沉水植物苦草对上覆水各形态磷浓度的影响

沉水植物是影响湖泊磷营养状态的重要因素。在室内模拟了"水-苦草-沉积物"生态系统,在沉水植物苦草生长过程中分析上覆水中的总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(TDP)、溶解性有机磷(DOP)、溶解性活性磷(SRP)、颗粒态总磷(PP)的变化,探讨了苦草对上覆水磷赋存形态的影响。结果表明,苦草在生长过程中减缓了沉积物磷的相对释放速率使上覆水中TP、SRP、DOP、PP均呈现不同程度的下降。上覆水TP、SRP、DOP、PP分别下降了37.5%、74.6%、42.0%、19.5%;苦草主要通过吸收上覆水和间隙水中的磷及对环境因子的影响,使得上覆水中各形态磷浓度保持在较低的水平,降低沉积物向水体释放磷的速率。     

浮游植物对摇蚊幼虫扰动的响应研究

为了探究底栖动物扰动对上覆水浮游植物的影响,在实验室设沉积物-水微系统,引入广泛分布的红裸须摇蚊幼虫(Propsilocerus akamusi)和浮游植物,运用微电极等技术方法监测沉积物-水界面理化指标。结果表明,摇蚊幼虫的扰动降低了沉积物间隙水的溶解性有机磷(SRP)向上覆水的释放通量,减少了上覆水的溶解氧(DO)浓度,导致上覆水浮游植物生物量降低和群落结构向适应低磷的物种组成改变。同时,摇蚊幼虫扰动所引起的沉积物DO渗透量与沉积物-水界面SRP通量变化具有显著相关性,浮游植物生物量和上一次沉积物-水界面SRP通量变化有显著相关性,这些结果揭示了摇蚊幼虫通过改变沉积物结构和理化性质,进而能够抑制浮游植物的生长,有利于抑制水华现象的发生。     

广州城市河涌氮、磷污染研究

对广州市区典型河涌氮、磷污染进行分析研究。结果表明:上覆水中氨氮质量浓度为6.21~22.40 mg/L,间隙水中氨氮质量浓度为19.9~152.0 mg/L。河涌上覆水以及间隙水中的氮污染主要是无机氮污染,且以氨氮为主,占总无机氮的90%以上。各河涌的氨氮和总氮值之间表现出很强相关性,但上覆水的氨氮和总氮值与间隙水的氨氮和总氮值之间,却不存在明显相关性。底泥间隙水与上覆水磷形态差异较大,间隙水中可溶性正磷酸盐与总磷具有较好的相关性,且有机磷质量浓度比上覆水要高;底泥中可溶性磷(Psol)、铝结合磷(PAl)质量浓度较低,铁结合磷(PFe)质量浓度较高。悬浮物中各形态磷质量浓度整体上均比底泥样品要高。     

武汉城市湖泊汞的迁移与富集

对武汉远郊、城乡结合部和市区3种环境中6个湖泊的水、界面水、沉积物和生物(鱼)进行调查采样,用离心机离心出沉积物中的孔隙水,用原子荧光光谱仪进行汞含量测定。以土壤—水—界面水—孔隙水—沉积物—生物为轴线,探讨了汞在研究区土壤—沉积物系统、湖水—沉积物系统和湖水—界面水—孔隙水系统中的分配以及湖泊鲢鱼肉中汞与沉积物和水中汞的关系。建立了武汉城市湖泊汞的迁移、富集理想模式:湖泊水汞经悬浮物吸附沉淀而富集于沉积物中,沉积物中汞经化学转化传输给孔隙水;存在于悬浮物中的界面水汞,经解吸附后向湖水扩散而产生二次污染。湖水汞被鱼吸收而产生生物富集。从而得出湖水—界面水—孔隙水—沉积物、湖水—鱼的两种富集机制。     

环境因子对黄河甘宁蒙段表层沉积物中磷吸附-解吸的影响

为研究环境因子对黄河水体磷污染的影响,采集黄河上游甘宁蒙段表层沉积物进行室内试验,模拟环境因子变化对表层沉积物中磷吸附-解吸过程的影响。结果表明,沉积物对磷的吸附过程是可自发进行的吸热反应,温度升高有利于表层沉积物对磷的吸附,并促进磷的解吸过程;吸附量随振荡频率的升高而增大,且存在能显著提高表层沉积物磷吸附量的振荡频率阈值;上覆水体积一定时,随沉积物质量的增加,磷吸附量减小;去除有机质后,表层沉积物对磷的吸附量增大;有机质含量较高时可明显促进磷的吸附过程,有机物含量较低时促进磷的解吸过程;上覆水KCl浓度小于0.02 mol/L时,KCl浓度越高,表层沉积物对磷的吸附量越大;上覆水KCl浓度大于0.02 mol/L时,KCl浓度越高,表层沉积物对磷的解吸量越大。     

