时间及催化剂NaOH用量等合成条件对PF游离酚和游离醛含量的影响。结果表明,F/P为1.5,NaOH用量为苯酚质量的3%,且在高温86℃和低温70℃各反应60 min后,所制备的可低温发泡PF具有较低的游离醛含量,其黏度为2 500~3 000 mPa.s,游离酚的质量分数为4.5%~5.5%,游离醛的质量分数为0.5%~0.8%。在5~10℃的低温条件下,向所制备的可低温发泡PF中依次加入表面活性剂、发泡剂、固化剂,通过泡沫板材生产线发泡制备了PF泡沫保温板,其表观密度、导热系数、氧指数、吸水率、尺寸变化率、压缩强度和拉伸强度完全满足国家标准要求,可应用于外墙保温材料。     

腰果酚醛胺固化环氧树脂泡沫塑料性能研究

以双酚A型环氧树脂(EP)为基体树脂、自制的腰果酚醛胺(PCT)为固化剂、正戊烷(N-PT)为发泡剂、吐温-80和二甲基硅油为稳泡剂室温发泡制备新型环氧树脂泡沫塑料。研究了PCT用量对发泡时间和泡沫性能的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜和热失重分析对泡沫塑料的微观形貌和热性能进行了表征。结果表明,随着PCT用量增加,发泡时间逐渐缩短;环氧树脂泡沫塑料的密度、压缩强度、吸水率和热导率均随PCT用量的增加呈现先减小后增大趋势;当PCT加入量为30 %(相对于纯EP)时,发泡时间降至5 min;泡沫塑料的综合性能较佳,密度为0.0467 g/cm^3、压缩强度为276 kPa、吸水率为2.9 %、热导率为0.037 W/m·K,此时泡孔大小均匀,不良泡孔少;泡沫初始失重温度为248.4 ℃,最大失重速率温度为362.3 ℃,耐热性最佳。     

阴离子型发泡剂在泡沫粉煤灰水泥中的应用研究

选用α-烯烃磺酸钠（AOS）、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠（AES）和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAE)3种阴离子表面活性剂,并实验研究了复合发泡剂的用量对粉煤灰泡沫水泥石的抗压强度及导热系数的影响。结果表明：AOS的泡沫性能指标优于AES和LAS,自制稳泡剂将使发泡剂发泡能力略有下降,但泡沫稳定性有明显提高。选用含量为0.8%的 AOS 溶液并添加0.3%稳泡剂的复合发泡剂制备泡沫水泥,复合发泡剂用量达到3.5%时,泡沫水泥石的导热系数已降至0.12 W/(m·K),其抗压强度为1.6 MPa。     

改性木质素部分取代苯酚制备酚醛泡沫保温材料的研究

为改善酚醛泡沫性能,降低成本,以改性木质素、苯酚、多聚甲醛为原料合成可发性木质素酚醛树脂,通过发泡制备酚醛泡沫。当改性木质素取代苯酚的30%时,研究了缩合时间、缩合温度、催化剂用量、醛酚比和水量对树脂性能的影响,通过热重分析仪(TGA)和生物显微镜分别对酚醛泡沫的热稳定性和微观结构进行分析。结果表明:树脂合成的较佳条件为缩合时间80 min,缩合温度85℃,催化剂用量4%,醛酚比1.5,水量为25ml,泡沫具有较好的热稳定性和致密的微观结构;其力学性能较好,压缩强度为0.21 MPa,弯曲强度为0.15MPa;导热系数为0.030 W/(m?K),氧指数为38.2%,属于难燃型高效保温材料。     

模胎用高密度酚醛泡沫塑料的制备研究

以热固性甲阶酚醛树脂为基体,正戊烷为物理发泡剂,30%硫酸和冰乙酸组成混合酸为催化剂,吐温-80和甲基硅油作为匀泡剂,玻璃微珠和聚乙二醇-400为改性剂,制备出了密度200 kg/m3以上综合性能较好的高密度酚醛泡沫。研究表明,通过调节物理发泡剂与混合酸催化剂用量可以有效控制泡沫密度以及发泡凝胶时间,添加4%聚乙二醇和8%的玻璃微珠,能够改善泡沫脆性和压缩强度,通过130℃、2.5 h的后处理可以将泡沫的质量稳定。制备出的高密度酚醛泡沫塑料在180℃高温下具有高的压缩强度,尺寸变化率在1%以内,有望作为新型模胎材料使用。     

