烟嘧磺隆和甲基磺草酮及其混用对玉米田杂草的田间防效评价

研究了烟嘧磺隆和甲基磺草酮及其混用对玉米田杂草的田间防效,试验结果表明,玉米出苗后杂草在3～5叶期时,使用4％烟嘧磺隆0F（1500g／hm^2,加水675kg）和4％烟嘧磺隆OF＋10％甲基磺草酮OF（900g／hm^2＋1500g／hm^2,加水675kg）,对饲料玉米田阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草有较好的防除效果,对玉米生长安全。     

六种助剂对甲基磺草酮增效作用及其对玉米安全性研究初报

在温室条件下研究了6种常用除草剂助剂X-100、OP-4、BY110、8220、油酸甲酯助剂和885对甲基磺草酮防除稗草、牛筋草、反枝苋、和苘麻的增效作用以及对玉米苗期生长的安全性进行了测定。结果表明：6种常用除草剂助剂均不同程度地增加了甲基磺草酮对供试4种杂草的防效．其中OP-4和8220的增效作用较好，其次是BY110和油酸甲酯助剂，885和X-100的增效作用略差。而助剂与甲基磺草酮混用后对玉米的安全性由高到低依次是885、X-100、油酸甲酯助剂、BY110、0P-4、8220。     

玉米田除草剂甲基磺草酮的生物活性及安全性

在温室条件下研究了甲基磺草酮的除草活性、对玉米的安全性以及表面活性剂、温度和降雨对甲基磺草酮除草活性的影响。结果表明，甲基磺草酮土壤处理150g／hm^2，茎叶处理100g/hm^2对杂草的防效可达到80％：在甲基磺草酮正常应用剂量下土壤处理或茎叶处理对玉米安全；表面活性剂快得7的加入可明显提高药效；温度高，有利于甲基磺草酮药效发挥；施药后1h降雨，对甲基磺草酮药效无影响。     

咪草烟防除苜蓿田杂草技术初探

咪草因防除苜蓿田杂草，经试验咪草烟用作苜蓿播后苗前土壤处理，对苜蓿药害严重。苗后早期处理使用剂量在1500、1800、2100ml／hm^23个剂量，对苜蓿田反枝苋、稗草、马唐、马齿苋等单双子叶杂草的总防效分别为76％、81％、84％，且在规定剂量内对苜蓿安全。另外，咪草烟对苜蓿田其它主要杂草一播娘蒿也有较好的防效。     

75％肟草酮·溴苯腈水分散粒剂防除麦田杂草试验

田间试验结果表明：75％肟草酮·溴苯腈WG900-1200g／hm^2能有效防除麦田杂草，但对不同杂草的防效有一定的差异。药后30d，对看麦娘的株防效81．7％～83．3％、荠菜的株防效达76．9％～80．3％、猪殃殃的株防效69．O％～73．6％，总株防效达80．0％～82．0％，总鲜重防效达84．8％～87．1％。对小麦安全性好，且增产效果显著。     

29%环磺酮·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂防治玉米田一年生杂草效果与安全性

[目的]明确29%环磺酮·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂对玉米田一年生杂草的防效及对玉米的安全性。[方法]采用随机区组试验设计方法进行田间药效试验。[结果] 29%环磺酮·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂在用量为261、304.5、348 g a.i./hm2的条件下,施药后30 d对玉米田一年生杂草的鲜重防效为88.64%、91.60%、95.26%,防效较好,玉米的增产率分别为9.37%、10.17%、11.32%。其中,在304.5 g a.i./hm2剂量下,防效与增产率要优于3个对照药剂。[结论] 29%环磺酮·烟嘧磺隆·莠去津可分散油悬浮剂在试验剂量下,于玉米田苗后、杂草2～4叶期进行茎叶喷雾处理,对玉米安全,无药害发生,除草效果良好,并具有一定的增产作用,可以作为玉米田的主要除草剂进行使用。     

34%砜嘧·噻吩磺隆WG对玉米田一年生杂草的除草活性及安全性

为了明确34%砜嘧·噻吩磺隆WG对玉米田一年生杂草的除草活性及对玉米的安全性,进行了2年田间药效试验。结果表明:34%砜嘧·噻吩磺隆WG对玉米田一年生杂草如马唐、稗草、小藜等均具有较好的防除效果,药后15 d、30 d的总草株防效分别为86.76%~100.00%、83.26%~99.34%,药后30 d的总草鲜重防效为84.82%~99.50%。玉米平均增产15.85%~29.02%。34%砜嘧·噻吩磺隆WG的防效和增产效果明显优于25%砜嘧磺隆WG和75%噻吩磺隆WG。其在玉米田最佳有效成分用量为30.6~51.0 g/hm2,在此用量下对玉米安全。     

除草剂减量用药对不同生长期反枝苋的防除效果评价

[目的]比较5种除草剂对不同时期反枝苋的防除效果,评价减量用药可行性。[方法]在反枝苋不同生长期喷施除草剂,15 d后测定杂草干重。[结果]反枝苋2叶期时,使用溴苯腈、麦草畏防治,可降低除草剂的使用量。使用厂家推荐剂量甲基磺草酮/特丁津混剂也可有效防治,而特丁津、磺草酮防效不佳。在2叶期喷施5种除草剂,防效均优于4叶期。[结论]在反枝苋2叶期喷施合适除草剂,即使减量用药也能有效防治反枝苋。     

70．5％2甲·唑酮WG防治夏玉米田香附子试验

70．5％2甲·唑酮（哈利）WG防治夏玉米田香附子的试验结果表明：在香附子9-11叶期，使用70．5％哈利WG675～900g／hm^2,茎叶喷雾，用药后45d防效为85．2％～93．5％，有较好的防除效果，收获时测产表明对玉米有增产效果，田间观察对玉米安全；大面积示范也取得了良好的效果。     

氟啶草酮与丙炔氟草胺混用对棉田杂草的防除效果

[目的]明确氟啶草酮与丙炔氟草胺混用后防除棉田杂草的应用潜力。[方法]测定2者混用的联合作用类型,对棉花和杂草的选择性、杀草谱,并进行田间验证。[结果]氟啶草酮与丙炔氟草胺混用,对棉田杂草的联合作用主要为相加作用或拮抗作用。混用后对棉花和阔叶杂草选择性系数大于2,有一定选择性,对禾本科杂草稗草选择系数小于1,选择性一般;混用可以扩大杀草谱,提高部分杂草的除草活性。田间试验表明:混用对棉田稗草、龙葵、反枝苋等防效达77.3%～98.3%,活性较好,并在一定程度上缓解丙炔氟草胺对棉花的药害。[结论]氟啶草酮和丙炔氟草胺混用对棉花安全,且棉田杂草防效较高,有较好应用前景。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。