泥沙沉降对水库中磷的空间分布影响

磷是水库富营养化的主要影响因子,对泥沙有很强的亲和性。为探究水库中磷的空间分布规律,针对泥沙沉降过程中对磷的吸附影响进行了模拟试验,研究了不同环境因素耦合作用下泥沙沉降对水库中磷分布的影响。此外,基于量纲分析及多元回归法建立了液相磷浓度垂向分布公式。结果表明：泥沙沉降过程中对磷的吸附导致液相磷的垂向分布呈上浓下稀的趋势。泥沙粒径越小、含沙量越高、水深越大,则液相磷元素的浓度梯度越大,垂向分布越不均匀。液相磷垂向分布公式表明,液相磷浓度梯度与含沙量的1/4次幂、泥沙粒径的-2/3次幂和水深的1/3次幂成正比,液相磷浓度最小值与含沙量的-1/20次幂、泥沙粒径的1/10次幂和水深的-1/10次幂成正比。公式计算值与试验数据基本吻合,表明该公式对研究水库磷元素的空间分布有重要参考意义。     

底泥疏浚对湖泊内源磷释放的短期效应研究

对大纵湖底泥疏浚的短期效应进行模拟实验,分析了上覆水体的Eh、pH和磷质量浓度随时间的变化规律,以及沉积物中总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷、钙磷等5种形态磷质量比的垂向变化规律。结果表明:底泥疏浚30 cm对上覆水体Eh、pH以及磷浓度控制效果不显著,且沉积物磷形态不是影响沉积物释磷的主要因素。     

环境微界面对湖泊内源磷释放的影响研究

为揭示湖泊内源污染物释放的发生机制,从环境微界面角度出发,研究湖泊水-沉积物界面三相结构模式中磷的界面反应过程。利用微电极系统获取微界面溶氧浓度剖面,并结合Profile模型进行分析计算。计算结果表明：该湖湖心区沉积柱含氧层厚度达5mm,而湖口区则不到3mm,湖心区微界面上氧气消耗主要以自由扩散为主,而湖口区受微界面上微生物活动影响较大。同时利用梯度扩散薄膜技术获取了水-沉积物界面上分辨率高达1mm的可溶性活性磷剖面浓度分布,结果表明,在湖口区沉积物表层2cm处有强烈磷释放现象,而在湖心区则未发现,这可能     

盐度和水流扰动对河口水体污染物在上覆水-沉积物垂向运移的影响

为保障长江河口地区用水安全以及精准预测水源地水质变化，利用环形水槽装置，开展了盐度和水流扰动对污染物在上覆水-沉积物垂向运移的影响研究。结果表明：水流扰动强度对氨氮因子的垂向运移总体起到促进作用，盐度对氨氮因子垂向运移呈波动抑制作用，其中，水流扰动在盐度对上覆水氨氮浓度的影响机制中起到重要作用；水流扰动对上覆水总磷运移起到促进作用，盐度对总磷运移所起作用呈分段波动关系；水流扰动的增强对沉积底泥吸附总磷起到线性促进作用，但影响较小，盐度对沉积底泥吸附总磷起到先促进后抑制的作用。     

环境微界面对湖泊内源磷释放的影响研究

为揭示湖泊内源污染的微界面环境行为及机制，从环境微界面角度出发，研究湖泊水-沉积物界面三相结构模式中磷的界面反应过程。利用微电极系统获取了微界面溶氧浓度剖面，结合Profile模型进行了分析计算。结果发现，玄武湖湖心区沉积柱含氧层厚度达5mm，而湖口区则不到3mm，湖心区微界面上氧气消耗主要以自由扩散为主，而湖口区受微界面上微生物活动影响较大。利用梯度扩散薄膜技术（DGT）获取了水-沉积物界面上分辨率高达1mm的可溶性活性磷DRP剖面浓度分布，结果发现在湖口区沉积物表层2cm处有强烈磷释放现象，而在湖心区则未发现，这可能与含氧层厚度有着密切的联系，这一重要现象在常规尺度下可能被掩盖。     