基于生物质单宁的低甲醛释放量酚醛泡沫制备与性能

利用生物质单宁取代部分苯酚,定量尿素作为甲醛捕捉剂,制备了单宁改性可发泡酚醛树脂,然后以硫酸与对甲苯磺酸混合酸作为固化剂,正戊烷为发泡剂,制备了单宁改性酚醛泡沫。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱对树脂结构进行了表征,依据GB/T 30694–2014检测了不同单宁用量对酚醛泡沫甲醛释放量的影响,使用电子万能试验机和极限氧指数(LOI)仪检测了不同单宁用量对酚醛泡沫力学性能和阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,改性酚醛泡沫pH为6;当加入的单宁用量为苯酚质量的3%时,改性酚醛泡沫甲醛释放量最低为1.1875 mg/L,达到了人造板E1标准,泡沫压缩强度为0.2166 MPa,冲击强度为2.81 kJ/m~2,粉化率低至2.01%,LOI达到37%,其综合性能最好。相对于纯酚醛泡沫,单宁改性酚醛泡沫的力学性能有所提升,脆性明显改善,阻燃性能显著提高。     

生物油酚醛泡沫制备工艺研究

利用生物油中富含酚类物质的特性,将其与苯酚、多聚甲醛反应合成可发性生物油酚醛树脂,通过调整发泡工艺制备出综合性能优异的生物油酚醛泡沫。结果最佳发泡配方为:以树脂质量分数计,催化剂选用复配比例为m(对甲苯磺酸)/m(磷酸)=2∶1的催化剂体系,质量分数为10%~15%;发泡剂选用石油醚,用量为5%~10%;表面活性剂选用吐温-80,质量分数为5%,发泡温度控制在75℃。得到的生物油酚醛泡沫各项性能良好。     

E-PDMS增韧酚醛树脂泡沫材料的制备

对低聚环氧封端聚硅氧烷改性酚醛树脂进行了发泡工艺研究,考察了发泡温度及各种发泡助剂包括表面活性剂、发泡剂、酸固化剂的用量对材料泡沫性能影响的规律,并确定了改性酚醛树脂发泡的最佳工艺条件。实验用电子万能材料试验机和氧指数仪测试泡沫体的压缩强度和氧指数;用生物显微镜比较了酚醛树脂改性前后发泡体的形貌。实验结果表明:E-PDMS增韧改性酚醛泡沫的力学性能和耐水性均较普通酚醛泡沫有明显改观,其泡沫压缩强度达到396 k Pa,是改性前的2.2倍;吸水率是改性前的71%;材料的泡孔均匀;材料的氧指数虽有所下降,但也达到40.1%。     

Physical properties of water‐blown rigid polyurethane foams containing epoxidized soybean oil in different isocyanate indices

To explore the potential of isocyanate usage reduction, water‐blown rigid polyurethane foams were made by replacing 0, 20, and 50% of Voranoll® 490 in the B‐side of the foam formulation by epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) with an isocyanate index ranging from 50 to 110. The compressive strength, density, and thermal conductivity of foams were measured. The foam surface temperature was monitored before and throughout the foaming reaction as an indirect indication of the foaming temperature. Increasing ESBO replacement and/or decreasing isocyanate index decreased the foam's compressive strength. The density of the foam decreased while decreasing the isocyanate index to 60. Further decrease in isocyanate index resulted in foam shrinkage causing a sharp increase in the foam density. The thermal conductivity of foams increased while decreasing the isocyanate index and increasing the ESBO replacement. Mathematical models for predicting rigid polyurethane foam density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity were established and validated. Similar to compressive strength, the foaming temperature decreased while decreasing the isocyanate index and increasing the ESBO replacement. Because of the lower reactivity of ESBO with isocyanate, the rate of foaming temperature decrease with decreasing isocyanate index was in the order of 0% > 20% > 50% ESBO replacement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Carbon foams with high compressive strength derived from mixtures of mesocarbon microbeads and mesophase pitch

Carbon foam with relatively high compressive strength and suitable thermal conductivity was prepared from mixtures of mesocarbon microbeads (MCMBs) and mesophase pitch, followed by foaming, carbonization and graphitization. The influence of addition amount of MCMB on the properties of as-prepared carbon foams was investigated in detail. Results showed that addition of MCMBs into mesophase pitch could significantly reduce the amount and length of cracks in carbon foams, which results in increase of compressive strength of carbon foams. Carbon foam with high compressive strength of 23.7 MPa and suitable thermal conductivity of 43.7 W/mK, was obtained by adding 50% MCMBs into mesophase pitch, followed by foaming, carbonization and graphitization.     

