旋流降膜器有效蒸发面积研究

对降膜蒸发过程的强化主要是传热传质过程的强化,液膜与汽相的传热传质与液膜流动密切相关。提出的旋流降膜过程,主要增加液膜有效蒸发面积,强化对壁面边界层的扰动,进而强化蒸发过程。理论计算表明进口流量从0.5m3/h增加到2m3/h,有效蒸发面积从116cm2增加到4897cm2,实验结果与理论值趋势一致。     

三相循环流化床蒸发器防除垢机理

引　言结垢是蒸发器加热壁面上经常遇到的问题 .垢层严重地降低了换热效率 ,使传热过程迅速恶化 ,蒸发器的防、除垢问题受到人们的普遍重视 .张利斌、李修伦等[1] 研究了汽液固三相循环流化床蒸发器沸腾传热和防、除垢性能 ,本文进一步考察该蒸发器的防、除垢机理 ,并对其进行了分析 .1　汽液固三相流剪应力“混相流”模型根据文献 [1],蒸发管内的汽液固三相流动呈现“混相流”的特性 ,因此为便于分析及突出问题的基本特征 ,假设 :(1)温度场引起的物性变化忽略不计 ;(2 )蒸发管内的汽液两相流动视为均相流动 ,蒸汽的惟一效果是改变了“流体…     

回路热管反应器传热性能的研究及其工业应用

将热管技术与反应器耦合,开发了高效节能的回路热管反应器.研究了回路热管蒸发段的启动性能、热管内工作介质的汽液两相流流动状态以及热管蒸发段在填充床内的流动传热性能,获得了强化热管传热和改善填充床温度分布的工艺条件,以及填充床对热管外壁对流传热系数的准数关联式.回路热管固定床反应器已经成功应用于合成甲基叔丁基醚生产工艺.     

汽-液-液三相垂直管内充分发展流传热性能

研究了垂直管内连续相水和分散相戊烷泡滴之间的流动和传热性能 .在全面考虑了汽体的膨胀、水蒸气的蒸发、界面张力的作用、汽液两相的相互作用和滑移、泡滴的破碎等影响因素的基础上 ,建立了与实验结果吻合较好的一维流体力学模型和传热模型     

高性能冷凝器技术原理与实践

传统管内冷凝器多采用无汽液分离的单一管内流程进行冷凝,会因壁面凝结逐渐增厚液膜、出现复杂两相流,冷凝换热中系统运行稳定性、流动阻力和系统的调控等严重恶化。本文通过创新的巧妙结构设计,实现沿程汽液自动分离和短管内珠状或非稳定薄液膜冷凝高效传热,开发出高性能凝结换热器。文中简要介绍了这种换热器的技术原理和思路,并给出了一些实验验证。     

动力型热管内R134a流动凝结传热过程的特性

针对动力型热管内流动凝结传热过程中的特性复杂未知,搭建了动力型热管冷凝特性测试实验台。对不同流量及干度下的R134a管内流动凝结过程中的压降特性和传热特性进行了实验研究,实验结果表明：压降随着管内工质质量流量和气体干度的增加而增加,与文献中3种不同压降模型进行了比较,得出Muller-Steinhagen-Heck模型能更好地预测管内流动凝结过程中的压降特性。传热系数随着管内工质质量流量和气体干度的增加而增加,并且低干度区的增长斜率要明显大于高干度区的增长斜率,与文献中4种不同传热模型进行了比较,得出Chen模型能更好地预测管内流动凝结过程中的传热特性。该研究为泵的选择、换热器的设计、系统的优化以及两相流凝结相变过程的研究提供了理论参考。     

动力型热管内R134a流动凝结传热过程的特性

针对动力型热管内流动凝结传热过程中的特性复杂未知,搭建了动力型热管冷凝特性测试实验台。对不同流量及干度下的R134a管内流动凝结过程中的压降特性和传热特性进行了实验研究,实验结果表明:压降随着管内工质质量流量和气体干度的增加而增加,与文献中3种不同压降模型进行了比较,得出Muller-Steinhagen-Heck模型能更好地预测管内流动凝结过程中的压降特性。传热系数随着管内工质质量流量和气体干度的增加而增加,并且低干度区的增长斜率要明显大于高干度区的增长斜率,与文献中4种不同传热模型进行了比较,得出Chen模型能更好地预测管内流动凝结过程中的传热特性。该研究为泵的选择、换热器的设计、系统的优化以及两相流凝结相变过程的研究提供了理论参考。     