Factors influencing phosphorus adsorption onto sediment in a dynamic environment

The adsorption of phosphorus onto sediment in a batch reactor and a dynamic flume was studied experimentally. The effect of velocity, sediment transport patterns, sediment supply, and phosphorus added to water was investigated in the two systems. Results showed that the equilibrium isotherm adsorption was better described using the Langmuir model. The adsorption amount increased as the initial phosphorus concentration in water increased before reaching saturation state, which was described as maximum amount of adsorption; the rate of increase in adsorption however decreased because of the limit adsorption sites and the increasing desorption. The kinetics of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in water over time in both the batch reactor and the dynamic flume were well described using a pseudo-second order equation that gave good predictions of both the adsorption rate at the initial stage and the amount of adsorption in a state of quasi-equilibrium. The amount of adsorption per unit mass of sediment in the quasi-equilibrium state increased as the initial phosphorus concentration in water increased or as the sediment concentration decreased. In the quasi-equilibrium state, the adsorption amount of the SRP fluctuated within a larger range in the dynamic flume than in the batch reactor, because of continuous exchange between the suspended sediment and the bed sediment in the flume. The adsorption rate of the suspended sediment was greater than that of the bed sediment. The amount of adsorption decreased as the velocity increased when the phosphorus concentration was low, while it increased when the phosphorus concentration was high, as a result of a different concentration gradient at the water–sediment interface. The distribution coefficient and the adsorption rate coefficient both decreased as the initial phosphorus concentration increased when the sediment concentration was fixed. The variation of the distribution coefficient (K_D) indicated that the adsorption amount at equilibrium in the dynamic flume was larger than that in a quiescent environment when the phosphorus concentration was low, while the difference between the two systems was small when the phosphorus concentrations were high. However, the K_D value in both the flume and in static conditions was smaller than the value for the continuous disturbed environment in the batch reactor, indicating that the adsorption capacity was over-estimated in the latter.     

间歇性波浪扰动下河口底泥中磷释放特性研究

作为反映河流、海洋水体受污历史的载体,河口底泥在污染达到一定程度时易在海洋动力作用下释放沉积其中的污染物,影响水体水质。为了明确秦皇岛近岸海域内污源染,量化波浪扰动下底泥释放对水质的影响,该研究以波流水槽为动力试验设备,选取秦皇岛污染最严重的河流之一大蒲河的河口底泥为研究对象,试验研究河口底泥在间歇性波浪扰动下磷的释放特性。总磷在波浪扰动下的释放可分为浓度迅速增加的初期和浓度随时间线性增加的稳定期两个阶段,浓度随波高增大而升高,且在波高大于8 cm时与浊度呈显著正相关。溶解性总磷受浓度梯度和波浪引起的孔隙水压力影响向上覆水体迁移扩散,随时间呈小幅增加。总磷在波浪扰动初期的释放强度为2.00×10~(-3)–8.75×10~(-3) mg/m2/s,是稳定期释放强度0.50×10-4–2.25×10~(-4) mg/m~2/s的18–40倍,且两个阶段的释放强度均随波高呈指数增长。当波浪强至起动底泥,原先的泥水界面释放转为底泥起动悬浮释放,水体中颗粒态磷取代溶解态磷成为磷的主要赋存形态。间歇性波浪扰动静置期,颗粒态磷的吸附沉降使得水体中总磷浓度和颗粒态磷的比例大幅降低。     

Effects of water flow on the uptake of phosphorus by sediments: An experimental investigation

This paper investigates the effect of the water flow on the phosphorus uptake by sediments. Five experiments with different overlying flow velocities are carried out in an annular flume. The results show that the water flow significantly affects the phosphorus uptake by sediments. The sediment motion could be stationary, scroll, scroll or saltation, saltation and suspension under different flow conditions. The minimum amount of the phosphorus uptake is observed where the sediment motion is stationary. The uptake capacity of phosphorus increases with the increase of the flow velocity. However, there is no apparent difference in the uptake capacity of phosphorus between the saltated and suspended sediments. The uptake rate of phosphorus by sediments in the laboratory flume experiments is much lower than the adsorption rate in the batch experiments. There is a linear relationship between the amount of phosphorus uptake by sediments and the square root of time.     