PF泡沫塑料对PF/EPS复合泡沫塑料性能的影响

研究出一种具有较好稳定性、保温性能、力学性能和阻燃性能的酚醛树脂(PF)/可发性聚苯乙烯(EPS)复合泡沫塑料。在PF泡沫塑料颗粒基体中加入EPS发泡颗粒,充分混合固化,使PF泡沫塑料颗粒与EPS发泡颗粒紧密结合,EPS发泡颗粒被PF泡沫塑料颗粒包围并相互隔离,再用模具发泡成型得到该复合泡沫塑料。实验结果表明,PF的含量越高,稳定性、力学性能和阻燃性能越好,保温性能呈现先升高后下降的趋势,当PF的含量为80%时,PF/EPS复合泡沫塑料的表观密度为38.4 kg/m3,热导率为0.024 W/(m·K),弯曲强度为0.134 k Pa,压缩强度为323 k Pa,极限氧指数为47.9%,烟密度等级小于15,热释放速率峰值小于250 k W/m2,综合性能最好。     

Comparative study of physical properties of water‐blown rigid polyurethane foams extended with commercial soy flours

The use of renewable resources (mainly carbohydrates) in rigid polyurethane foam has been known to offer several advantages, such as increased strength, improved flame resistance, and enhanced biodegradability. Less attention has been directed to inexpensive protein‐based materials, such as defatted soy flour. The objectives of this study were to develop water‐blown rigid polyurethane foams, containing defatted soy flour, that have acceptable or improved physical properties which also lower the cost of the foam formulation and to compare the properties of developed foams extended with three kinds of commercial soy flour. Water‐blown low‐density rigid polyurethane foams were prepared with poly(ether polyol)s, polymeric isocyanates, defatted soy flour, water, a catalyst mixture, and a surfactant. Soy flour and the initial water content were varied from 0 to 40% and from 4.5 to 5.5% of the poly(ether polyol) content, respectively. A standard laboratory mixing procedure was followed for making foams using a high‐speed industrial mixer. After mixing, the mixture was poured into boxes and allowed to rise at ambient conditions. Foams were removed from boxes after 1 h and cured at room temperature for 24 h before measurement of the thermal conductivity and for 1 week before other property tests. Foam properties were determined according to ASTM procedures. Measurement of the physical properties (compressive strength, modulus, thermal conductivity, and dimensional stability under thermal and humid aging) of these foams showed that the addition of 10–20% of three kinds of soy flour imparted water‐blown rigid polyurethane foams with similar or improved strength, modulus, insulation, and dimensional stability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 10–19, 2001     

Mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic/glass fiber foam modified with phosphorus‐containing polyurethane prepolymer

Phenolic foam exhibits outstanding flame, smoke and toxicity properties, good insulation properties and low production costs. However, the brittleness and pulverization of phenolic foam have severely limited its application in many fields. In this study, a novel phosphorus‐containing polyurethane prepolymer (DOPU) modifier was firstly synthesized, and then the foaming formula and processing of toughening phenolic foam modified with DOPU and glass fiber were explored. The structure and reactive behavior of prepolymer and phenolic resin were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of DOPU and glass fiber on the apparent density, compressive strength, bending strength and water absorption were investigated. The results suggested that the apparent density, compressive strength and bending strength of modified phenolic foam tended to increase irregularly with increasing content of DOPU. The addition of DOPU led to lower water absorption of glass fiber‐filled foam. Thermal stability and flame retardancy were examined using thermogravimetric analysis and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests. It was found that foam with 3% DOPU and 0.5% glass fiber added exhibited good thermal stability and high char yields. The LOI value of modified phenolic foams decreased with increasing DOPU content, but it still remained at 41.0% even if the amount of modifier loaded was 10 wt%. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Rigid polyurethane foams made from high viscosity soy‐polyols