分相式多孔壁微通道流动冷凝传热强化与减阻

微通道换热器应用广泛,强化传热和减阻是新型换热器设计的重要目标。为了同时实现这两相目标,本文提出了一种分相式多孔壁微通道冷凝器,利用微针肋阵列组成的多孔壁在冷凝传热过程中实现了汽液两相分离。采用实验研究方法对比了分相式多孔壁微通道与普通实心壁微通道的流动和传热特性,结果证明分相式微通道在冷凝传热中同时具备强化传热和减阻的作用。深入研究了通道内两相流动摩擦耗散原理并提出了相分离减阻理论,指出汽液两相流内部摩擦耗散的减小是分相流减阻的关键。另一方面,分相过程使针肋换热面侧壁直接与高温蒸汽接触,极大消减了蒸汽与换热壁面之间的传热液膜厚度。沿流动方向不断扩展的液通道截面与不断减缩的汽通道截面积适应了流动冷凝过程延工质流动方向"水渐多,汽渐少"的规律,保证沿程传热效果不会恶化。     

分离式热管的传热极限

应用热管理论和自然循环流体动力学理论,对分离式热管内的传热极限作了分析,指出了分离式热管的传热极限与传热过程中的热流密度和热管内的充液量有关,在高热流密度传热和充液量偏多或偏少的情况下,会存在以下几种传热极限：（１）蒸发段的干涸传热极限;（２）蒸发段的沸腾传热极限;（３）冷凝段的凝结传热极限;（４）循环回路的流动传热极限。     

三相循环流化床中沸腾传热特性

提出了一种新型蒸发沸腾传热方式,即汽液固三相循环流化床沸腾传热。实验表明:该传热方式具有强化传热和防、除垢效果;其传热系数比汽液两相流沸腾传热膜系数高1.5～2.0倍,并能长期保持传热壁面的洁净。实验中研究了不同种类的固体粒子(玻璃球、陶瓷球、钛粒和钢球)、粒子体积分率、液相流速以及加热蒸汽压力等因素对循环流化床沸腾传热的影响。     

低压蒸汽环境中水蒸发界面温度和蒸发速率的实验研究

蒸发相变广泛存在于薄膜过程及晶体生长等工业生产和日常生活中,液层表面蒸发和热毛细对流相互影响、相互制约,使得蒸发界面能量传递机制变得非常复杂。为了深入了解水在低压纯蒸汽环境中的蒸发特性,对环形液池内水蒸发时的温度分布和蒸发速率进行了一系列实验研究。环形液池壁温控制在3~15℃之间,蒸发环境压力在394~1467 Pa之间变化,开始测量时液层深度为10 mm。结果表明,蒸发界面气相侧温度总是高于液相侧,气液界面存在明显的温度跳跃。随着压比减小,蒸发速率增加,界面温度跳跃随之增大;随着距壁面距离增加,局部蒸发速率降低,温度跳跃值减小;相同压比下,随着壁面温度的升高,气相侧热通量减小,蒸发界面温度跳跃值整体降低;在实验范围内测得的最大温度跳跃值为2.56℃。由于蒸发冷却效应和热毛细对流的耦合作用,蒸发界面下液相侧存在一个厚度为2 mm左右的温度均匀层,且壁面附近温度均匀层厚度大于中间区域厚度。在温度均匀层内,径向温度梯度诱导的热毛细对流将热量从壁面传输至气液界面以补偿蒸发所需汽化潜热;在温度均匀层以下,浮力对流和导热共同作用使得液相温度迅速升高。     

Experimental investigation on evaporation interface temperature and evaporation rate of water in its own vapor at low pressures

Evaporative phase transitions are widely present in industrial production and daily life such as thin film processes and crystal growth. The evaporation of the liquid layer and the thermocapillary convection affect each other and restrict each other, making the energy transfer mechanism of the evaporation interface very complicated. To understand the evaporation characteristics of water in its low-pressure pure vapor environment, a series of experimental studies were carried out on the temperature distributions and evaporating rate of water evaporation in the annular pool. The cylinder temperature of the annular liquid pool is controlled between 3℃ and 15℃, and the evaporation environment pressure ranges from 394 Pa to 1467 Pa, when the temperature measurement starts, the depth of water is 10 mm. The results show that the temperature of the vapor side on the liquid-vapor interface is higher than that of the liquid side and there is an obvious temperature jump across the vapor-liquid interface. With the decrease of the pressure ratio, the evaporation rate increases, and the interface temperature jump is enlarged. Meanwhile, with the increase of the distance from the cylinder, the local evaporation rate decreases, thus, the temperature jump decreases. At the same pressure ratio, as the cylinder temperature increases, the heat flux from vapor side decreases, the temperature jump decreases at all measurement points. Within the experimental controlled parameters, the maximum temperature jump obtained in the measurements is 2.56℃. Due to the coupling effect of evaporation cooling and thermocapillary convection, there is a uniform temperature layer with a thickness of about 2 mm under the evaporation interface. The thickness of the uniform temperature layer near the cylinder is always larger than that in the middle of the evaporation interface. In the uniform temperature layer, the thermocapillary convection induced by radial temperature gradient transfers heat from the cylinder to the liquid-vapor interface to compensate for the latent heat of evaporation. Below the uniform temperature layer, the temperature rises rapidly due to heat conduction and buoyancy convection.     