农田排水沟渠底泥-间隙水-上覆水氮磷迁移转化规律研究

研究氮磷在底泥、上覆水以及两者间交换介质-间隙水三者之间的迁移转化规律对控制农业面源污染具有重要科学意义。本研究对降雨和无降雨情况下氮磷在沟渠底泥、间隙水和上覆水间的迁移转化规律进行了分析;同时,对扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下底泥颗粒的微观形貌进行了观测。结果表明:在水稻生长前期氮磷被吸附贮存在底泥中,中后期被再次释放出来;在整个水稻生长期内,间隙水的总氮、总磷浓度约为上覆水的3.1和6.5倍,氮主要以NH_4~+-N形式存在;在降雨过程中,沟渠底泥成为氮磷释放的源,NH_4~+-N为氮的主要迁移形态,上覆水中NH_4~+-N逐渐向NO_3~--N转化,颗粒态氮磷对TN、TP流失有较大影响;沟渠底泥颗粒表面粗糙、具有一定的微孔结构,为底泥吸附氮磷提供了条件。     

Differences in major ions as well as hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of sediment pore water and lake water

Isotopic and chemical compositions of pore water(PW) are highly relevant to environmental and forensic study. Five lake water(LW)samples and five sediment samples were collected to investigate the effects of pore sizes of sediments on PW chemistry and stable isotopes and determine mechanisms controlling their variations. Six pore water fractions were extracted from different-sized pores in each sediment sample at six sequential centrifugal speeds for chemical and isotopic analysis. The sediments consisted mainly of quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of PW are mainly controlled by the overlying LW, although the lag effect of exchange between overlying LW and PW results in isotopic differences when recharge of LW is quicker than isotopic exchange in PW. Identical isotopic compositions of PW from sediments with different pore sizes indicate that isotopic exchange of water molecules with different pore sizes is a quick process. The ratio of average total dissolved solid(TDS) concentration of PW to TDS concentration of LW shows a strong relationship with adsorption capacity of sediments, demonstrating that remobilization of ions bound to sediments mainly causes a chemical shift from LW to PW.Concentrations of Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+),and Cl~-in PW remain unchanged,while concentrations of Na~+,K~+,and SO_4~(2-) slightly increase with decreasing pore size. Chemical differences of PW from sediments with different pore sizes are governed by ion adsorption properties and surface characteristics of different-si zed particles.     

Numerical research on the mechanism of contaminant release through the porous sediment-overlying water interface

After the pollutant discharged into the river or lake has been reduced, the release of the contaminant from the sediment to the overlying water may cause the river and lake be contaminated again. On the condition that the overlying water flow does not lead to sediment suspension, numerical researches are carried out for the mechanism of contaminant release through the sedimentoverlying water interface. The overlying water flow is calculated as turbulence. The sediment is regarded as isotropic homogeneous porous medium, therefore the seepage field in the porous sediment layer is obtained by solving Darcy＇s equations. Coupled two dimensional steady flows of the overlying water and the pore water in the sediment are calculated. Based on the flow fields obtained, the unsteady contaminant solute transportation process in the pore water in the sediment and the overlying water is numerically simulated, as the shapes of the sediment-overlying water interface are flat or periodic triangular respectively. Numerical results show that the exchange of the pore water and the overlying water is an important factor which decides the release flux of the contaminant from the sediment to the overlying water. The pressure distribution produced by the overlying water flow along the sedimentoverlying water interface, as it is not flat, may induce the seepage of the pore water in the sediment and through the sedimentoverlying water interface, which may increase the release flux of the contaminant from the sediment to the overlying water.     

低含沙量异重流运动规律及其对水温分布的影响

当挟沙水流进入清水时,在特定的条件下会潜入底部向前运动,形成浑水异重流。水库水温分层使得水体密度在垂向出现差异,低含沙量浑水形成的异重流与周围水体密度接近,因而在运动过程中会受到垂向温度分层的干扰。浑水异重流是泥沙运动的特殊形式,还可能改变环境水体的温度,是水库调水调沙必须考虑的因素。该文应用水槽试验结合数值模拟,探究了水温分层条件下低含沙量异重流的运动规律及其对水温分布的影响。结果表明,异重流潜入点处形成回流,交界面以下含沙量以均匀梯度增加,前锋运动速度沿程不变;中层异重流不改变水温分布,而底层异重流则会对水温结构造成破坏,使得水温分布由分层型转变为混合型。