This study investigated the physical properties of water‐blown rigid polyurethane (PU) foams made from VORANOL®490 (petroleum‐based polyether polyol) mixed with 0–50% high viscosity (13,000–31,000 cP at 22°C) soy‐polyols. The density of these foams decreased as the soy‐polyol percentage increased. The compressive strength decreased, decreased and then increased, or remained unchanged and then increased with increasing soy‐polyol percentage depending on the viscosity of the soy‐polyol. Foams made from high viscosity (21,000–31,000 cP) soy‐polyols exhibited similar or superior density‐compressive strength properties to the control foam made from 100% VORNAOL® 490. The thermal conductivity of foams containing soy‐polyols was slightly higher than the control foam. The maximal foaming temperatures of foams slightly decreased with increasing soy‐polyol percentage. Micrographs of foams showed that they had many cells in the shape of sphere or polyhedra. With increasing soy‐polyol percentage, the cell size decreased, and the cell number increased. Based on the analysis of isocyanate content and compressive strength of foams, it was concluded that rigid PU foams could be made by replacing 50% petroleum‐based polyol with a high viscosity soy‐polyol resulting in a 30% reduction in the isocyanate content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Hierarchically porous lanthanum zirconate foams with low thermal conductivity from particle-stabilized foams

Lanthanum zirconate (LZO) ceramic foams with hierarchical pore structure were fabricated by particle-stabilized foaming method for the first time, and the as-prepared ceramics have high porosity of 90.7%-94.9%, low thermal conductivity, and relatively high compressive strength. The LZO powder was synthesized by solid-state method. The porosity of the ceramic foams was tailored by suspensions with different solid loadings (20-40 wt%). The sample with porosity of 94.9% has thermal conductivity of 0.073 W/(m·K) and compressive strength of 1.19 MPa, which exhibits outstanding property of thermal insulation and mechanical performance, indicating that LZO ceramic foam is a promising thermal insulation material in high temperature applications.     

Preparation and microstructure evolution of novel ultra-low thermal conductivity calcium silicate-based ceramic foams

In this study, municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA) was used as a new raw material for the ceramics industry and a novel ultra-low thermal conductivity calcium silicate-based foams (CSFs) was prepared by the direct foaming method. The effects of the addition of foam and borax on the sintering behavior and microstructural evolution of the CSFs were investigated. With the optimal amount of foam, the CSFs had an apparent porosity of 63.43%–67.49%, bulk density of 0.75–0.84 g/cm³, compressive strength of 1.83–3.21 MPa, and room-temperature thermal conductivity of 0.213–0.235 W/(m·K). Notably, the whisker morphology, pore structure, and sintering behavior of the samples can be controlled by changing the amount of borax. The prepared ceramic foams can be applied in the fields of thermal insulation, filtration, and catalyst carriers.     

Novel ZrP2O7 ceramic foams with controllable structures and ultra-low thermal conductivity

This study demonstrated the synthesis of novel zirconium pyrophosphate (ZrP₂O₇) ceramic foams via a two-step method using a foam casting technique. The synthesised foams functioned as thermal insulators with a highly controllable performance. We investigated the effects of the addition of foaming and thickening agents as well as the solid content of the slurries on the slurry, mechanical properties, thermal conductivities, and microstructure of ZrP₂O₇ ceramic foams. The ZrP₂O₇ ceramic foams synthesised at 1473 K exhibited a porosity, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity of 75.2–89.1 %, 1.95–0.02 MPa, and 0.144–0.057 W/(m K) (298–573 K), respectively. The increase in the porosity to >60 % will facilitate applications based on the low thermal conductivities of the foams.     

新型疏水聚氨酯硬质泡沫的绿色制备及其性能研究

采用半预聚法作为发泡工艺,以全氟聚醚作为一种新型泡沫稳定剂,选用水作为绿色化学发泡剂,制备了疏水型聚氨酯硬质泡沫。结果表明,随着全氟聚醚含量的增加,材料的接触角增大,最高可达139.7 °;添加全氟聚醚后,其泡沫具有较高的闭孔率,而且随着全氟聚醚含量的增加,泡孔更加均匀,泡孔尺寸逐渐减小,泡孔的密度增大,导热系数显著降低;压缩强度最高可达0.822 MPa。