单环路液氢温区脉动热管高充液率工况计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟

针对液氢温区单环路脉动热管建立了二维数值模型,分析了80%充液率条件下脉动热管不同阶段的流动及传热特性。在本研究中,流体体积函数（VOF）方法被用于追踪气液相界面,恒热通量和恒温分别作为蒸发段和冷凝段的边界条件,蒸发段的加热量逐渐从0.27W增加到1W。模拟的传热热阻与实验值的误差不超过15%,验证了模型的有效性。同时得到了脉动热管初始阶段的气液分布与压力分布,通过气体体积分数云图分析了启动阶段气塞的运动,结果显示在本研究中工质经过两次循环完成启动,根据工质流动方向的变化每次循环又可以分为三种流动方式。进入稳定阶段后,脉动热管内的工质主要呈顺时针循环流动,蒸发段的壁面温度呈周期性的振荡。在加热量较低时,温度振荡频率较低,传热热阻较大;随着加热量的增加,振荡频率增加并趋于稳定,热阻先减小而后不变。     

Dynamics of catalyst particle formation and multi-walled carbon nanotube growth in aerosol-assisted catalytic chemical vapor deposition

In aerosol-assisted catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD), the catalyst and carbon precursors are introduced simultaneously in the reactor. Catalyst particles are formed in situ and aligned multi-walled CNTs grow at a high rate. To scale-up the process, it is crucial to understand the chemical transformation of the precursors along the thermal gradient of the reactor, and to correlate nanotube growth with catalyst nanoparticle formation. The products synthesized along a cylindrical CVD reactor from an aerosol composed of ferrocene and toluene, as catalyst and carbon precursor, respectively, were studied. The product surface density and iron content are determined as a function of the location and the iron vapor pressure in the reactor. Samples are analyzed by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. We show the strong influence of the thermal gradient on location and rate of formation of both iron particles and CNTs, and demonstrate that catalyst particles are formed by gas phase homogeneous nucleation with a size which correlates with iron vapor pressure. They are gradually deposited on the reactor walls where nanotubes grow with an efficiency which is varying linearly with catalyst particle density. CNT crystallinity appears very high for a large range of temperature and iron content.     

基于不同类型溶液蒸气压特性的太阳能界面蒸发实验研究

太阳能界面蒸发可实现高效太阳能海水淡化和蒸发式污水处理,但目前的研究大多局限于纯水或NaCl溶液。实际脱盐或废水处理中溶质会与此不同,导致溶液蒸气压变化并影响蒸发性能。本文首先分析了溶液表面蒸气压曲线类型,将其分为上凸型、下凹型和直线型。针对这几种蒸气压曲线进一步选取[EMIM][OTf]、[EMIM][Ac]和NaCl水溶液作为代表溶液,在不同辐照强度和浓度下进行了实验研究,并与纯水的蒸发作对比。实验结果表明：低浓度下[EMIM][OTf]水溶液展现出了良好的蒸发性能, 主要原因是由于其蒸气压处于上凸区间;当溶液浓度升高或辐照强度提升时,[EMIM][OTf]溶液的蒸发速率提升较NaCl水溶液小,主要原因在于蒸发过程的浓度极化导致气液界面处的[EMIM][OTf]浓度升高,蒸气压相差较小;不同工况下[EMIM][Ac]水溶液的蒸发速率均较慢,纯水的蒸发速率最快,体现了蒸气压对蒸发性能的关键影响,原因是低蒸气压导致高蒸发温度,并带来更多的能量损失。     

Calculation of heat balance in burning HMX

Temperature dependences are calculated for a number of physicochemical properties of HMX: the heat capacity of the liquid phase, change in the enthalpy due to heating of the condensed phase to a predetermined temperature, heat of evaporation, saturated vapor pressure, and the vapor diffusion coefficient in low-molecular-weight gases. The data obtained are used to calculate the amount of heat needed to heat the condensed phase to the burning surface temperature in the range of 560–900 K at various degrees of decomposition. The heat of decomposition of HMX under combustion conditions is calculated from the known composition of the reaction products at a pressure of 1 bar. The results of experimental determination of the thermal effects of HMX decomposition by differential scanning calorimetry are presented. The results of the calculations and experiments suggest that at a degree of decomposition ⩾0.6, heat release in the condensed phase can provide heating and evaporation of HMX without heat input from the gas phase. It is shown that the calculated saturation vapor pressures of HMX, which are higher than those presented in the literature, are in better agreement with available experimental data on the HMX vapor concentration profile near the burning surface.     

乙醇溶液液滴降压蒸发过程传热传质特性

针对单个乙醇溶液液滴在降压环境下蒸发的传热传质过程建立了数学模型。模型基于液相的能量守恒和 传质扩散理论,利用经典拓展模型计算液滴的质量蒸发率,并引入活度系数考虑液滴表面的蒸气分压。采用液 滴悬挂法进行实验,分别记录了乙醇溶液液滴和乙酸溶液液滴在降压蒸发过程中的液滴内温度变化。将实验数 据与计算结果对比,验证了模型的有效性。通过模型计算获得了液滴内部温度分布以及浓度分布随时间的变化。 结果表明:快速降压阶段空气流动较快,加之乙醇工质易挥发,液滴表面温度下降迅速,液滴内部温差和乙醇 浓度梯度较大;压力稳定后,空气流速为零,液滴内部温差和乙醇浓度梯度逐渐减小。由于液滴内部的热扩散 速率大于传质扩散系数,内部温度随时间的变化比浓度随时间的变化更快。     

Numerical study of vapor phase-diffusion driven sessile drop evaporation

The focus of this paper is the numerical study of vapor phase-diffusion driven sessile drop evaporation to study the evaporation flux profile along the interface of an evaporating sessile drop and its effect on the fluid dynamics inside the drop. The spatial variation of vapor phase concentration of the evaporating liquid is governed by the Laplace equation and the fluid dynamics is governed by Stokes equation. In this study, the numerical analysis and the mesh discretization method are described thoroughly. The time dependent evaporation dynamics, drop shape, and fluid dynamics are solved simultaneously. We compared the calculated velocity profiles to the result presented in the previous work [Widjaja, E., Liu, N., Li, M., Collins, R. T., Basaran, O. A., & Harris, M. T. (2007). Computers and Chemical Engineering, 31(3), 219–232] in the case of uniform evaporation flux along the drop interface. The two cases gave different results, which confirmed that fluid velocity profiles inside the drop are influenced by the evaporation flux profiles along the drop interface.     

Simulation of condensation flow in a rectangular microchannel

The condensation flow of the refrigerant FC-72 in a rectangular microchannel with a 1-mm hydraulic diameter is numerically studied using the volume of fluid (VOF) model. The heat transfer related to the condensation is taken into account by a thermal equilibrium model assuming the interface temperature is at saturation. The numerical method is validated against experiments from the literature and well predicts the flow patterns along the microchannel. The vapor phase in the microchannel forms a continuous column with a decreasing diameter from upstream to downstream. Slugs are periodically generated at the head of the column. Decreasing the wall cooling heat flux or increasing the flow mass flux increases the vapor column length. Waves along the interface cause necks in the column and locally increase the vapor velocity and decrease the pressure, facilitating breakage of the vapor column into slugs. The liquid temperature is close to saturation near the interface and lower downstream and in the thin liquid layer close to the cooling surface. The initial bubble size increases with increasing flow mass flux or decreasing cooling heat flux.     

Pore-Level Modeling of Isothermal Drying of Pore Networks Accounting for Evaporation,Viscous Flow,and Shrinking

Abstract

Simulation results of pore-level drying of non-hygroscopic, non-rigid, liquid-wet porous media are presented. Two- and three-dimensional pore networks represent pore spaces. Two kinds of mechanisms are considered: evaporation and hydraulic flow. The process is considered under isothermal conditions. Capillary forces thus dominate over viscous forces and the drying is considered as a modified form of invasion percolation. Liquid in pore corners allows for hydraulic connection throughout the network. During drying, liquid is replaced by vapor by two fundamental mechanisms: evaporation and pressure gradient–driven liquid flow. The development of capillary pressure as menisci turn concave induces shrinkage of the matrix, which contributes to the pressure gradient that drives liquid toward the surface of the network. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we find evaporation and drainage times; the shortest calculated indicates the controlling mechanism. Here we report distributions of liquid and vapor as drying time advances. For the calculation of transport properties, details of pore space and displacement are subsumed in pore conductances. Solving for the pressure field in each phase, vapor and liquid, we find a single effective conductance for each phase as a function of liquid saturation. Along with the effective conductance for the liquid-saturated network, the relative permeability of liquid and diffusivity of vapor are calculated.